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Chang CH, Fan KC, Cheng YP, Chen JC, Chen GS. Ultrasound Stimulation Potentiates Management of Diabetic Hyperglycemia. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2023; 49:1259-1267. [PMID: 36801179 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2023.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glucose homeostasis is the only way to manage diabetic progression as all medications used do not cure diabetes. This study was aimed at verifying the feasibility of lowering glucose with non-invasive ultrasonic stimulation. METHODS The ultrasonic device was homemade and controlled via a mobile application on the smartphone. Diabetes was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats through high-fat diets followed by streptozotocin injection. The treated acupoint CV12 was at the middle of the xiphoid and umbilicus of the diabetic rats. Parameters of ultrasonic stimulation were an operating frequency of 1 MHz, pulse repetition frequency of 15 Hz, duty cycle of 10% and sonication time of 30 min for a single treatment. DISCUSSION The diabetic rats exhibited a significant decrease of 11.5% ± 3.6% in blood glucose in 5 min of ultrasonic stimulation (p < 0.001). After the single treatment on the first day, third day and fifth day in the first week, the treated diabetic rats had a significantly small area under the curve of the glucose tolerance test (p < 0.05) compared with the untreated diabetic rats in the sixth week. Hematological analyses indicated that the serum concentrations of β-endorphin were significantly increased by 58% ± 71.9% (p < 0.05) and the insulin level was increased by 56% ± 88.2% (p = 0.15) without statistical significance after a single treatment. CONCLUSION Therefore, non-invasive ultrasound stimulation at an appropriate dose can produce a hypoglycemic effect and improve glucose tolerance for glucose homeostasis and may play a role as adjuvant therapy with diabetic medications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hsuan Chang
- Graduate Degree Program of the College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu City, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Kang-Chih Fan
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsinchu Branch, Hsinchu City, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Pin Cheng
- Electronic Systems Research Division, National Chung-Shan Institute of Technology, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Chih Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu City, Taiwan; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu City, Taiwan; Catholic Mercy Hospital, Catholic Mercy Medical Foundation, Hsinchu County, Taiwan; Medical Device Innovation & Translation Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu City, Taiwan
| | - Gin-Shin Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu City, Taiwan.
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Song LZX, Li Y, Qian X, Xu N, Yu Z, Dai JW, Xu B, Hu XM. Parkinson's disease constipation effect of electroacupuncture at ST25 through colonic motility and enteric neuropathology. Front Neurol 2023; 13:1092127. [PMID: 36733445 PMCID: PMC9888431 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1092127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The enteric nervous system (ENS) plays a central role in developing Parkinson's disease (PD) constipation, and the regulation of the ENS may be a key component in treating PD constipation. Electroacupuncture (EA) can effectively treat constipation symptoms in PD, but research on its specific mechanisms, especially in terms of ENS, is relatively lacking. Therefore, we investigated whether EA at ST25 promotes the restoration of ENS structure and colonic motor function in the rotenone-induced PD constipation rat model. Methods In this study, we evaluated constipation symptoms by stool characteristics, excretion and water volume, and whole gut transit time and observed colonic motility regulation through colonic motion detection and pathological changes in the colonic myenteric nervous plexus by transmission electron microscopy and immunofluorescence staining. Results EA significantly improved the constipation symptoms and positively adjusted the colonic motility in rotenone-induced PD constipation rats. At the same time, EA reversed the rotenone-induced colonic myenteric nervous plexus injury and regulated the ratio of inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters. Conclusion Our results indicate that EA treatment of PD constipation may be mediated through the adjustment of ENS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-zhe-xiong Song
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China,School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China,School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xu Qian
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China,School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Na Xu
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China,School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China,School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing-wen Dai
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China,School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China,*Correspondence: Bin Xu ✉
| | - Xuan-ming Hu
- Acupuncture Department, Nanjing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated to Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China,Xuan-ming Hu ✉
