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Pal NL, Panandiker SD, Katiyar G, Vernekar JA. Unusual causes of Small bowel obstruction: a review of the literature and revisited cross-sectional imaging checklist. Emerg Radiol 2024:10.1007/s10140-024-02256-8. [PMID: 38926239 DOI: 10.1007/s10140-024-02256-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Intestinal obstruction is a common surgical emergency with high morbidity and mortality. Patients presenting with features of small bowel obstruction need urgent evaluation to avoid complications such as bowel gangrene, perforation, or peritonitis. Imaging is necessary in most cases of suspected bowel obstruction, to take an appropriate decision, for apt patient management. Among the common causes of small bowel obstruction, adhesions, external herniae, malignancies, and Crohn's disease top the chart. Imaging helps in determining the presence of obstruction, the severity of obstruction, transition point, cause of obstruction, and associated complications such as strangulation, bowel gangrene, and peritonitis. This review is based on the cases with unusual causes of bowel obstruction encountered during our routine practice and also on the extensive literature search through the standard textbooks and electronic databases. Through this review we want our readers to have sound knowledge of the imaging characteristics of the uncommon yet important causes of bowel obstruction. We have also revisited and structured a checklist to simplify the approach while reporting a suspected case of small bowel obstruction. Imaging plays a key role in the diagnosis of small bowel obstruction and in determining the cause and associated complications. Apart from the common causes of small bowel obstruction, we should also be aware of the uncommon causes of small bowel obstruction and their imaging characteristics to make an accurate diagnosis and for apt patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilkanth L Pal
- Department of Radio-diagnosis, Goa Medical College, Bambolim, Goa, 403 202, India.
| | - Swamini D Panandiker
- Department of Radio-diagnosis, Goa Medical College, Bambolim, Goa, 403 202, India
| | - Glory Katiyar
- Department of Radio-diagnosis, Goa Medical College, Bambolim, Goa, 403 202, India
| | - Jeevan A Vernekar
- Department of Radio-diagnosis, Goa Medical College, Bambolim, Goa, 403 202, India
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2
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Daraghmeh L, Eleiwi M, Qamhia N, Maqboul I. Mechanical Bowel Obstruction Due to Secondary Sclerosing Peritonitis, Managed Conservatively: A Case Report. Cureus 2024; 16:e51683. [PMID: 38313947 PMCID: PMC10838387 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.51683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
An uncommon cause of intestinal obstruction is an abdominal cocoon, also known as sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis (SEP). We present the case of a 24-year-old female peritoneal dialysis patient who presented with a picture of complete intestinal obstruction. After reviewing the patient's medical history and acquiring relevant laboratory and imaging data, the decision was made to proceed with surgery. Intraoperatively, however, she had a picture of sclerosing peritonitis. The decision was to terminate the surgery and to take a conservative approach, including total parenteral nutrition. Her condition improved, obstruction was resolved, and she was discharged home in good clinical condition. Sclerosing peritonitis should be considered a possible etiology that can be managed conservatively in any peritoneal dialysis patient with intestinal obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laith Daraghmeh
- General Surgery, An-Najah National University Hospital, Nablus, PSE
| | - Malak Eleiwi
- Medicine, An-Najah National University Hospital, Nablus, PSE
| | - Naim Qamhia
- Pathology, An-Najah National University Hospital, Nablus, PSE
| | - Iyad Maqboul
- General Surgery, An-Najah National University Hospital, Nablus, PSE
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3
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Côté JM, Ethier I, Cardinal H, Pépin MN. Peritoneal Dialysis After Liver Transplantation: A Systematic Review. Can J Kidney Health Dis 2021; 8:20543581211029722. [PMID: 34350006 PMCID: PMC8293848 DOI: 10.1177/20543581211029722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Chronic kidney disease following liver transplantation is a major long-term complication. Most liver transplant recipients with kidney failure will be treated with dialysis instead of kidney transplantation due to noneligibility and shortage in organ availability. In this population, the role of peritoneal dialysis (PD) as a modality of kidney replacement therapy (KRT) remains unclear. Objective: To determine the feasibility regarding safety, technique survival, and dialysis efficiency of PD in liver transplant recipients requiring KRT for maintenance dialysis. Design: Systematic review. Setting: Interventional and observational studies reporting the use of PD after liver transplantation. Patients: Adult liver transplant recipients with kidney failure treated with maintenance KRT. Measurements: Extracted data included eligibility criteria, study design, demographics, and PD modality. The following outcomes of interest were extracted: rate of peritonitis and microorganisms involved, noninfectious peritoneal complications, technique survival, and kidney transplantation-censored technique survival. Non-PD complications included overall survival, liver graft dysfunction, and hospitalization rate. Methods: The following databases were searched until July 2020: MedLine/PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Cochrane Library. Two reviewers independently screening all titles and abstracts of all identified articles. Due to the limited sample size, observational designs and study heterogeneity expected, no meta-analysis was pre-planned. Descriptive statistics were used to report all results. Results: From the 5263 identified studies, 4 were included in the analysis as they reported at least 1 outcome of interest on a total of 