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Niimi-Nakamura S, Kawaguchi H, Uematsu K, Teramura H, Nakamura-Tsuruta S, Kashiwagi N, Sugai Y, Katsuyama Y, Ohnishi Y, Ogino C, Kondo A. 3-Amino-4-hydroxybenzoic acid production from glucose and/or xylose via recombinant Streptomyces lividans. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2022; 68:109-116. [PMID: 35831135 DOI: 10.2323/jgam.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The aromatic compound 3-amino-4-hydroxybenzoic acid (3,4-AHBA) can be employed as a raw material for high-performance industrial plastics. The aim of this study is to produce 3,4-AHBA via a recombinant Streptomyces lividans strain containing griI and griH genes derived from Streptomyces griseus using culture medium with glucose and/or xylose, which are the main components in lignocellulosic biomass. Production of 3,4-AHBA by the recombinant S. lividans strain was successful, and the productivity was affected by the kind of sugar used as an additional carbon source. Metabolic profiles revealed that L aspartate-4-semialdehyde (ASA), a precursor of 3,4-AHBA, and coenzyme NADPH were supplied in greater amounts in xylose medium than in glucose medium. Moreover, cultivation in TSB medium with a mixed sugar (glucose/xylose) was found to be effective for 3,4-AHBA production, and optimal conditions for efficient production were designed by changing the ratio of glucose to xylose. The best productivity of 2.70 g/L was achieved using a sugar mixture of 25 g/L glucose and 25 g/L xylose, which was 1.5 times higher than the result using 50 g/L glucose alone. These results suggest that Streptomyces is a suitable candidate platform for 3,4-AHBA production from lignocellulosic biomass-derived sugars under appropriate culture conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Niimi-Nakamura
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University
| | - Hideo Kawaguchi
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University
| | - Kouji Uematsu
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University
| | - Hiroshi Teramura
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University
| | | | | | - Yoshinori Sugai
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Yohei Katsuyama
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo.,Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo
| | - Yasuo Ohnishi
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo.,Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo
| | - Chiaki Ogino
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University.,RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science
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Abstract
Glucose isomerase (GI, also known as xylose isomerase) reversibly isomerizes D-glucose and D-xylose to D-fructose and D-xylulose, respectively. GI plays an important role in sugar metabolism, fulfilling nutritional requirements in bacteria. In addition, GI is an important industrial enzyme for the production of high-fructose corn syrup and bioethanol. This review introduces the functions, structure, and applications of GI, in addition to presenting updated information on the characteristics of newly discovered GIs and structural information regarding the metal-binding active site of GI and its interaction with the inhibitor xylitol. This review provides an overview of recent advancements in the characterization and engineering of GI, as well as its industrial applications, and will help to guide future research in this field.
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Room-Temperature Structure of Xylitol-Bound Glucose Isomerase by Serial Crystallography: Xylitol Binding in the M1 Site Induces Release of Metal Bound in the M2 Site. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083892. [PMID: 33918749 PMCID: PMC8070043 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose isomerase (GI) is an important enzyme that is widely used in industrial applications, such as in the production of high-fructose corn syrup or bioethanol. Studying inhibitor effects on GI is important to deciphering GI-specific molecular functions, as well as potential industrial applications. Analysis of the existing xylitol-bound GI structure revealed low metal occupancy at the M2 site; however, it remains unknown why this phenomenon occurs. This study reports the room-temperature structures of native and xylitol-bound GI from Streptomyces rubiginosus (SruGI) determined by serial millisecond crystallography. The M1 site of native SruGI exhibits distorted octahedral coordination; however, xylitol binding results in the M1 site exhibit geometrically stable octahedral coordination. This change results in the rearrangement of metal-binding residues for the M1 and M2 sites, the latter of which previously displayed distorted metal coordination, resulting in unstable coordination of Mg2+ at the M2 site and possibly explaining the inducement of low metal-binding affinity. These results enhance the understanding of the configuration of the xylitol-bound state of SruGI and provide insights into its future industrial application.
