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Wang B, Ustriyana P, Tam CS, Lin JD, Srirangapatanam S, Kapila Y, Ryder MI, Webb S, Seo Y, Ho SP. Functional Adaptation of LPS-affected Dentoalveolar Fibrous Joints in Rats. J Periodontal Res 2022; 57:131-141. [PMID: 34839547 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The functional interplay between cementum of the root and alveolar bone of the socket is tuned by a uniquely positioned 70-80 µm wide fibrous and lubricious ligament in a dentoalveolar joint (DAJ). In this study, structural and biomechanical properties of the DAJ, periodontal ligament space (PDL-space also known as the joint space), alveolar bone of the socket, and cementum of the tooth root that govern the biomechanics of a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-affected DAJ were mapped both in space and time. METHODS The hemi-maxillae from 20 rats (4 control at 6 weeks of age, 4 control and 4 LPS-affected at 12 weeks of age, 4 control and 4 LPS-affected at 16 weeks of age) were investigated using a hybrid technique; micro-X-ray computed tomography (5 µm resolution) in combination with biomechanical testing in situ. Temporal variations in bone and cementum volume fractions were evaluated. Trends in mineral apposition rates (MAR) in additional six Sprague Dawley rats (3 controls, 3 LPS-affected) were revealed by transforming spatial fluorochrome signals to functional growth rates (linearity factor - RW) of bone, dentin, and cementum using a fast Fourier transform on fluorochrome signals from 100-µm hemi-maxillae sections. RESULTS An overall change in LPS-affected DAJ biomechanics (a 2.5-4.5X increase in tooth displacement and 2X tooth rotation at 6 weeks, no increase in displacement and a 7X increase in rotation at 12 weeks; 27% increase in bone effective strain at 6 weeks and 11% at 12 weeks relative to control) was associated with structural changes in the coronal regions of the DAJ (15% increase in PDL-space from 0 to 6 weeks but only 5% from 6 to 12 weeks compared to control). A significant increase (p < 0.05) in PDL-space between ligated and age-matched control was observed. The bone fraction of ligated at 12 weeks was significantly lower than its age-matched control, and no significant differences (p > 0.05) between groups were observed at 6 weeks. Cementum in the apical regions grew faster but nonlinearly (11% and 20% increase in cementum fraction (CF) at 6 and 12 weeks) compared to control. Alveolar bone revealed site-specific nonlinear growth with an overall increase in MAR (108.5 µm/week to 126.7 µm/week after LPS treatment) compared to dentin (28.3 µm/week in control vs. 26.1 µm/week in LPS-affected) and cementum (126.5 µm/week in control vs. 119.9 µm/week in LPS-affected). A significant increase in CF (p < 0.05) in ligated specimens was observed at 6 weeks of age. CONCLUSIONS Anatomy-specific responses of cementum and bone to the mechano-chemo stimuli, and their collective temporal contribution to observed changes in PDL-space were perpetuated by altered tooth movement. Data highlight the "resilience" of DAJ function through the predominance of nonlinear growth response of cementum, changes in PDL-space, and bone architecture. Despite the significant differences in bone and cementum architectures, data provided insights into the reactionary effects of cementum as a built-in compensatory mechanism to reestablish functional competence of the DAJ. The spatial shifts in architectures of alveolar bone and cementum, and consequently ligament space, highlight adaptations farther away from the site of insult, which also is another novel insight from this study. These adaptations when correlated within the context of joint function (biomechanics) illustrate that they are indeed necessary to sustain DAJ function albeit being pathological.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Division of Preclinical Education, Biomaterials & Engineering, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, US
| | - Putu Ustriyana
- Division of Preclinical Education, Biomaterials & Engineering, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, US
| | - Caleb S Tam
- Division of Preclinical Education, Biomaterials & Engineering, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, US
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, US
| | - Jeremy D Lin
- Division of Preclinical Education, Biomaterials & Engineering, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, US
| | - Sudarshan Srirangapatanam
- Division of Preclinical Education, Biomaterials & Engineering, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, US
| | - Yvonne Kapila
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, US
| | - Mark I Ryder
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, US
| | - Samuel Webb
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, US
| | - Youngho Seo
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, US
| | - Sunita P Ho
- Division of Preclinical Education, Biomaterials & Engineering, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, US
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, US
