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Prentice KW, DePalma L, Ramage JG, Sarwar J, Parameswaran N, Petersen J, Yockey B, Young J, Joshi M, Thirunavvukarasu N, Singh A, Chapman C, Avila JR, Pillai CA, Manickam G, Sharma SK, Morse SA, Venkateswaran KV, Anderson K, Hodge DR, Pillai SP. Comprehensive Laboratory Evaluation of a Lateral Flow Assay for the Detection of Yersinia pestis. Health Secur 2020; 17:439-453. [PMID: 31859568 PMCID: PMC6964806 DOI: 10.1089/hs.2019.0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We conducted a comprehensive, multiphase laboratory evaluation of the Plague BioThreat Alert® (BTA) test, a lateral flow immunoassay (LFA), for the rapid detection of Yersinia pestis. The study was conducted in 7 phases at 2 sites to assess the performance of the LFA. The limit of detection (LOD) was determined using both a virulent and avirulent strain of Y. pestis, CO99-3015 (105 CFU/ml) and A1122 (104 CFU/ml), respectively. In the other phases, 18 Y. pestis strains, 20 phylogenetic near-neighbor strains, 61 environmental background microorganisms, 26 white powders, and a pooled aerosol sample were also tested. A total of 1,110 LFA test results were obtained, and their analysis indicates that this LFA had a sensitivity of 97.65% and specificity of 96.57%. These performance data are important for accurate interpretation of qualitative results arising from testing suspicious white powders and aerosol samples in the field. Any positive specimen in this assay is considered presumptive positive and should be referred to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Laboratory Response Network for additional testing, confirmation, and characterization for an appropriate public health response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin W. Prentice
- Kristin W. Prentice, MS, is an Associate, Booz Allen Hamilton, Rockville, MD. Lindsay DePalma, MS, is a Staff Life Scientist, Booz Allen Hamilton, McLean, VA. Jason G. Ramage, MS, MBA, PMP, is Assistant Vice Chancellor for Research and Innovation and Director of Research Compliance, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. Jawad Sarwar, MS, is a Senior Research Scientist, and Nishanth Parameswaran and Mrinmayi Joshi, MS, are Research Scientists; all at Omni Array Biotechnology, Rockville, MD. Jeannine Petersen, PhD, Brook Yockey, and John Young are Microbiologists; all with DHHS/CDC/OID/NCEZID/DVBD/BDB, Fort Collins, CO. Nagarajan Thirunavvukarasu, PhD, is an ORISE Fellow; Christine A. Pillai and Gowri Manickam, PhD, are ORISE Fellow Research Scientists; and Shashi K. Sharma, PhD, is a Research Microbiologist; all at the FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD. Ajay Singh, PhD, is a Research Scientist, Laulima Government Solutions, Contractor Support to USAMRICD, Neurobiological Toxicology Branch, Analytical Toxicology Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Carol Chapman, MS, is a Microbiologist, Geneva Foundation, Contractor Support to the Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Julie R. Avila, MS, is a Scientific Associate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Livermore, CA. Stephen A. Morse, MSPH, PhD, is a Senior Advisor, CDC Division of Select Agents and Toxins, and is currently with IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Kodumudi Venkat Venkateswaran, PhD, is Chief Scientist, Tetracore, Inc., Rockville, MD. Kevin Anderson, PhD, and David R. Hodge, PhD, are Program Managers, Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC. Segaran P. Pillai, PhD, is Director, Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, FDA Office of the Commissioner, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Lindsay DePalma
- Kristin W. Prentice, MS, is an Associate, Booz Allen Hamilton, Rockville, MD. Lindsay DePalma, MS, is a Staff Life Scientist, Booz Allen Hamilton, McLean, VA. Jason G. Ramage, MS, MBA, PMP, is Assistant Vice Chancellor for Research and Innovation and Director of Research Compliance, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. Jawad Sarwar, MS, is a Senior Research Scientist, and Nishanth Parameswaran and Mrinmayi Joshi, MS, are Research Scientists; all at Omni Array Biotechnology, Rockville, MD. Jeannine Petersen, PhD, Brook Yockey, and John Young are Microbiologists; all with DHHS/CDC/OID/NCEZID/DVBD/BDB, Fort Collins, CO. Nagarajan Thirunavvukarasu, PhD, is an ORISE Fellow; Christine A. Pillai and Gowri Manickam, PhD, are ORISE Fellow Research Scientists; and Shashi K. Sharma, PhD, is a Research Microbiologist; all at the FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD. Ajay Singh, PhD, is a Research Scientist, Laulima Government Solutions, Contractor Support to USAMRICD, Neurobiological Toxicology Branch, Analytical Toxicology Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Carol Chapman, MS, is a Microbiologist, Geneva Foundation, Contractor Support to the Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Julie R. Avila, MS, is a Scientific Associate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Livermore, CA. Stephen A. Morse, MSPH, PhD, is a Senior Advisor, CDC Division of Select Agents and Toxins, and is currently with IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Kodumudi Venkat Venkateswaran, PhD, is Chief Scientist, Tetracore, Inc., Rockville, MD. Kevin Anderson, PhD, and David R. Hodge, PhD, are Program Managers, Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC. Segaran P. Pillai, PhD, is Director, Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, FDA Office of the Commissioner, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Jason G. Ramage