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A Novel Glucose Isomerase from Caldicellulosiruptor bescii with Great Potentials in the Production of High-Fructose Corn Syrup. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:1871934. [PMID: 32351984 PMCID: PMC7178463 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1871934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Glucose isomerase (GI) that catalyzes the conversion of D-glucose to D-fructose is one of the most important industrial enzymes for the production of high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS). In this study, a novel GI (CbGI) was cloned from Caldicellulosiruptor bescii and expressed in Escherichia coli. The purified recombinant CbGI (rCbGI) showed neutral and thermophilic properties. It had optimal activities at pH 7.0 and 80°C and retained stability at 85°C. In comparison with other reported GIs, rCbGI exhibited higher substrate affinity (Km = 42.61 mM) and greater conversion efficiency (up to 57.3% with 3M D-glucose as the substrate). The high catalytic efficiency and affinity of this CbGI is much valuable for the cost-effective production of HFCS.
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Medium Optimization by Response Surface Methodology for Improved Cholesterol Oxidase Production by a Newly Isolated Streptomyces rochei NAM-19 Strain. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:1870807. [PMID: 32337225 PMCID: PMC7150710 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1870807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol oxidase is an alcohol oxidoreductase flavoprotein with wide biotechnological applications. The current work describes the isolation of a potential cholesterol oxidase producing streptomycete from Egyptian soil. The isolated strain produced cholesterol oxidase in submerged culture using a medium containing glucose, yeast extract, malt extract, and CaCO3 with the addition of cholesterol as an inducer. The isolated strain was identified as Streptomyces rochei NAM-19 based on 16S rRNA sequencing and phylogeny. Optimization of cholesterol oxidase production has been carried out using response surface methodology. The Plackett-Burman design method was used to evaluate the significant components of the production medium followed by Box-Behnken experimental design to locate the true optimal concentrations, which are significantly affecting enzyme production. Results showed that the predicted enzyme response could be closely correlated with the experimentally obtained production. Furthermore, the applied optimization strategy increased volumetric enzyme production by 2.55 times (65.1 U/mL) the initial production obtained before medium optimization (25.5 U/mL).
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Fang Q, Maglangit F, Wu L, Ebel R, Kyeremeh K, Andersen JH, Annang F, Pérez-Moreno G, Reyes F, Deng H. Signalling and Bioactive Metabolites from Streptomyces sp. RK44. Molecules 2020; 25:E460. [PMID: 31979050 PMCID: PMC7037778 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptomyces remains one of the prolific sources of structural diversity, and a reservoir to mine for novel natural products. Continued screening for new Streptomyces strains in our laboratory led to the isolation of Streptomyces sp. RK44 from the underexplored areas of Kintampo waterfalls, Ghana, Africa. Preliminary screening of the metabolites from this strain resulted in the characterization of a new 2-alkyl-4-hydroxymethylfuran carboxamide (AHFA) 1 together with five known compounds, cyclo-(L-Pro-Gly) 2, cyclo-(L-Pro-L-Phe) 3, cyclo-(L-Pro-L-Val) 4, cyclo-(L-Leu-Hyp) 5, and deferoxamine E 6. AHFA 1, a methylenomycin (MMF) homolog, exhibited anti-proliferative activity (EC50 = 89.6 µM) against melanoma A2058 cell lines. This activity, albeit weak is the first report amongst MMFs. Furthermore, the putative biosynthetic gene cluster (ahfa) was identified for the biosynthesis of AHFA 1. DFO-E 6 displayed potent anti-plasmodial activity (IC50 = 1.08µM) against P. falciparum 3D7. High-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR ESIMS) and molecular network assisted the targeted-isolation process, and tentatively identified six AHFA analogues, 7-12 and six siderophores 13-18.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Fang
- Marine Biodiscovery Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Meston Walk, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK; (Q.F.); (F.M.); (L.W.); (R.E.)
| | - Fleurdeliz Maglangit
- Marine Biodiscovery Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Meston Walk, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK; (Q.F.); (F.M.); (L.W.); (R.E.)