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Jo DW, Kwon MJ, Kim JH, Kim YK, Yi YJ. Evaluation of adjacent tooth displacement in the posterior implant restoration with proximal contact loss by superimposition of digital models. J Adv Prosthodont 2019; 11:88-94. [PMID: 31080569 PMCID: PMC6491362 DOI: 10.4047/jap.2019.11.2.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was conducted to investigate patterns of adjacent tooth displacement in the posterior implant with interproximal contact loss (ICL) by 3-D digital superimposition method. MATERIALS AND METHODS Posterior partially edentulous patients, restored with implant fixed partial prostheses before 2011 and suffered from food impaction of ICL between 2009 and 2011, were included. Two dental casts, at the time of delivery and at the time of food impaction in a same patient, was converted into 3-D digital models through scanning and superimposition was performed to assess chronologic changes of the dentition. Directions of tooth displacement were evaluated and the amount of ICL was calculated. Correlations between the amount of ICL and elapsed time, or between the amount of ICL and age after function, were assessed at a significance level of P<.05. RESULTS A total number of 13 patients (8 males, 5 females) with a mean age of 65.76 ± 9.94 years and 17 areas (4 maxillae, 13 mandibles) were included in this retrospective study. Teeth adjacent to the implant restoration showed complex displacements but characteristic tendency according to the location of the arch. The mean amount of ICL was 0.33 ± 0.14 mm. Elapsed time from function to ICL was 61.47 ± 31.27 months. There were no significant differences between the amount of ICL and elapsed time, or age (P>.05). CONCLUSION Natural teeth showed various directional movements to result in occlusal change in the arch. The 3-D superimposition of chronologic digital models was a helpful method to analyze the changes of dentition and individual tooth displacement adjacent to implant restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deuk-Won Jo
- Department of Prosthodontics, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Jung Kwon
- Department of Prosthodontics, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hee Kim
- Department of Prosthodontics, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Kyun Kim
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang-Jin Yi
- Department of Prosthodontics, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
Objective The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of mechanical strain by mapping physicochemical properties at periodontal ligament (PDL)–bone and PDL–cementum attachment sites and within the tissues per se. Design Accentuated mechanical strain was induced by applying a unidirectional force of 0.06 N for 14 days on molars in a rat model. The associated changes in functional space between the tooth and bone, mineral forming and resorbing events at the PDL–bone and PDL–cementum attachment sites were identified by using micro-X-ray computed tomography (micro-XCT), atomic force microscopy (AFM), dynamic histomorphometry, Raman microspectroscopy, and AFM-based nanoindentation technique. Results from these analytical techniques were correlated with histochemical strains specific to low and high molecular weight GAGs, including biglycan, and osteoclast distribution through tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining. Results Unique chemical and mechanical qualities including heterogeneous bony fingers with hygroscopic Sharpey's fibers contributing to a higher organic (amide III — 1240 cm− 1) to inorganic (phosphate — 960 cm− 1) ratio, with lower average elastic modulus of 8 GPa versus 12 GPa in unadapted regions were identified. Furthermore, an increased presence of elemental Zn in cement lines and mineralizing fronts of PDL–bone was observed. Adapted regions containing bony fingers exhibited woven bone-like architecture and these regions rich in biglycan (BGN) and bone sialoprotein (BSP) also contained high-molecular weight polysaccharides predominantly at the site of polarized bone growth. Conclusions From a fundamental science perspective the shift in local properties due to strain amplification at the soft–hard tissue attachment sites is governed by semiautonomous cellular events at the PDL–bone and PDL–cementum sites. Over time, these strain-mediated events can alter the physicochemical properties of tissues per se, and consequently the overall biomechanics of the bone–PDL–tooth complex. From a clinical perspective, the shifts in magnitude and duration of forces on the periodontal ligament can prompt a shift in physiologic mineral apposition in cementum and alveolar bone albeit of an adapted quality owing to the rapid mechanical translation of the tooth. Load-mediated shifts in mechanical strains will prompt self-governing zones at PDL-cementum and PDL-bone entheses. The intensity of strain amplification is predominantly felt at the entheses as it is a region where disparate materials attach. Physicochemical observations at the PDL-bone enthesial zone are not directly correlated to the events at PDL-cementum zone. Rapid shifts in PDL strain can prompt a shift in mineral apposition at respective entheses albeit of an adapted quality.