- Kristin W. Prentice, MS, is an Associate, Booz Allen Hamilton, Rockville, MD. Lindsay DePalma, MS, is a Staff Life Scientist, Booz Allen Hamilton, McLean, VA. Jason G. Ramage, MS, MBA, PMP, is Assistant Vice Chancellor for Research and Innovation and Director of Research Compliance, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. Jawad Sarwar, MS, is a Senior Research Scientist, and Nishanth Parameswaran and Mrinmayi Joshi, MS, are Research Scientists; all at Omni Array Biotechnology, Rockville, MD. Jeannine Petersen, PhD, Brook Yockey, and John Young are Microbiologists; all with DHHS/CDC/OID/NCEZID/DVBD/BDB, Fort Collins, CO. Nagarajan Thirunavvukarasu, PhD, is an ORISE Fellow; Christine A. Pillai and Gowri Manickam, PhD, are ORISE Fellow Research Scientists; and Shashi K. Sharma, PhD, is a Research Microbiologist; all at the FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD. Ajay Singh, PhD, is a Research Scientist, Laulima Government Solutions, Contractor Support to USAMRICD, Neurobiological Toxicology Branch, Analytical Toxicology Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Carol Chapman, MS, is a Microbiologist, Geneva Foundation, Contractor Support to the Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Julie R. Avila, MS, is a Scientific Associate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Livermore, CA. Stephen A. Morse, MSPH, PhD, is a Senior Advisor, CDC Division of Select Agents and Toxins, and is currently with IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Kodumudi Venkat Venkateswaran, PhD, is Chief Scientist, Tetracore, Inc., Rockville, MD. Kevin Anderson, PhD, and David R. Hodge, PhD, are Program Managers, Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC. Segaran P. Pillai, PhD, is Director, Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, FDA Office of the Commissioner, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Jawad Sarwar
- Kristin W. Prentice, MS, is an Associate, Booz Allen Hamilton, Rockville, MD. Lindsay DePalma, MS, is a Staff Life Scientist, Booz Allen Hamilton, McLean, VA. Jason G. Ramage, MS, MBA, PMP, is Assistant Vice Chancellor for Research and Innovation and Director of Research Compliance, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. Jawad Sarwar, MS, is a Senior Research Scientist, and Nishanth Parameswaran and Mrinmayi Joshi, MS, are Research Scientists; all at Omni Array Biotechnology, Rockville, MD. Jeannine Petersen, PhD, Brook Yockey, and John Young are Microbiologists; all with DHHS/CDC/OID/NCEZID/DVBD/BDB, Fort Collins, CO. Nagarajan Thirunavvukarasu, PhD, is an ORISE Fellow; Christine A. Pillai and Gowri Manickam, PhD, are ORISE Fellow Research Scientists; and Shashi K. Sharma, PhD, is a Research Microbiologist; all at the FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD. Ajay Singh, PhD, is a Research Scientist, Laulima Government Solutions, Contractor Support to USAMRICD, Neurobiological Toxicology Branch, Analytical Toxicology Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Carol Chapman, MS, is a Microbiologist, Geneva Foundation, Contractor Support to the Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Julie R. Avila, MS, is a Scientific Associate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Livermore, CA. Stephen A. Morse, MSPH, PhD, is a Senior Advisor, CDC Division of Select Agents and Toxins, and is currently with IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Kodumudi Venkat Venkateswaran, PhD, is Chief Scientist, Tetracore, Inc., Rockville, MD. Kevin Anderson, PhD, and David R. Hodge, PhD, are Program Managers, Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC. Segaran P. Pillai, PhD, is Director, Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, FDA Office of the Commissioner, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Nishanth Parameswaran
- Kristin W. Prentice, MS, is an Associate, Booz Allen Hamilton, Rockville, MD. Lindsay DePalma, MS, is a Staff Life Scientist, Booz Allen Hamilton, McLean, VA. Jason G. Ramage, MS, MBA, PMP, is Assistant Vice Chancellor for Research and Innovation and Director of Research Compliance, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. Jawad Sarwar, MS, is a Senior Research Scientist, and Nishanth Parameswaran and Mrinmayi Joshi, MS, are Research Scientists; all at Omni Array Biotechnology, Rockville, MD. Jeannine Petersen, PhD, Brook Yockey, and John Young are Microbiologists; all with DHHS/CDC/OID/NCEZID/DVBD/BDB, Fort Collins, CO. Nagarajan Thirunavvukarasu, PhD, is an ORISE Fellow; Christine A. Pillai and Gowri Manickam, PhD, are ORISE Fellow Research Scientists; and Shashi K. Sharma, PhD, is a Research Microbiologist; all at the FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD. Ajay Singh, PhD, is a Research Scientist, Laulima Government Solutions, Contractor Support to USAMRICD, Neurobiological Toxicology Branch, Analytical