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Brito LS, Maggitti Junior LDP, Ferraz PA, Vasconcelos IC, Carvalho JVGDS, Loiola MVG, Bittencourt RF, Madrigal-Valverde M, Cavalcante AKDS, Barbosa LP, Oliveira LPD, Bastos MCBB, Brito OSD, Ribeiro Filho ADL. Effects of equine chorionic gonadotropin administered via the Baihui acupoint on follicular ovarian dynamics and the luteal function of cattle during an ovulation synchronization treatment regimen for fixed-time artificial insemination. Anim Reprod Sci 2020; 223:106631. [PMID: 33137692 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2020.106631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Objectives were to evaluate effects of a smaller than typically used dose of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) during a fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) treatment regimen. Transrectal ultrasonic (US) examinations were conducted on dairy cows on Day 0 (D0) and the treatment regimen was initiated with administrations of an intravaginal progesterone (P4) implant, estradiol benzoate (im), and prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α; im). On D8, the P4 implant was removed and PGF2α and estradiol cypionate were administered to all animals. Subsequently, cows were randomly assigned to three groups and eCG was administered to Groups 1, 2, and 3 in doses of 300 (im); 100 (im); and 100 (Baihui acupoint) IUs, respectively. The B-mode and power-flow US cineloops were performed to assess follicular dynamics and evaluate various morphological and vascular characteristics of the corpus luteum. Blood samples were collected to quantify serum P4 concentrations. There were no differences between the ovulation synchronization treatment regimens for all follicular dynamic variables tested; however, cows in Group 3 differed from Group 2 having a larger follicle diameter (FD) on D10 (P = 0.06) and larger preovulatory FD (P = 0.09), as well as a blood perfusion area of the dominant follicle wall on D8 (P = 0.07). There were no differences in responses to the ovulation synchronization treatment regimens for the luteal variables evaluated subsequent to ovulation. In conclusion, the Baihui acupoint was effective as an alternative route for eCG dose reduction when FTAI treatment regimens were imposed without detrimentally affecting values for reproductive variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindomar Sousa Brito
- Department of Anatomy, Pathology and Veterinary Clinics, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Av. Ademar de Barros 500, Ondina, Salvador, Bahia, 40170-110, Brazil.
| | - Luiz Di Paolo Maggitti Junior
- Department of Anatomy, Pathology and Veterinary Clinics, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Av. Ademar de Barros 500, Ondina, Salvador, Bahia, 40170-110, Brazil
| | - Priscila Assis Ferraz
- Department of Anatomy, Pathology and Veterinary Clinics, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Av. Ademar de Barros 500, Ondina, Salvador, Bahia, 40170-110, Brazil
| | - Isabela Costa Vasconcelos
- Department of Anatomy, Pathology and Veterinary Clinics, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Av. Ademar de Barros 500, Ondina, Salvador, Bahia, 40170-110, Brazil
| | - João Vitor Gomes da Silva Carvalho
- Department of Anatomy, Pathology and Veterinary Clinics, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Av. Ademar de Barros 500, Ondina, Salvador, Bahia, 40170-110, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinicius Galvão Loiola
- Department of Anatomy, Pathology and Veterinary Clinics, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Av. Ademar de Barros 500, Ondina, Salvador, Bahia, 40170-110, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Freitas Bittencourt
- Department of Anatomy, Pathology and Veterinary Clinics, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Av. Ademar de Barros 500, Ondina, Salvador, Bahia, 40170-110, Brazil
| | - Mónica Madrigal-Valverde
- Animal Sciences Deparment, University of Costa Rica (UCR), Campus Rodrigo Facio, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Ana Karina da Silva Cavalcante
- Center for Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Sciences (CCAAB), Federal University of Recôncavo of Bahia (UFRB), Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Larissa Pires Barbosa
- Center for Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Sciences (CCAAB), Federal University of Recôncavo of Bahia (UFRB), Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | | | - Osvaldo Santos de Brito
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology Baiano (IF Baiano), Catu, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Antônio de Lisboa Ribeiro Filho
- Department of Anatomy, Pathology and Veterinary Clinics, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Av. Ademar de Barros 500, Ondina, Salvador, Bahia, 40170-110, Brazil
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A study on the differences of effect on mast cells and serum 5-HT in the acupoint area of “CV 4” of rats by acupuncture stimulus and thermal stimulus. WORLD JOURNAL OF ACUPUNCTURE-MOXIBUSTION 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wjam.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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5
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Tang L, Li Y, Xie H, Shu Q, Yang F, Liu YL, Liang F, Wang H, Huang W, Zhang GJ. A sensitive acupuncture needle microsensor for real-time monitoring of nitric oxide in acupoints of rats. