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Whiley PAF, Nathaniel B, Stanton PG, Hobbs RM, Loveland KL. Spermatogonial fate in mice with increased activin A bioactivity and testicular somatic cell tumours. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1237273. [PMID: 37564373 PMCID: PMC10409995 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1237273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult male fertility depends on spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) which undergo either self-renewal or differentiation in response to microenvironmental signals. Activin A acts on Sertoli and Leydig cells to regulate key aspects of testis development and function throughout life, including steroid production. Recognising that activin A levels are elevated in many pathophysiological conditions, this study investigates effects of this growth factor on the niche that determines spermatogonial fate. Although activin A can promote differentiation of isolated spermatogonia in vitro, its impacts on SSC and spermatogonial function in vivo are unknown. To assess this, we examined testes of Inha KO mice, which feature elevated activin A levels and bioactivity, and develop gonadal stromal cell tumours as adults. The GFRA1+ SSC-enriched population was more abundant and proliferative in Inha KO compared to wildtype controls, suggesting that chronic elevation of activin A promotes a niche which supports SSC self-renewal. Intriguingly, clusters of GFRA1+/EOMES+/LIN28A- cells, resembling a primitive SSC subset, were frequently observed in tubules adjacent to tumour regions. Transcriptional analyses of Inha KO tumours, tubules adjacent to tumours, and tubules distant from tumour regions revealed disrupted gene expression in each KO group increased in parallel with tumour proximity. Modest transcriptional changes were documented in Inha KO tubules with complete spermatogenesis. Importantly, tumours displaying upregulation of activin responsive genes were also enriched for factors that promote SSC self-renewal, including Gdnf, Igf1, and Fgf2, indicating the tumours generate a supportive microenvironment for SSCs. Tumour cells featured some characteristics of adult Sertoli cells but lacked consistent SOX9 expression and exhibited an enhanced steroidogenic phenotype, which could arise from maintenance or acquisition of a fetal cell identity or acquisition of another somatic phenotype. Tumour regions were also heavily infiltrated with endothelial, peritubular myoid and immune cells, which may contribute to adjacent SSC support. Our data show for the first time that chronically elevated activin A affects SSC fate in vivo. The discovery that testis stromal tumours in the Inha KO mouse create a microenvironment that supports SSC self-renewal but not differentiation offers a strategy for identifying pathways that improve spermatogonial propagation in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penny A. F. Whiley
- Centre for Reproductive Health, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Benedict Nathaniel
- Centre for Reproductive Health, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter G. Stanton
- Centre for Reproductive Health, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Robin M. Hobbs
- Centre for Reproductive Health, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Kate L. Loveland
- Centre for Reproductive Health, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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Atypical Presentation of Testicular Adrenal Rest Tumor (TART) Leading to Bilateral Partial Orchiectomy in a 31-Year-Old Adult Revealing Primary Adrenal Insufficiency with CYP11A1 Deficiency. Case Rep Endocrinol 2022; 2021:5889007. [PMID: 34976419 PMCID: PMC8718273 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5889007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenogenital syndrome is commonly associated with a deficiency in 21-hydroxylase but can be present in other rare enzymatic blocks. We report here the case of a 31-year-old man who presented with bilateral painful testicle lesions leading to bilateral partial orchiectomy as they were suspected for malignancy. These lesions were finally identified as benign testicle adrenal rest tumors (TARTs), and the patient was actually belatedly diagnosed with primary adrenal insufficiency due to 2 mutations of the CYP11A1 gene encoding the cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc); the mutations were 940G > A (p.Glu314Lys) and c.1393C > T (p.Arg465Trp). The same mutations were found in his 29-year-old sister, who was then also diagnosed for primary adrenal insufficiency. Deficiency in P450scc is an extremely rare genetic autosomal recessive disorder with around 40 described families in the literature and 30 different mutations. As the diagnosis of delayed onset of P450Scc mutation is difficult, this case illustrates the need for a systematic endocrinological assessment in any case of bilateral testicle lesions, thus avoiding unnecessary surgery.