Toxicology Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Carol Chapman, MS, is a Microbiologist, Geneva Foundation, Contractor Support to the Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Julie R. Avila, MS, is a Scientific Associate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Livermore, CA. Stephen A. Morse, MSPH, PhD, is a Senior Advisor, CDC Division of Select Agents and Toxins, and is currently with IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Kodumudi Venkat Venkateswaran, PhD, is Chief Scientist, Tetracore, Inc., Rockville, MD. Kevin Anderson, PhD, and David R. Hodge, PhD, are Program Managers, Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC. Segaran P. Pillai, PhD, is Director, Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, FDA Office of the Commissioner, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Jeannine Petersen
- Kristin W. Prentice, MS, is an Associate, Booz Allen Hamilton, Rockville, MD. Lindsay DePalma, MS, is a Staff Life Scientist, Booz Allen Hamilton, McLean, VA. Jason G. Ramage, MS, MBA, PMP, is Assistant Vice Chancellor for Research and Innovation and Director of Research Compliance, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. Jawad Sarwar, MS, is a Senior Research Scientist, and Nishanth Parameswaran and Mrinmayi Joshi, MS, are Research Scientists; all at Omni Array Biotechnology, Rockville, MD. Jeannine Petersen, PhD, Brook Yockey, and John Young are Microbiologists; all with DHHS/CDC/OID/NCEZID/DVBD/BDB, Fort Collins, CO. Nagarajan Thirunavvukarasu, PhD, is an ORISE Fellow; Christine A. Pillai and Gowri Manickam, PhD, are ORISE Fellow Research Scientists; and Shashi K. Sharma, PhD, is a Research Microbiologist; all at the FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD. Ajay Singh, PhD, is a Research Scientist, Laulima Government Solutions, Contractor Support to USAMRICD, Neurobiological Toxicology Branch, Analytical Toxicology Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Carol Chapman, MS, is a Microbiologist, Geneva Foundation, Contractor Support to the Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Julie R. Avila, MS, is a Scientific Associate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Livermore, CA. Stephen A. Morse, MSPH, PhD, is a Senior Advisor, CDC Division of Select Agents and Toxins, and is currently with IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Kodumudi Venkat Venkateswaran, PhD, is Chief Scientist, Tetracore, Inc., Rockville, MD. Kevin Anderson, PhD, and David R. Hodge, PhD, are Program Managers, Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC. Segaran P. Pillai, PhD, is Director, Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, FDA Office of the Commissioner, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Brook Yockey
- Kristin W. Prentice, MS, is an Associate, Booz Allen Hamilton, Rockville, MD. Lindsay DePalma, MS, is a Staff Life Scientist, Booz Allen Hamilton, McLean, VA. Jason G. Ramage, MS, MBA, PMP, is Assistant Vice Chancellor for Research and Innovation and Director of Research Compliance, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. Jawad Sarwar, MS, is a Senior Research Scientist, and Nishanth Parameswaran and Mrinmayi Joshi, MS, are Research Scientists; all at Omni Array Biotechnology, Rockville, MD. Jeannine Petersen, PhD, Brook Yockey, and John Young are Microbiologists; all with DHHS/CDC/OID/NCEZID/DVBD/BDB, Fort Collins, CO. Nagarajan Thirunavvukarasu, PhD, is an ORISE Fellow; Christine A. Pillai and Gowri Manickam, PhD, are ORISE Fellow Research Scientists; and Shashi K. Sharma, PhD, is a Research Microbiologist; all at the FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD. Ajay Singh, PhD, is a Research Scientist, Laulima Government Solutions, Contractor Support to USAMRICD, Neurobiological Toxicology Branch, Analytical Toxicology Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Carol Chapman, MS, is a Microbiologist, Geneva Foundation, Contractor Support to the Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Julie R. Avila, MS, is a Scientific Associate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Livermore, CA. Stephen A. Morse, MSPH, PhD, is a Senior Advisor, CDC Division of Select Agents and Toxins, and is currently with IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Kodumudi Venkat Venkateswaran, PhD, is Chief Scientist, Tetracore, Inc., Rockville, MD. Kevin Anderson, PhD, and David R. Hodge, PhD, are Program Managers, Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC. Segaran P. Pillai, PhD, is Director, Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, FDA Office of the Commissioner, Silver Spring, MD
| | - John Young