21 liver transplant recipients, with an overall follow-up duration on PD of 19.0 (Interquartile range [IQR]: 9.5-29.5) months. Fifteen episodes of peritonitis occurred in a total cumulative PD follow-up of 514 patient-months, representing an incidence rate of 0.35 per year. These episodes did not result in PD technique failure, mortality, or impairment of liver graft function. Limitations: Limitations include the paucity of studies in the field and the small number of patients included in each report, a risk of publication bias and the impossibility to directly compare hemodialysis to PD in this population. These results, therefore, must be interpreted with caution. Conclusions: Based on limited data reporting the feasibility of PD in liver transplant recipients with kidney failure, no signal was associated with an increased risk of infectious complications. Long-term studies evaluating this modality need to be performed. Registration (PROSPERO): CRD42020218374.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Maxime Côté
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, QC, Canada.,Research Center, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, QC, Canada.,Clinical Research Centre, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Isabelle Ethier
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, QC, Canada.,Research Center, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Nephrology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Héloïse Cardinal
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, QC, Canada.,Research Center, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Noëlle Pépin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, QC, Canada
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4
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Roth LM. Luteinized thecomatosis and other conditions associated with sclerosing peritonitis: a problem in causation, management, and nomenclature. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2020; 21:239-240. [PMID: 33290110 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2021.1853530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence M Roth
- Department of Pathology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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López Grove R, Heredia Martínez A, Aineseder M, de Paula J, Ocantos J. Sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis: Imaging findings in an uncommon entity. RADIOLOGIA 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rxeng.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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López Grove R, Heredia Martínez A, Aineseder M, de Paula JA, Ocantos JA. Sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis: imaging findings in an uncommon entity. RADIOLOGIA 2019; 61:388-395. [PMID: 30987740 DOI: 10.1016/j.rx.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the most characteristic imaging findings for sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis, with an emphasis on the computed tomography findings. CONCLUSION The incidence of sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis is low. The pathophysiology of this condition is unclear. Two types are recognized: idiopathic and secondary; the secondary type is generally a complication of peritoneal dialysis. Its nonspecific clinical presentation and the absence of blood markers mean that sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis is usually diagnosed late. Thus, it is important to know the imaging signs; these include thickening and calcification of the peritoneum and dilation of bowel loops with thickening and calcification of bowel walls, whether in isolation or in association with loculated ascites. Although ultrasonography allows the complexity of the collections to be evaluated, computed tomography is the most useful technique for the general assessment of the signs mentioned above.
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Affiliation(s)
- R López Grove
- Servicio de Diagnóstico por Imágenes, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - A Heredia Martínez
- Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Aineseder
- Servicio de Diagnóstico por Imágenes, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - J A de Paula
- Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - J A Ocantos
- Servicio de Diagnóstico por Imágenes, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Prominent Levels of the Profibrotic Chemokine CCL18 during Peritonitis: In Vitro Downregulation by Vitamin D Receptor Agonists. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:6415892. [PMID: 29850544 PMCID: PMC5904802 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6415892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is used as a renal replacement therapy, which can be limited by peritoneal membrane ultrafiltration failure (UFF) secondary to fibrotic processes. Peritonitis, a frequent complication of PD, is a major risk factor for peritoneal membrane fibrosis and UFF. Low peritoneal levels of the chemokine CCL18 are associated with preservation of peritoneal membrane function in PD. Given that CCL18 is involved in fibrotic processes and recurrent peritonitis, it is a risk factor for peritoneal membrane failure; thus, we evaluated CCL18 concentrations in peritoneal effluents from patients undergoing peritonitis episodes. Pharmacological interventions aimed at diminishing the production of CCL18 were also explored. Fivefold higher CCL18 peritoneal concentrations were found during acute bacterial peritonitis, in parallel with the increased infiltration of macrophages. Unexpectedly, CCL18 was also highly (50-fold) increased during sterile eosinophilic peritonitis, and peritoneal eosinophils were found to express CCL18. In vitro treatment of peritoneal macrophages with the vitamin D receptor agonist paricalcitol was able to reduce the secretion and the expression of CCL18 in isolated peritoneal macrophages. In conclusion, our study suggests that the chemokine CCL18 can be a mediator of peritoneal membrane failure associated with peritonitis episodes as well as providing a new potential therapeutic target.