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6446. [PMID: 28744003 PMCID: PMC5527006 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06657-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reports an acupuncture needle modified with an iron-porphyrin functionalized graphene composite (FGPC) for real-time monitoring of nitric oxide (NO) release in acupoints of rats. A gold film was first deposited to the needle surface to enhance the conductivity. The FGPC was prepared via hydrothermal synthesis, and subsequently applied to the tip surface of acupuncture needle by electrochemical deposition method. The functionalized needle enabled a specific and sensitive detection of NO based on the favorably catalytic properties of iron-porphyrin and the excellent conductivity of graphene. Amperometric data showed that the needle achieved not only a low detection limit down to 3.2 nM in PBS solution, but also a satisfactory selectivity. Interestingly, the functionalized needle could be inserted into the acupoints of rats for real-time monitoring of NO in vivo. It was found that a remarkable response to NO was respectively obtained in different acupoints when stimulated by L-arginine (L-Arg), revealing that the release of NO was detectable in acupoints. We expect this work would showcase the applications of acupuncture needle in detecting some important signaling molecules in vivo, and exploring the mechanism of acupuncture treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Tang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 1 Huangjia Lake West Road, Wuhan, 430065, China.,Hubei Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Preventive Treatment, 1 Huangjia Lake West Road, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Yutao Li
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 1 Huangjia Lake West Road, Wuhan, 430065, China.,Hubei Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Preventive Treatment, 1 Huangjia Lake West Road, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Hui Xie
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 1 Huangjia Lake West Road, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Qing Shu
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 1 Huangjia Lake West Road, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Fan Yang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 1 Huangjia Lake West Road, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Yan-Ling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, 4. Bayi Road, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Fengxia Liang
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 1 Huangjia Lake West Road, Wuhan, 430065, China.,Hubei Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Preventive Treatment, 1 Huangjia Lake West Road, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 1 Huangjia Lake West Road, Wuhan, 430065, China.,Hubei Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Preventive Treatment, 1 Huangjia Lake West Road, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Weihua Huang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, 4. Bayi Road, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Guo-Jun Zhang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 1 Huangjia Lake West Road, Wuhan, 430065, China. .,Hubei Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Preventive Treatment, 1 Huangjia Lake West Road, Wuhan, 430065, China.
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In vivo Monitoring of Serotonin by Nanomaterial Functionalized Acupuncture Needle. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28018. [PMID: 27301303 PMCID: PMC4908407 DOI: 10.1038/srep28018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acupuncture treatment is amazing but controversial. Up to now, the mechanism of treating diseases by acupuncture and moxibustion is still unclear, especially the occurrence of the molecular events in local acupoints. Herein, we report an extremely stable microsensor by modifying carbon nanotube (CNT) to the tip surface of acupuncture needle and applying this CNT-modified acupuncture needle for real time monitoring of serotonin (5-HT) in vivo. To stabilize CNT modification on the needle tip surface, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)(PEDOT) was employed as glue water to stick CNT on the needle. The detection limit of the CNT-modified needle was found to be approximately 50 nM and 78 nM in the PBS and the cell medium, respectively. In addition, the needle showed good selectivity to some inflammatory mediators and some electroactive molecules. For the first time, the CNT-modified needle could be directly probed into rat body for real time monitoring of 5-HT in vivo, showing a great potential for better understanding the mechanism of acupuncture treatment.
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Preliminary Research of Relationship between Acute Peritonitis and Celiac Primo Vessels. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:569161. [PMID: 24069050 PMCID: PMC3771478 DOI: 10.1155/2013/569161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated that primo vessels (PVs) were distributed in different parts of the body in mammals, and PVs were also involved in some processes of pathology such as cancer. Whether PVs are intrinsic structures in mammals or not is still ignored. In this study, a peritonitis model rat was induced by i.p. administration of E. coli in rats. PVs were observed in all infected rats, but it appeared less in untreated rats, taking 10.53% (4/38). In addition, we examined cell types in celiac PVs by fluorescent staining with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and Alexa Fluor 488 phalloidin, as well as immunofluorescent staining with CD11b and intercellular adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1), and found the following. (1) The rod-shaped nuclei aligned longitudinally along PVs. (2) DAPI-, phalloidin-, CD11b-, and ICAM-1-positive labeling coexisted in PVs, suggesting that fibroblasts and leucocytes might be two kinds of cell types in PVs for both infected and control rats. (3) The difference was that numerous cells in PVs of the infected rats contained DAPI-labeled multilobal nucleus and were expressed with CD11b- and ICAM-1-positive labeling on the cytoplasm and membrane, showing the typical characteristics of neutrophil. (4) The cells in PVs from the untreated rats are those of loose connective tissue. Therefore, it is reasonably considered that PVs from infected rats might be the pathological products which might be involved in inflammation.