- Kristin W. Prentice, MS, is an Associate, Booz Allen Hamilton, Rockville, MD. Lindsay DePalma, MS, is a Staff Life Scientist, Booz Allen Hamilton, McLean, VA. Jason G. Ramage, MS, MBA, PMP, is Assistant Vice Chancellor for Research and Innovation and Director of Research Compliance, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. Jawad Sarwar, MS, is a Senior Research Scientist, and Nishanth Parameswaran and Mrinmayi Joshi, MS, are Research Scientists; all at Omni Array Biotechnology, Rockville, MD. Jeannine Petersen, PhD, Brook Yockey, and John Young are Microbiologists; all with DHHS/CDC/OID/NCEZID/DVBD/BDB, Fort Collins, CO. Nagarajan Thirunavvukarasu, PhD, is an ORISE Fellow; Christine A. Pillai and Gowri Manickam, PhD, are ORISE Fellow Research Scientists; and Shashi K. Sharma, PhD, is a Research Microbiologist; all at the FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD. Ajay Singh, PhD, is a Research Scientist, Laulima Government Solutions, Contractor Support to USAMRICD, Neurobiological Toxicology Branch, Analytical Toxicology Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Carol Chapman, MS, is a Microbiologist, Geneva Foundation, Contractor Support to the Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Julie R. Avila, MS, is a Scientific Associate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Livermore, CA. Stephen A. Morse, MSPH, PhD, is a Senior Advisor, CDC Division of Select Agents and Toxins, and is currently with IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Kodumudi Venkat Venkateswaran, PhD, is Chief Scientist, Tetracore, Inc., Rockville, MD. Kevin Anderson, PhD, and David R. Hodge, PhD, are Program Managers, Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC. Segaran P. Pillai, PhD, is Director, Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, FDA Office of the Commissioner, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Mrinmayi Joshi
- Kristin W. Prentice, MS, is an Associate, Booz Allen Hamilton, Rockville, MD. Lindsay DePalma, MS, is a Staff Life Scientist, Booz Allen Hamilton, McLean, VA. Jason G. Ramage, MS, MBA, PMP, is Assistant Vice Chancellor for Research and Innovation and Director of Research Compliance, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. Jawad Sarwar, MS, is a Senior Research Scientist, and Nishanth Parameswaran and Mrinmayi Joshi, MS, are Research Scientists; all at Omni Array Biotechnology, Rockville, MD. Jeannine Petersen, PhD, Brook Yockey, and John Young are Microbiologists; all with DHHS/CDC/OID/NCEZID/DVBD/BDB, Fort Collins, CO. Nagarajan Thirunavvukarasu, PhD, is an ORISE Fellow; Christine A. Pillai and Gowri Manickam, PhD, are ORISE Fellow Research Scientists; and Shashi K. Sharma, PhD, is a Research Microbiologist; all at the FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD. Ajay Singh, PhD, is a Research Scientist, Laulima Government Solutions, Contractor Support to USAMRICD, Neurobiological Toxicology Branch, Analytical Toxicology Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Carol Chapman, MS, is a Microbiologist, Geneva Foundation, Contractor Support to the Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Julie R. Avila, MS, is a Scientific Associate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Livermore, CA. Stephen A. Morse, MSPH, PhD, is a Senior Advisor, CDC Division of Select Agents and Toxins, and is currently with IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Kodumudi Venkat Venkateswaran, PhD, is Chief Scientist, Tetracore, Inc., Rockville, MD. Kevin Anderson, PhD, and David R. Hodge, PhD, are Program Managers, Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC. Segaran P. Pillai, PhD, is Director, Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, FDA Office of the Commissioner, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Nagarajan Thirunavvukarasu
- Kristin W. Prentice, MS, is an Associate, Booz Allen Hamilton, Rockville, MD. Lindsay DePalma, MS, is a Staff Life Scientist, Booz Allen Hamilton, McLean, VA. Jason G. Ramage, MS, MBA, PMP, is Assistant Vice Chancellor for Research and Innovation and Director of Research Compliance, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. Jawad Sarwar, MS, is a Senior Research Scientist, and Nishanth Parameswaran and Mrinmayi Joshi, MS, are Research Scientists; all at Omni Array Biotechnology, Rockville, MD. Jeannine Petersen, PhD, Brook Yockey, and John Young are Microbiologists; all with DHHS/CDC/OID/NCEZID/DVBD/BDB, Fort Collins, CO. Nagarajan Thirunavvukarasu, PhD, is an ORISE Fellow; Christine A. Pillai and Gowri Manickam, PhD, are ORISE Fellow Research Scientists; and Shashi K. Sharma, PhD, is a Research Microbiologist; all at the FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD. Ajay Singh, PhD, is a Research Scientist, Laulima Government Solutions, Contractor Support to USAMRICD, Neurobiological Toxicology Branch, Analytical Toxicology Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Carol Chapman, MS, is a Microbiologist, Geneva Foundation, Contractor Support to the Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Julie R. Avila, MS, is a Scientific Associate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Livermore, CA. Stephen A. Morse, MSPH, PhD, is a Senior Advisor, CDC Division of Select Agents and Toxins, and is currently with IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Kodumudi Venkat Venkateswaran, PhD, is Chief Scientist, Tetracore, Inc., Rockville, MD. Kevin Anderson, PhD, and David R. Hodge, PhD, are Program Managers, Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC. Segaran P. Pillai, PhD, is Director, Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, FDA Office of the Commissioner, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Ajay Singh