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Kong YX, Strasser SI, McCaughan GW, Crawford M, Verran DJ. Sclerosing peritonitis post liver transplantation: a rare condition where surgery is an important treatment option. ANZ J Surg 2017; 88:E424-E428. [PMID: 28782907 DOI: 10.1111/ans.14128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sclerosing peritonitis (SP) is a rare but potentially fatal complication following orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). The definitive surgical management is via a laparotomy peritonectomy and enterolysis procedure, but this carries risks particularly in the immunosuppressed transplant patient population. The natural history of SP is known from a handful of case reports and series, which mostly report de novo cases arising early on following OLT. The aim of this study was to identify all cases of de novo SP following OLT and the outcomes of management. METHODS Cases of SP post OLT were identified from the Australian National Liver Transplantation Unit (New South Wales) database of all 1393 adult patients. RESULTS Three cases of SP were diagnosed between 2 and over 9 years post-transplantation. Two patients proceeded to laparotomy and a peritonectomy and enterolysis procedure of the cocooned bowel. The third was managed conservatively due to a relatively indolent course and their medical co-morbidities. CONCLUSION SP should be considered in the differential diagnosis in patients post OLT presenting with symptoms of bowel obstruction, even years following transplantation. Surgery may be required in order to achieve a satisfactory outcome in some cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne X Kong
- Australian National Liver Transplantation Unit, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Simone I Strasser
- Australian National Liver Transplantation Unit, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Geoffrey W McCaughan
- Australian National Liver Transplantation Unit, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael Crawford
- Australian National Liver Transplantation Unit, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Deborah J Verran
- Australian National Liver Transplantation Unit, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Sanz AB, Aroeira LS, Bellon T, del Peso G, Jimenez-Heffernan J, Santamaria B, Sanchez-Niño MD, Blanco-Colio LM, Lopez-Cabrera M, Ruiz-Ortega M, Egido J, Selgas R, Ortiz A. TWEAK promotes peritoneal inflammation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90399. [PMID: 24599047 PMCID: PMC3944020 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is complicated by peritonitis episodes that cause loss of mesothelium and eventually sclerosing peritonitis. An improved understanding of the molecular contributors to peritoneal injury and defense may increase the therapeutic armamentarium to optimize peritoneal defenses while minimizing peritoneal injury. There is no information on the expression and function of the cytokine TWEAK and its receptor Fn14 during peritoneal injury. Fn14 expression and soluble TWEAK levels were measured in human PD peritoneal effluent cells or fluids with or without peritonitis. Fn14 expression was also analyzed in peritoneal biopsies from PD patients. Actions of intraperitoneal TWEAK were studied in mice in vivo. sTWEAK levels were increased in peritoneal effluent in PD peritonitis. Effluent sTWEAK levels correlated with the number of peritoneal macrophages (r = 0.491, p = 0.002). Potential TWEAK targets that express the receptor Fn14 include mesothelial cells and macrophages, as demonstrated by flow cytometry of peritoneal effluents and by analysis of peritoneal biopsies. Peritoneal biopsy Fn14 correlated with mesothelial injury, fibrosis and inflammation, suggesting a potential deleterious effect of TWEAK/Fn14. In this regard, intraperitoneal TWEAK administration to mice promoted peritoneal inflammation characterized by increased peritoneal effluent MCP-1, Fn14 and Gr1+ macrophages, increased mesothelial Fn14, MCP-1 and CCL21 expression and submesothelial tissue macrophage recruitment. Taken together these data suggest that the TWEAK/Fn14 system may promote inflammation and tissue injury during peritonitis and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Belen Sanz
- Laboratory of Nephrology, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Madrid, Spain
- REDinREN, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Luiz Stark Aroeira
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Vigo (IBIV), Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | | | - Gloria del Peso
- Department of Nephrology, IDIPAZ, Madrid, Spain
- REDinREN, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Marta Ruiz-Ortega
- Laboratory of Nephrology, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Madrid, Spain
- REDinREN, Madrid, Spain
- Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesus Egido
- Laboratory of Nephrology, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Madrid, Spain
- Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- IRSIN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Selgas
- Department of Nephrology, IDIPAZ, Madrid, Spain
- REDinREN, Madrid, Spain
- Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- IRSIN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- Laboratory of Nephrology, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Madrid, Spain
- REDinREN, Madrid, Spain
- Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- IRSIN, Madrid, Spain
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Jung JY, Cho JT. A case of fulminant sclerosing peritonitis presented like acute culture-negative peritonitis and successfully treated with corticosteroid therapy. J Korean Med Sci 2013; 28:620-3. [PMID: 23579858 PMCID: PMC3617318 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2013.28.4.620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Sclerosing peritonitis is an uncommon complication of peritoneal dialysis. It is characterized by peritoneal fibrosis and sclerosis. The most common clinical presentations of sclerosing peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients are ultrafiltration failure and small bowel obstruction. The prognosis and response to immunosuppressive therapy of sclerosing peritonitis presenting with ultrafiltration failure or small bowel obstruction are poor. Here, we describe the case of a 28-yr-old man with end-stage renal disease on peritoneal dialysis showing fulminant sclerosing peritonitis presented like acute culture-negative peritonitis and was successfully treated with corticosteroid therapy. It is not well recognized that sclerosing peritonitis may present in this way. The correct diagnosis and corticosteroid therapy may be life-saving in a fulminant form of sclerosing peritonitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yun Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Jong Tae Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
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