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Foster BL, Ao M, Willoughby C, Soenjaya Y, Holm E, Lukashova L, Tran AB, Wimer HF, Zerfas PM, Nociti FH, Kantovitz KR, Quan BD, Sone ED, Goldberg HA, Somerman MJ. Mineralization defects in cementum and craniofacial bone from loss of bone sialoprotein. Bone 2015; 78:150-64. [PMID: 25963390 PMCID: PMC4466207 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Bone sialoprotein (BSP) is a multifunctional extracellular matrix protein found in mineralized tissues, including bone, cartilage, tooth root cementum (both acellular and cellular types), and dentin. In order to define the role BSP plays in the process of biomineralization of these tissues, we analyzed cementogenesis, dentinogenesis, and osteogenesis (intramembranous and endochondral) in craniofacial bone in Bsp null mice and wild-type (WT) controls over a developmental period (1-60 days post natal; dpn) by histology, immunohistochemistry, undecalcified histochemistry, microcomputed tomography (microCT), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and quantitative PCR (qPCR). Regions of intramembranous ossification in the alveolus, mandible, and calvaria presented delayed mineralization and osteoid accumulation, assessed by von Kossa and Goldner's trichrome stains at 1 and 14 dpn. Moreover, Bsp(-/-) mice featured increased cranial suture size at the early time point, 1 dpn. Immunostaining and PCR demonstrated that osteoblast markers, osterix, alkaline phosphatase, and osteopontin were unchanged in Bsp null mandibles compared to WT. Bsp(-/-) mouse molars featured a lack of functional acellular cementum formation by histology, SEM, and TEM, and subsequent loss of Sharpey's collagen fiber insertion into the tooth root structure. Bsp(-/-) mouse alveolar and mandibular bone featured equivalent or fewer osteoclasts at early ages (1 and 14 dpn), however, increased RANKL immunostaining and mRNA, and significantly increased number of osteoclast-like cells (2-5 fold) were found at later ages (26 and 60 dpn), corresponding to periodontal breakdown and severe alveolar bone resorption observed following molar teeth entering occlusion. Dentin formation was unperturbed in Bsp(-/-) mouse molars, with no delay in mineralization, no alteration in dentin dimensions, and no differences in odontoblast markers analyzed. No defects were identified in endochondral ossification in the cranial base, and craniofacial morphology was unaffected in Bsp(-/-) mice. These analyses confirm a critical role for BSP in processes of cementogenesis and intramembranous ossification of craniofacial bone, whereas endochondral ossification in the cranial base was minimally affected and dentinogenesis was normal in Bsp(-/-) molar teeth. Dissimilar effects of loss of BSP on mineralization of dental and craniofacial tissues suggest local differences in the role of BSP and/or yet to be defined interactions with site-specific factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Foster
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 9000 Rockville Pike, 4120 Building 50, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - M Ao
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 9000 Rockville Pike, 4120 Building 50, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - C Willoughby
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 9000 Rockville Pike, 4120 Building 50, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Y Soenjaya
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada.
| | - E Holm
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada.
| | - L Lukashova
- Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | - A B Tran
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 9000 Rockville Pike, 4120 Building 50, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - H F Wimer
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - P M Zerfas
- Office of Research Services, Division of Veterinary Resources, National Institutes of Health (NIH), 9000 Rockville Pike, 112 Building 28A, MSC 5230, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - F H Nociti
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 9000 Rockville Pike, 4120 Building 50, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Division of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Campinas State University, Piracicaba, SP 13414-903, Brazil.
| | - K R Kantovitz
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 9000 Rockville Pike, 4120 Building 50, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Campinas State University, Piracicaba, SP 13414-903, Brazil.
| | - B D Quan
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 320A Mining Building, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada.
| | - E D Sone
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 320A Mining Building, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - H A Goldberg
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada; School of Dentistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada.