- Kristin W. Prentice, MS, is an Associate, Booz Allen Hamilton, Rockville, MD. Lindsay DePalma, MS, is a Staff Life Scientist, Booz Allen Hamilton, McLean, VA. Jason G. Ramage, MS, MBA, PMP, is Assistant Vice Chancellor for Research and Innovation and Director of Research Compliance, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. Jawad Sarwar, MS, is a Senior Research Scientist, and Nishanth Parameswaran and Mrinmayi Joshi, MS, are Research Scientists; all at Omni Array Biotechnology, Rockville, MD. Jeannine Petersen, PhD, Brook Yockey, and John Young are Microbiologists; all with DHHS/CDC/OID/NCEZID/DVBD/BDB, Fort Collins, CO. Nagarajan Thirunavvukarasu, PhD, is an ORISE Fellow; Christine A. Pillai and Gowri Manickam, PhD, are ORISE Fellow Research Scientists; and Shashi K. Sharma, PhD, is a Research Microbiologist; all at the FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD. Ajay Singh, PhD, is a Research Scientist, Laulima Government Solutions, Contractor Support to USAMRICD, Neurobiological Toxicology Branch, Analytical Toxicology Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Carol Chapman, MS, is a Microbiologist, Geneva Foundation, Contractor Support to the Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Julie R. Avila, MS, is a Scientific Associate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Livermore, CA. Stephen A. Morse, MSPH, PhD, is a Senior Advisor, CDC Division of Select Agents and Toxins, and is currently with IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Kodumudi Venkat Venkateswaran, PhD, is Chief Scientist, Tetracore, Inc., Rockville, MD. Kevin Anderson, PhD, and David R. Hodge, PhD, are Program Managers, Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC. Segaran P. Pillai, PhD, is Director, Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, FDA Office of the Commissioner, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Carol Chapman
- Kristin W. Prentice, MS, is an Associate, Booz Allen Hamilton, Rockville, MD. Lindsay DePalma, MS, is a Staff Life Scientist, Booz Allen Hamilton, McLean, VA. Jason G. Ramage, MS, MBA, PMP, is Assistant Vice Chancellor for Research and Innovation and Director of Research Compliance, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. Jawad Sarwar, MS, is a Senior Research Scientist, and Nishanth Parameswaran and Mrinmayi Joshi, MS, are Research Scientists; all at Omni Array Biotechnology, Rockville, MD. Jeannine Petersen, PhD, Brook Yockey, and John Young are Microbiologists; all with DHHS/CDC/OID/NCEZID/DVBD/BDB, Fort Collins, CO. Nagarajan Thirunavvukarasu, PhD, is an ORISE Fellow; Christine A. Pillai and Gowri Manickam, PhD, are ORISE Fellow Research Scientists; and Shashi K. Sharma, PhD, is a Research Microbiologist; all at the FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD. Ajay Singh, PhD, is a Research Scientist, Laulima Government Solutions, Contractor Support to USAMRICD, Neurobiological Toxicology Branch, Analytical Toxicology Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Carol Chapman, MS, is a Microbiologist, Geneva Foundation, Contractor Support to the Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Julie R. Avila, MS, is a Scientific Associate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Livermore, CA. Stephen A. Morse, MSPH, PhD, is a Senior Advisor, CDC Division of Select Agents and Toxins, and is currently with IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Kodumudi Venkat Venkateswaran, PhD, is Chief Scientist, Tetracore, Inc., Rockville, MD. Kevin Anderson, PhD, and David R. Hodge, PhD, are Program Managers, Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC. Segaran P. Pillai, PhD, is Director, Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, FDA Office of the Commissioner, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Julie R. Avila
- Kristin W. Prentice, MS, is an Associate, Booz Allen Hamilton, Rockville, MD. Lindsay DePalma, MS, is a Staff Life Scientist, Booz Allen Hamilton, McLean, VA. Jason G. Ramage, MS, MBA, PMP, is Assistant Vice Chancellor for Research and Innovation and Director of Research Compliance, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. Jawad Sarwar, MS, is a Senior Research Scientist, and Nishanth Parameswaran and Mrinmayi Joshi, MS, are Research Scientists; all at Omni Array Biotechnology, Rockville, MD. Jeannine Petersen, PhD, Brook Yockey, and John Young are Microbiologists; all with DHHS/CDC/OID/NCEZID/DVBD/BDB, Fort Collins, CO. Nagarajan Thirunavvukarasu, PhD, is an ORISE Fellow; Christine A. Pillai and Gowri Manickam, PhD, are ORISE Fellow Research Scientists; and Shashi K. Sharma, PhD, is a Research Microbiologist; all at the FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD. Ajay Singh, PhD, is a Research Scientist, Laulima Government Solutions, Contractor Support to USAMRICD, Neurobiological Toxicology Branch, Analytical Toxicology Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Carol Chapman, MS, is a Microbiologist, Geneva Foundation, Contractor Support to the Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Julie R. Avila, MS, is a Scientific Associate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Livermore, CA. Stephen A. Morse, MSPH, PhD, is a Senior Advisor, CDC Division of Select Agents and Toxins, and is currently with IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Kodumudi Venkat Venkateswaran, PhD, is Chief Scientist, Tetracore, Inc., Rockville, MD. Kevin Anderson, PhD, and David R. Hodge, PhD, are Program Managers, Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC. Segaran P. Pillai, PhD, is Director, Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, FDA Office of the Commissioner, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Christine A. Pillai