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Effect of Electroacupuncture at ST36 on Gastric-Related Neurons in Spinal Dorsal Horn and Nucleus Tractus Solitarius. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:912898. [PMID: 24191172 PMCID: PMC3804039 DOI: 10.1155/2013/912898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to observe the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) at the ST36 acupoint on the firing rate of gastric-related neurons in the spinal dorsal horn (SDH) and nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS). There were different effects of gastric distention in SDH and NTS in 46 male Sprague-Dawley rats. In 10 excitatory neurons in SDH, most of the neurons were inhibited by homolateral EA. The firing rates decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in 10 excitatory gastric-related neurons in NTS; the firing rates of 6 neurons were further excited by homolateral EA, with a significant increase of the firing rates (P < 0.05); all inhibitory gastric-related neurons in NTS were excited by EA. The inhibition rate of homolateral EA was significantly increased in comparison with contralateral EA in gastric-related neurons of SDH (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between homolateral and contralateral EA in gastric-related neurons of NTS. EA at ST36 changes the firing rate of gastric-related neurons in SDH and NTS. However, there are some differences in responsive mode in these neurons. The existence of these differences could be one of the physiological foundations of diversity and complexity in EA effects.
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Electroacupuncture Stimulation at CV12 Inhibits Gastric Motility via TRPV1 Receptor. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:294789. [PMID: 24106521 PMCID: PMC3782765 DOI: 10.1155/2013/294789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Gastric dysmotility is one of the major pathophysiological factors in functional gastrointestinal disorders. Acupuncture, as one of the alternative approaches, is efficacious in the treatment of gastrointestinal motility disorders; however, the mechanism underlying its action is unclear. In the present study, we used both capsazepine, a TRPV1 antagonist, and TRPV1 knockout mice. Animals were divided into wild-type group (WT), capsazepine injection group (CZP, 0.5 mg/kg, i.p.), and TRPV1 knockout mice group (TRPV1−/−). Each of these three groups was divided into three subgroups, which were subjected to EA stimulation at acupoint Zhongwan (CV12) at a different intensity (1, 2, or 4 mA). We demonstrated that electroacupuncture at Zhongwan (CV12) markedly inhibited gastric motility at 2 and 4 mA in an intensity-dependent manner in wild-type mice. The inhibitory effect was also observed in capsazepine-injected and TRPV1−/− mice but was no longer intensity dependent, indicating that TRPV1 is partially involved in the electroacupuncture-mediated modulation of gastric motility.
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50 years of bong-han theory and 10 years of primo vascular system. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:587827. [PMID: 23983793 PMCID: PMC3747427 DOI: 10.1155/2013/587827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The primo vascular system (PVS) was first introduced by Bong-Han Kim via his five research reports. Among these the third report was most extensive and conclusive in terms of the PVS anatomy and physiology relating to the acupuncture meridians. His study results, unfortunately, were not reproduced by other scientists because he did not describe the materials and methods in detail. In 2002, a research team in Seoul National University reinitiated the PVS research, confirmed the existence of PVS in various organs, and discovered new characteristics of PVS. Two important examples are as follows: PVS was found in the adipose tissue and around cancer tissues. In parallel to these new findings, new methods for observing and identifying PVS were developed. Studies on the cell and material content inside the PVS, including the immune function cells and stem cells, are being progressed. In this review, Bong-Han Kim's study results in his third report are summarized, and the new results after him are briefly reviewed. In the last section, the obstacles in finding the PVS in the skin as an anatomical structure of acupuncture meridian are discussed.
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Primo vascular system in the lymph vessel from the inguinal to the axillary nodes. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:472704. [PMID: 23762141 PMCID: PMC3673341 DOI: 10.1155/2013/472704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The primo vascular system (PVS) in a lymph system was observed mostly in large caliber ducts around the caudal vena cava of rabbits, rats, and mice. This required a severe surgery with laparectomy and massive removal of fat tissues in the abdomen to expose the lymph vessel. In the current brief report, we presented a new method to evade these shortcomings by observing the PVS in a less large caliber duct in the skin, that is, the lymph vessel from the inguinal to the axillary nodes. The Alcian blue injection into the inguinal node revealed the desired primo vessel in the target lymph vessel. This opened a new perspective for the investigation of the lymphatic PVS without severe damage to subject animals and for monitoring of the PVS in a long period of time.
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Review and Comment on the Relationship between Primo Vascular System and Meridians. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:279176. [PMID: 23762119 PMCID: PMC3666320 DOI: 10.1155/2013/279176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This paper aims to summarize the recent progress of researches on the primo vascular system (PVS) and to analyze characteristics between PVS and traditional Chinese meridians. With the distribution, position features, identification and origin of PVS, and its function related to meridians elaborated on, we propose that there is still a lack of enough evidence to support the correlation between PVS and traditional Chinese meridians.