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Akbarzadeh Pasha A, Shafi H, Teimorian M, Rostami G, Nasirimehr K, Moudi E. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia presented with bilateral testicular tumor: A case report. CASPIAN JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2021; 12:S431-S434. [PMID: 34760099 PMCID: PMC8559653 DOI: 10.22088/cjim.12.0.431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Background: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) refers to group of congenital diseases resulting from impaired adrenal steroidogenesis, and its most common cause is 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Testicular adrenal residual tumor (TART) is one of the major complications of CAH, possibly resulting from ectopic remnants of intra-testicular adrenal tissue which is stimulated by excessive secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). This tumor can be misdiagnosed as Leydig cell tumor (LCT) in these people. Case Presentation: The patient we are presenting is a 20-year-old man with a history of precocious puberty and a height below 3% of the population who underwent radical left testicular orchiectomy with a complaint of bilateral testicular mass, which is reported LCT in the pathology report. In preoperative imaging examinations, bilateral adrenal hyperplasia is observed. In hormonal examinations, the patient is diagnosed with CAH and has been treated with corticosteroids for one year. Conclusion: In patients who present with bilateral testicular mass, it is the best image by abdominopelvic CT scan before surgery to detect CAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abazar Akbarzadeh Pasha
- Cancer Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Hamid Shafi
- Clinical Research Development Center, Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, I.R.Iran
| | - Mohamad Teimorian
- Department of Urology, Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Ghasem Rostami
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Khatereh Nasirimehr
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Emadoddin Moudi
- Cancer Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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Jayarajah U, Herath KB, Fernando MH, de Silva VC, Goonewardena S. Testicular adrenal rest tumour in an adult patient with congenital adrenal hyperplasia: a case report and review of literature. J Surg Case Rep 2018; 2018:rjy255. [PMID: 30349661 PMCID: PMC6189373 DOI: 10.1093/jscr/rjy255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Late presentations of testicular adrenal rest tumours (TART) are rarely seen in males with congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and are often misdiagnosed as primary testicular germ cell tumours. We report a case of bilateral TART in an adult patient with congenital adrenal hyperplasia who had defaulted treatment. He presented with a gradually increasing swelling of the left testis and genital examination revealed a large hard indurated swelling of both epididymes more prominent on the left side. As imaging was inconclusive, a biopsy was performed which showed features in favour of TART rather than Leydig cell neoplasm and he had good response to steroids. Histopathological evaluation is helpful in cases where there is a strong need for excluding a malignancy. Optimal steroid replacement is the treatment of choice and leads to regression of the lesion in the majority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umesh Jayarajah
- Department of Urology, National Hospital of Sri Lanka, Colombo, Sri Lanka
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Kocova M, Janevska V, Anastasovska V. Testicular adrenal rest tumors in boys with 21-hydroxylase deficiency, timely diagnosis and follow-up. Endocr Connect 2018; 7. [PMID: 29531157 PMCID: PMC5887129 DOI: 10.1530/ec-18-0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Testicular adrenal rest tumors (TARTs) are found in 30-94% of adult males with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). We sought to explore TART appearance through yearly ultrasound examination of testes in young boys with CAH, and its association with metabolic control and genetic mutations. METHODS Twenty-five boys with 21-hydroxylase deficiency in the age group 4-18 years diagnosed during the period 2001-2016 were included in the study. ACTH, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione and testosterone were measured at 4-month intervals. Growth and BMI were assessed at the time of evaluation. PCR/ACRS method was used for CYP21A2 gene analysis. Testicular ultrasound examination was performed yearly. RESULTS TARTs were detected by ultrasound in 8 children at the age of 6-16 years (13.2 years average). Five had salt-wasting form, two had simple virilizing form and one had non-classic form of CAH. Significant differences in the17OHP and androstenedione levels were detected between the boys, adherent and non-adherent to therapy. Inadequate metabolic control was not different in boys with and without TART (11/17 and 5/8 respectively). No significant difference was detected in the distribution of genetic mutations or adherence to therapy between patients with and without TARTs. One patient had a mutation not reported thus far in TART and another developed leukemia. CONCLUSION TART is not rare in young boys with CAH, irrespective of the specific mutation or metabolic control. Ultrasound screening helps timely diagnosis and adjustment of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana Kocova
- Department of Endocrinology and GeneticsMedical Faculty, University Pediatric Clinic, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Vesna Janevska
- Institute of PathologyMedical Faculty, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Violeta Anastasovska
- Genetic LaboratoryMedical Faculty, University Pediatric Clinic, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