- Kristin W. Prentice, MS, is an Associate, Booz Allen Hamilton, Rockville, MD. Lindsay DePalma, MS, is a Staff Life Scientist, Booz Allen Hamilton, McLean, VA. Jason G. Ramage, MS, MBA, PMP, is Assistant Vice Chancellor for Research and Innovation and Director of Research Compliance, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. Jawad Sarwar, MS, is a Senior Research Scientist, and Nishanth Parameswaran and Mrinmayi Joshi, MS, are Research Scientists; all at Omni Array Biotechnology, Rockville, MD. Jeannine Petersen, PhD, Brook Yockey, and John Young are Microbiologists; all with DHHS/CDC/OID/NCEZID/DVBD/BDB, Fort Collins, CO. Nagarajan Thirunavvukarasu, PhD, is an ORISE Fellow; Christine A. Pillai and Gowri Manickam, PhD, are ORISE Fellow Research Scientists; and Shashi K. Sharma, PhD, is a Research Microbiologist; all at the FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD. Ajay Singh, PhD, is a Research Scientist, Laulima Government Solutions, Contractor Support to USAMRICD, Neurobiological Toxicology Branch, Analytical Toxicology Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Carol Chapman, MS, is a Microbiologist, Geneva Foundation, Contractor Support to the Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Julie R. Avila, MS, is a Scientific Associate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Livermore, CA. Stephen A. Morse, MSPH, PhD, is a Senior Advisor, CDC Division of Select Agents and Toxins, and is currently with IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Kodumudi Venkat Venkateswaran, PhD, is Chief Scientist, Tetracore, Inc., Rockville, MD. Kevin Anderson, PhD, and David R. Hodge, PhD, are Program Managers, Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC. Segaran P. Pillai, PhD, is Director, Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, FDA Office of the Commissioner, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Gowri Manickam
- Kristin W. Prentice, MS, is an Associate, Booz Allen Hamilton, Rockville, MD. Lindsay DePalma, MS, is a Staff Life Scientist, Booz Allen Hamilton, McLean, VA. Jason G. Ramage, MS, MBA, PMP, is Assistant Vice Chancellor for Research and Innovation and Director of Research Compliance, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. Jawad Sarwar, MS, is a Senior Research Scientist, and Nishanth Parameswaran and Mrinmayi Joshi, MS, are Research Scientists; all at Omni Array Biotechnology, Rockville, MD. Jeannine Petersen, PhD, Brook Yockey, and John Young are Microbiologists; all with DHHS/CDC/OID/NCEZID/DVBD/BDB, Fort Collins, CO. Nagarajan Thirunavvukarasu, PhD, is an ORISE Fellow; Christine A. Pillai and Gowri Manickam, PhD, are ORISE Fellow Research Scientists; and Shashi K. Sharma, PhD, is a Research Microbiologist; all at the FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD. Ajay Singh, PhD, is a Research Scientist, Laulima Government Solutions, Contractor Support to USAMRICD, Neurobiological Toxicology Branch, Analytical Toxicology Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Carol Chapman, MS, is a Microbiologist, Geneva Foundation, Contractor Support to the Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Julie R. Avila, MS, is a Scientific Associate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Livermore, CA. Stephen A. Morse, MSPH, PhD, is a Senior Advisor, CDC Division of Select Agents and Toxins, and is currently with IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Kodumudi Venkat Venkateswaran, PhD, is Chief Scientist, Tetracore, Inc., Rockville, MD. Kevin Anderson, PhD, and David R. Hodge, PhD, are Program Managers, Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC. Segaran P. Pillai, PhD, is Director, Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, FDA Office of the Commissioner, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Shashi K. Sharma
- Kristin W. Prentice, MS, is an Associate, Booz Allen Hamilton, Rockville, MD. Lindsay DePalma, MS, is a Staff Life Scientist, Booz Allen Hamilton, McLean, VA. Jason G. Ramage, MS, MBA, PMP, is Assistant Vice Chancellor for Research and Innovation and Director of Research Compliance, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. Jawad Sarwar, MS, is a Senior Research Scientist, and Nishanth Parameswaran and Mrinmayi Joshi, MS, are Research Scientists; all at Omni Array Biotechnology, Rockville, MD. Jeannine Petersen, PhD, Brook Yockey, and John Young are Microbiologists; all with DHHS/CDC/OID/NCEZID/DVBD/BDB, Fort Collins, CO. Nagarajan Thirunavvukarasu, PhD, is an ORISE Fellow; Christine A. Pillai and Gowri Manickam, PhD, are ORISE Fellow Research Scientists; and Shashi K. Sharma, PhD, is a Research Microbiologist; all at the FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD. Ajay Singh, PhD, is a Research Scientist, Laulima Government Solutions, Contractor Support to