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Historical Review about Research on "Bonghan System" in China. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:636081. [PMID: 23861708 PMCID: PMC3687598 DOI: 10.1155/2013/636081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The meridian-collateral theory is the theoretical basis of acupuncture-moxibustion therapy. Professor Bonghan Kim, a professor of the Pyongyang Medical University of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, claimed that he found the anatomical structure of meridian-collaterals, named Bonghan corpuscles (BHCs) and Bonghan ducts (BHDs) system or primo vascular system (PVS), in 1962. From 1963 to 1965, researchers from our institute conducted a series of comparative anatomical experiments, trying to reproduce the so-called BHC- and BHD-like structures in different strains of animals. In the present paper, the authors introduced their research findings about BHC- and BHD-like structures in the young rabbit's umbilicus including its external appearance, ectoplasm and endoplasm, and about strip-like and node-like objects in the blood vessels and lymph vessels near the larger abdominal and cervical blood vessels and chromaffin tissue in the back wall of the rabbit's abdominal cavity and between the bilateral kidneys. In spite of existence of the BHC- and BHD-like structures in the rabbit, there has been no proved evidence for their association with the meridian-collateral system described in acupuncture medicine. In the present historical review, the authors also make a discussion about the significance of those findings.
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Moon SH, Cha R, Lee GL, Lim JK, Soh KS. Primo vascular system in the subarachnoid space of a mouse brain. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2013; 2013:280418. [PMID: 23781258 PMCID: PMC3679859 DOI: 10.1155/2013/280418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective. Recently, a novel circulatory system, the primo vascular system (PVS), was found in the brain ventricles and in the central canal of the spinal cord of a rat. The aim of the current work is to detect the PVS along the transverse sinuses between the cerebrum and the cerebellum of a mouse brain. Materials and Methods. The PVS in the subarachnoid space was analyzed after staining with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and phalloidin in order to identify the PVS. With confocal microscopy and polarization microscopy, the primo vessel underneath the sagittal sinus was examined. The primo nodes under the transversal sinuses were observed after peeling off the dura and pia maters of the brain. Results. The primo vessel underneath the superior sagittal sinus was observed and showed linear optical polarization, similarly to the rabbit and the rat cases. The primo nodes were observed under the left and the right transverse sinuses at distances of 3,763 μ m and 5,967 μ m. The average size was 155 μ m × 248 μ m. Conclusion. The observation of primo vessels was consistent with previous observations in rabbits and rats, and primo nodes under the transverse sinuses were observed for the first time in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Ho Moon
- Nano Primo Research Center, Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea
- Department of Research & Development, Peace World Medical Co., Ltd., Seoul 110-775, Republic of Korea
- Nadi Primo Research Institute, Graduate School of Integrative Medicine, Sun Moon University, Asan-si 336-708, Republic of Korea
| | - Richard Cha
- Nano Primo Research Center, Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea
- College of Physical Education, The University of Suwon, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 445-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Geo-Lyong Lee
- Nadi Primo Research Institute, Graduate School of Integrative Medicine, Sun Moon University, Asan-si 336-708, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Kwan Lim
- Nano Primo Research Center, Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea
- Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Sup Soh
- Nano Primo Research Center, Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea
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The primo vascular structures alongside nervous system: its discovery and functional limitation. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:538350. [PMID: 23606882 PMCID: PMC3626220 DOI: 10.1155/2013/538350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The primo vascular structures comprising primo nodes and vessels (originally called Bonghan corpuscles and ducts, resp.) have recently been suggested to be the anatomical correlate of acupuncture, a therapeutic technique used in oriental medicine. Although the primo vascular structures have been observed in many parts of animals, including the nervous system, using anatomical methodologies, its physiological functions are still unclear. This paper summarizes the reports on the primo vascular structures, particularly in the nervous system and its surroundings, as well as the electrophysiological properties of cells in the primo nodes. In addition, recent reports examining the potential roles of the primo vascular structures in acupuncture are discussed. This review raises some fundamental questions and, at the same time, highlights the potential physiological roles of the primo vascular structures in acupuncture.
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Differentiating Blood, Lymph, and Primo Vessels by Residual Time Characteristic of Fluorescent Nanoparticles in a Tumor Model. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:632056. [PMID: 23662147 PMCID: PMC3638631 DOI: 10.1155/2013/632056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent nanoparticles (FNPs) which were injected into a tumor tissue flowed out through the blood and lymph vessels. The FNPs in blood vessels remained only in the order for few minutes while those in lymph vessels remained for a long time disappearing completely in 25 hours. We found a primo vessel inside a lymph vessel near a blood vessel, and FNPs remained in the primo vessel for longer than 25 hours. In addition, we examined in detail the residual time characteristics of lymph vessels because it could be useful in a future study of fluid dynamical comparison of the three conduits. These residual time characteristics of FNPs in the three kinds of vessels may have implications for the dynamics of nanoparticle drugs for cancer chemotherapy.
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