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Engels M, Span PN, Mitchell RT, Heuvel JJTM, Marijnissen-van Zanten MA, van Herwaarden AE, Hulsbergen-van de Kaa CA, Oosterwijk E, Stikkelbroeck NM, Smith LB, Sweep FCGJ, Claahsen-van der Grinten HL. GATA transcription factors in testicular adrenal rest tumours. Endocr Connect 2017; 6:866-875. [PMID: 29038332 PMCID: PMC5682415 DOI: 10.1530/ec-17-0215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Testicular adrenal rest tumours (TARTs) are benign adrenal-like testicular tumours that frequently occur in male patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Recently, GATA transcription factors have been linked to the development of TARTs in mice. The aim of our study was to determine GATA expression in human TARTs and other steroidogenic tissues. We determined GATA expression in TARTs (n = 16), Leydig cell tumours (LCTs; n = 7), adrenal (foetal (n = 6) + adult (n = 10)) and testis (foetal (n = 13) + adult (n = 8)). We found testis-like GATA4, and adrenal-like GATA3 and GATA6 gene expressions by qPCR in human TARTs, indicating mixed testicular and adrenal characteristics of TARTs. Currently, no marker is available to discriminate TARTs from LCTs, leading to misdiagnosis and incorrect treatment. GATA3 and GATA6 mRNAs exhibited excellent discriminative power (area under the curve of 0.908 and 0.816, respectively), while immunohistochemistry did not. GATA genes contain several CREB-binding sites and incubation with 0.1 mM dibutyryl cAMP for 4 h stimulated GATA3, GATA4 and GATA6 expressions in a human foetal testis cell line (hs181.tes). Incubation of adrenocortical cells (H295RA) with ACTH, however, did not induce GATA expression in vitro Although ACTH did not dysregulate GATA expression in the only human ACTH-sensitive in vitro model available, our results do suggest that aberrant expression of GATA transcription factors in human TARTs might be involved in TART formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Engels
- Department of PaediatricsRadboud Amalia Children's Hospital, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory MedicineRadboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul N Span
- Radiation OncologyRadiotherapy and OncoImmunology Laboratory, RIMLS, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rod T Mitchell
- MRC Centre for Reproductive HealthUniversity of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Joop J T M Heuvel
- Laboratory MedicineRadboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Antonius E van Herwaarden
- Laboratory MedicineRadboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Egbert Oosterwijk
- Department of UrologyRadboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nike M Stikkelbroeck
- Department of Internal MedicineRadboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lee B Smith
- MRC Centre for Reproductive HealthUniversity of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Fred C G J Sweep
- Laboratory MedicineRadboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Rajkanna J, Oyibo SO. Large testicular adrenal rest tumours in a patient with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Case Rep 2015; 2015:140080. [PMID: 25755878 PMCID: PMC4315946 DOI: 10.1530/edm-14-0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Testicular adrenal rest tumours (TARTs) are benign ACTH-dependent tumours that occur in males with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) and if left untreated can destroy testicular tissue. Corticosteroid suppressive treatment could result in the regression of these testicular tumours. We present a patient with bilateral large TARTs as a consequence of poor compliance to treatment and follow-up for his CAH, who consequently had to have bilateral orchidectomies and prosthesis replacement. LEARNING POINTS TARTs are frequently seen in males with CAH, and can be misdiagnosed as primary testicular cancer.Patient compliance to treatment and follow-up are necessary to reduce the risk of testicular damage as a result of TARTs in patients with CAH.Boys with CAH should have periodic ultrasonographic screening from before adolescent age for early detection of TARTs.Regular monitoring of renin, 17-hydroxyprogesterone and androgens levels is required to assess corticosteroid suppressive treatment.Patients with CAH should be offered psychological support and information concerning CAH support groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rajkanna
- Department of Endocrinology, Peterborough City Hospital Bretton Gate, Peterborough PE3 9GZ, UK
| | - S O Oyibo
- Department of Endocrinology, Peterborough City Hospital Bretton Gate, Peterborough PE3 9GZ, UK
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Ali HH, Samkari A, Arabi H. Testicular adrenal rest "tumor" or Leydig cell tumor? A report of a challenging case with literature review. Avicenna J Med 2013; 3:15-9. [PMID: 23984262 PMCID: PMC3752856 DOI: 10.4103/2231-0770.112789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) refers to group of inherited diseases resulting from impaired adrenal steroidogenesis, and its most common cause is 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Testicular adrenal rest tumors (TARTs) are an important complication of CAH, which probably develop from ectopic remnants of intra-testicular adrenal tissue stimulated by Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) hypersecretion. These lesions are typically located within the rete testis and are bilateral, synchronous, nodular and multiple. TART usually, but not always, responses to suppressive medical therapy. TART leads to testicular structural damage, spermatogenesis disorders, infertility and most importantly, mass-forming lesions that could be mistaken for Leydig cell tumor (LCT). The later has a significantly different behavior with up to 10% of being malignant. Nowadays, due to advances in diagnosing and treating CAH, mass-forming TART is rarely encountered. As a result, there is the paucity in the medical literature regarding its features from pathological perspective. We herein present a case of mass-forming TART and we discuss the clinical, radiological, and morphological features as well as the major differential diagnosis of this rare lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiba Hassan Ali
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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