USAMRICD, Neurobiological Toxicology Branch, Analytical Toxicology Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Carol Chapman, MS, is a Microbiologist, Geneva Foundation, Contractor Support to the Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Julie R. Avila, MS, is a Scientific Associate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Livermore, CA. Stephen A. Morse, MSPH, PhD, is a Senior Advisor, CDC Division of Select Agents and Toxins, and is currently with IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Kodumudi Venkat Venkateswaran, PhD, is Chief Scientist, Tetracore, Inc., Rockville, MD. Kevin Anderson, PhD, and David R. Hodge, PhD, are Program Managers, Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC. Segaran P. Pillai, PhD, is Director, Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, FDA Office of the Commissioner, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Stephen A. Morse
- Kristin W. Prentice, MS, is an Associate, Booz Allen Hamilton, Rockville, MD. Lindsay DePalma, MS, is a Staff Life Scientist, Booz Allen Hamilton, McLean, VA. Jason G. Ramage, MS, MBA, PMP, is Assistant Vice Chancellor for Research and Innovation and Director of Research Compliance, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. Jawad Sarwar, MS, is a Senior Research Scientist, and Nishanth Parameswaran and Mrinmayi Joshi, MS, are Research Scientists; all at Omni Array Biotechnology, Rockville, MD. Jeannine Petersen, PhD, Brook Yockey, and John Young are Microbiologists; all with DHHS/CDC/OID/NCEZID/DVBD/BDB, Fort Collins, CO. Nagarajan Thirunavvukarasu, PhD, is an ORISE Fellow; Christine A. Pillai and Gowri Manickam, PhD, are ORISE Fellow Research Scientists; and Shashi K. Sharma, PhD, is a Research Microbiologist; all at the FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD. Ajay Singh, PhD, is a Research Scientist, Laulima Government Solutions, Contractor Support to USAMRICD, Neurobiological Toxicology Branch, Analytical Toxicology Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Carol Chapman, MS, is a Microbiologist, Geneva Foundation, Contractor Support to the Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Julie R. Avila, MS, is a Scientific Associate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Livermore, CA. Stephen A. Morse, MSPH, PhD, is a Senior Advisor, CDC Division of Select Agents and Toxins, and is currently with IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Kodumudi Venkat Venkateswaran, PhD, is Chief Scientist, Tetracore, Inc., Rockville, MD. Kevin Anderson, PhD, and David R. Hodge, PhD, are Program Managers, Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC. Segaran P. Pillai, PhD, is Director, Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, FDA Office of the Commissioner, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Kodumudi Venkat Venkateswaran
- Kristin W. Prentice, MS, is an Associate, Booz Allen Hamilton, Rockville, MD. Lindsay DePalma, MS, is a Staff Life Scientist, Booz Allen Hamilton, McLean, VA. Jason G. Ramage, MS, MBA, PMP, is Assistant Vice Chancellor for Research and Innovation and Director of Research Compliance, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. Jawad Sarwar, MS, is a Senior Research Scientist, and Nishanth Parameswaran and Mrinmayi Joshi, MS, are Research Scientists; all at Omni Array Biotechnology, Rockville, MD. Jeannine Petersen, PhD, Brook Yockey, and John Young are Microbiologists; all with DHHS/CDC/OID/NCEZID/DVBD/BDB, Fort Collins, CO. Nagarajan Thirunavvukarasu, PhD, is an ORISE Fellow; Christine A. Pillai and Gowri Manickam, PhD, are ORISE Fellow Research Scientists; and Shashi K. Sharma, PhD, is a Research Microbiologist; all at the FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD. Ajay Singh, PhD, is a Research Scientist, Laulima Government Solutions, Contractor Support to USAMRICD, Neurobiological Toxicology Branch, Analytical Toxicology Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Carol Chapman, MS, is a Microbiologist, Geneva Foundation, Contractor Support to the Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Julie R. Avila, MS, is a Scientific Associate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Livermore, CA. Stephen A. Morse, MSPH, PhD, is a Senior Advisor, CDC Division of Select Agents and Toxins, and is currently with IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Kodumudi Venkat Venkateswaran, PhD, is Chief Scientist, Tetracore, Inc., Rockville, MD. Kevin Anderson, PhD, and David R. Hodge, PhD, are Program Managers, Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC. Segaran P. Pillai, PhD, is Director, Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, FDA Office of the Commissioner, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Kevin Anderson