| | - M J Somerman
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 9000 Rockville Pike, 4120 Building 50, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Ho SP, Kurylo MP, Grandfield K, Hurng J, Herber RP, Ryder MI, Altoe V, Aloni S, Feng JQ, Webb S, Marshall GW, Curtis D, Andrews JC, Pianetta P. The plastic nature of the human bone-periodontal ligament-tooth fibrous joint. Bone 2013; 57:455-67. [PMID: 24063947 PMCID: PMC3938967 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates bony protrusions within a narrowed periodontal ligament space (PDL-space) of a human bone-PDL-tooth fibrous joint by mapping structural, biochemical, and mechanical heterogeneity. Higher resolution structural characterization was achieved via complementary atomic force microscopy (AFM), nano-transmission X-ray microscopy (nano-TXM), and microtomography (MicroXCT™). Structural heterogeneity was correlated to biochemical and elemental composition, illustrated via histochemistry and microprobe X-ray fluorescence analysis (μ-XRF), and mechanical heterogeneity evaluated by AFM-based nanoindentation. Results demonstrated that the narrowed PDL-space was due to invasion of bundle bone (BB) into PDL-space. Protruded BB had a wider range with higher elastic modulus values (2-8GPa) compared to lamellar bone (0.8-6GPa), and increased quantities of Ca, P and Zn as revealed by μ-XRF. Interestingly, the hygroscopic 10-30μm interface between protruded BB and lamellar bone exhibited higher X-ray attenuation similar to cement lines and lamellae within bone. Localization of the small leucine rich proteoglycan biglycan (BGN) responsible for mineralization was observed at the PDL-bone interface and around the osteocyte lacunae. Based on these results, it can be argued that the LB-BB interface was the original site of PDL attachment, and that the genesis of protruded BB identified as protrusions occurred as a result of shift in strain. We emphasize the importance of bony protrusions within the context of organ function and that additional study is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita P Ho
- Division of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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The adaptive nature of the bone-periodontal ligament-cementum complex in a ligature-induced periodontitis rat model. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:876316. [PMID: 23936854 PMCID: PMC3713652 DOI: 10.1155/2013/876316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The novel aspect of this study involves illustrating significant adaptation of a functionally loaded bone-PDL-cementum complex in a ligature-induced periodontitis rat model. Following 4, 8, and 15 days of ligation, proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and RANKL), a mineral resorption indicator (TRAP), and a cell migration and adhesion molecule for tissue regeneration (fibronectin) within the complex were localized and correlated with changes in PDL-space (functional space). At 4 days of ligation, the functional space of the distal complex was widened compared to controls and was positively correlated with an increased expression of TNF-α. At 8 and 15 days, the number of RANKL(+) cells decreased near the mesial alveolar bone crest (ABC) but increased at the distal ABC. TRAP(+) cells on both sides of the complex significantly increased at 8 days. A gradual change in fibronectin expression from the distal PDL-secondary cementum interfaces through precementum layers was observed when compared to increased and abrupt changes at the mesial PDL-cementum and PDL-bone interfaces in ligated and control groups. Based on our results, we hypothesize that compromised strain fields can be created in a diseased periodontium, which in response to prolonged function can significantly alter the original bone and apical cementum formations.
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Biomechanics of a bone-periodontal ligament-tooth fibrous joint. J Biomech 2012; 46:443-9. [PMID: 23219279 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2012.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates bone-tooth association under compression to identify strain amplified sites within the bone-periodontal ligament (PDL)-tooth fibrous joint. Our results indicate that the biomechanical response of the joint is due to a combinatorial response of the constitutive properties of organic, inorganic, and fluid components. Second maxillary molars within intact maxillae (N=8) of 5-month-old rats were loaded with a μ-XCT-compatible in situ loading device at various permutations of displacement rates (0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 mm/min) and peak reactionary load responses (5, 10, 15, 20 N). Results indicated a nonlinear biomechanical response of the joint, in which the observed reactionary load rates were directly proportional to displacement rates (velocities). No significant differences in peak reactionary load rates at a displacement rate of 0.2mm/min were observed. However, for displacement rates greater than 0.2mm/min, an increasing trend in reactionary rate was observed for every peak reactionary load with significant increases at 2.0mm/min. Regardless of displacement rates, two distinct behaviors were identified with stiffness (S) and reactionary load rate (LR) values at a peak load of 5 N (S(5 N)=290-523 N/mm) being significantly lower than those at 10 N (LR(5 N)=1-10 N/s) and higher (S(10 N-20 N)=380-684 N/mm; LR(10 N-20 N)=1-19 N/s). Digital image correlation revealed the possibility of a screw-like motion of the tooth into the PDL-space, i.e., predominant vertical displacement of 35 μm at 5 N, followed by a slight increase to 40 μm at 10 N and 50 μm at 20 N of the tooth and potential tooth rotation at loads above 10 N. Narrowed and widened PDL spaces as a result of tooth displacement indicated areas of increased apparent strains within the complex. We propose that such highly strained regions are "hot spots" that can potentiate local tissue adaptation under physiological loading and adverse tissue adaptation under pathological loading conditions.
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