- Kristin W. Prentice, MS, is an Associate, Booz Allen Hamilton, Rockville, MD. Lindsay DePalma, MS, is a Staff Life Scientist, Booz Allen Hamilton, McLean, VA. Jason G. Ramage, MS, MBA, PMP, is Assistant Vice Chancellor for Research and Innovation and Director of Research Compliance, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. Jawad Sarwar, MS, is a Senior Research Scientist, and Nishanth Parameswaran and Mrinmayi Joshi, MS, are Research Scientists; all at Omni Array Biotechnology, Rockville, MD. Jeannine Petersen, PhD, Brook Yockey, and John Young are Microbiologists; all with DHHS/CDC/OID/NCEZID/DVBD/BDB, Fort Collins, CO. Nagarajan Thirunavvukarasu, PhD, is an ORISE Fellow; Christine A. Pillai and Gowri Manickam, PhD, are ORISE Fellow Research Scientists; and Shashi K. Sharma, PhD, is a Research Microbiologist; all at the FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD. Ajay Singh, PhD, is a Research Scientist, Laulima Government Solutions, Contractor Support to USAMRICD, Neurobiological Toxicology Branch, Analytical Toxicology Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Carol Chapman, MS, is a Microbiologist, Geneva Foundation, Contractor Support to the Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Julie R. Avila, MS, is a Scientific Associate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Livermore, CA. Stephen A. Morse, MSPH, PhD, is a Senior Advisor, CDC Division of Select Agents and Toxins, and is currently with IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Kodumudi Venkat Venkateswaran, PhD, is Chief Scientist, Tetracore, Inc., Rockville, MD. Kevin Anderson, PhD, and David R. Hodge, PhD, are Program Managers, Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC. Segaran P. Pillai, PhD, is Director, Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, FDA Office of the Commissioner, Silver Spring, MD
| | - David R. Hodge
- Kristin W. Prentice, MS, is an Associate, Booz Allen Hamilton, Rockville, MD. Lindsay DePalma, MS, is a Staff Life Scientist, Booz Allen Hamilton, McLean, VA. Jason G. Ramage, MS, MBA, PMP, is Assistant Vice Chancellor for Research and Innovation and Director of Research Compliance, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. Jawad Sarwar, MS, is a Senior Research Scientist, and Nishanth Parameswaran and Mrinmayi Joshi, MS, are Research Scientists; all at Omni Array Biotechnology, Rockville, MD. Jeannine Petersen, PhD, Brook Yockey, and John Young are Microbiologists; all with DHHS/CDC/OID/NCEZID/DVBD/BDB, Fort Collins, CO. Nagarajan Thirunavvukarasu, PhD, is an ORISE Fellow; Christine A. Pillai and Gowri Manickam, PhD, are ORISE Fellow Research Scientists; and Shashi K. Sharma, PhD, is a Research Microbiologist; all at the FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD. Ajay Singh, PhD, is a Research Scientist, Laulima Government Solutions, Contractor Support to USAMRICD, Neurobiological Toxicology Branch, Analytical Toxicology Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Carol Chapman, MS, is a Microbiologist, Geneva Foundation, Contractor Support to the Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Julie R. Avila, MS, is a Scientific Associate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Livermore, CA. Stephen A. Morse, MSPH, PhD, is a Senior Advisor, CDC Division of Select Agents and Toxins, and is currently with IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Kodumudi Venkat Venkateswaran, PhD, is Chief Scientist, Tetracore, Inc., Rockville, MD. Kevin Anderson, PhD, and David R. Hodge, PhD, are Program Managers, Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC. Segaran P. Pillai, PhD, is Director, Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, FDA Office of the Commissioner, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Segaran P. Pillai
- Kristin W. Prentice, MS, is an Associate, Booz Allen Hamilton, Rockville, MD. Lindsay DePalma, MS, is a Staff Life Scientist, Booz Allen Hamilton, McLean, VA. Jason G. Ramage, MS, MBA, PMP, is Assistant Vice Chancellor for Research and Innovation and Director of Research Compliance, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. Jawad Sarwar, MS, is a Senior Research Scientist, and Nishanth Parameswaran and Mrinmayi Joshi, MS, are Research Scientists; all at Omni Array Biotechnology, Rockville, MD. Jeannine Petersen, PhD, Brook Yockey, and John Young are Microbiologists; all with DHHS/CDC/OID/NCEZID/DVBD/BDB, Fort Collins, CO. Nagarajan Thirunavvukarasu, PhD, is an ORISE Fellow; Christine A. Pillai and Gowri Manickam, PhD, are ORISE Fellow Research Scientists; and Shashi K. Sharma, PhD, is a Research Microbiologist; all at the FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD. Ajay Singh, PhD, is a Research Scientist, Laulima Government Solutions, Contractor Support to USAMRICD, Neurobiological Toxicology Branch, Analytical Toxicology Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Carol Chapman, MS, is a Microbiologist, Geneva Foundation, Contractor Support to the Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD. Julie R. Avila, MS, is a Scientific Associate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Livermore, CA. Stephen A. Morse, MSPH, PhD, is a Senior Advisor, CDC Division of Select Agents and Toxins, and is currently with IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Kodumudi Venkat Venkateswaran, PhD, is Chief Scientist, Tetracore, Inc., Rockville, MD. Kevin Anderson, PhD, and David R. Hodge, PhD, are Program Managers, Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC. Segaran P. Pillai, PhD, is Director, Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, FDA Office of the Commissioner, Silver Spring, MD
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