- College of Science, Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of the Philippines Cebu, Lahug, Cebu 6000, Philippines
| | - Linrui Wu
- Marine Biodiscovery Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Meston Walk, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK; (Q.F.); (F.M.); (L.W.); (R.E.)
| | - Rainer Ebel
- Marine Biodiscovery Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Meston Walk, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK; (Q.F.); (F.M.); (L.W.); (R.E.)
| | - Kwaku Kyeremeh
- Marine and Plant Research Laboratory of Ghana, Department of Chemistry, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG56 Legon, Accra, Ghana;
| | | | - Frederick Annang
- Fundación MEDINA, Avda. del Conocimiento 34, 18016 Armilla, Granada, Spain; (F.A.); (F.R.)
| | - Guiomar Pérez-Moreno
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina “López-Neyra”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) Avda. del Conocimiento 17, 18016 Armilla, Granada, Spain;
| | - Fernando Reyes
- Fundación MEDINA, Avda. del Conocimiento 34, 18016 Armilla, Granada, Spain; (F.A.); (F.R.)
| | - Hai Deng
- Marine Biodiscovery Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Meston Walk, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK; (Q.F.); (F.M.); (L.W.); (R.E.)
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Hawary H, Rasmey AHM, Aboseidah AA, El-Morsi ES, Hafez M. Enhancement of glycerol production by UV-mutagenesis of the marine yeast Wickerhamomyces anomalus HH16: kinetics and optimization of the fermentation process. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:446. [PMID: 31763124 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1981-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study aims to enhance glycerol production using UV-mutagenesis of the marine yeast Wickerhamomyces anomalus HH16 isolated from marine sediment collected from South Sinai Governorate, Egypt. Besides optimization of the culture conditions and analyzing the kinetic parameters of growth and glycerol biosynthesis by the mutant strain were studied. The marine yeast isolate HH16 was selected as the front runner glycerol-producer among all tested isolates, with glycerol yield recorded as 66.55 gl-1. The isolate was identified based on the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of W. anomalus. The genotypic characterization based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence was deposited in the GenBank database with the accession number MK182824. UV-mutagenesis of W. anomalus HH16 by its exposure to UV radiation (254 nm, 200 mW cm-2) for 5 min; increased its capability in the glycerol production rate with 16.97% (80.15 g l-1). Based on the kinetic and Monod equations, the maximum specific growth rate (μ max) and maximum specific glycerol production rate (v max) by the mutant strain W. anomalus HH16MU5 were 0.21 h-1 and 0.103 g g-1, respectively. Optimization of the fermentation parameters such as nitrogen source, salinity and pH has been achieved. The maximum glycerol production 86.55 g l-1 has been attained in a fermentation medium composed of 200 g l-1 glucose, 1 g l-1 peptone, 3 g l-1 yeast extract, and 58.44 g l-1 NaCl, this medium was adjusted at pH 8 and incubated for 3 days at 30° C. Moreover, results indicated the ability of this yeast to produce glycerol (73.33 g l-1) using a seawater based medium. These findings suggest the applicability of using the yeast isolate W. anomalus HH16MU5 as a potential producer of glycerol for industrial purposes.
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Industrial Bioprocessing Strategies for Cultivation of Local Streptomyces violaceoruber Strain SYA3 to Fabricate Nano-ZnO as Anti-Phytopathogens Agent. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.12.3.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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9
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Thi Nguyen HY, Tran GB. Optimization of Fermentation Conditions and Media for Production of Glucose Isomerase from Bacillus megaterium Using Response Surface Methodology. SCIENTIFICA 2018; 2018:6842843. [PMID: 30245905 PMCID: PMC6139186 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6842843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Glucose isomerase is an enzyme widely used in food industry for producing high-fructose corn syrup. Many microbes, including Bacillus megaterium, have been found to be able to produce glucose isomerase. However, the number of studies of glucose isomerase production from Bacillus megaterium is limited. In this study, we establish the optimal medium components and culture conditions for Bacillus megaterium glucose isomerase production by evaluating the combined influence of multiple factors and different parameters via Plackett-Burman design and response surface methodology in Modde 5.0 software. The optimized conditions, which were experimentally confirmed as follows: D-xylose (1.116%), K2HPO4 (0.2%), MgSO4·7H2O (0.1%), yeast extract (1.161%), peptone (1%), pH 7.0, inoculum size 20% (w/v), shaking 120 rpm at 36.528°C for 48 hours, give rise to production of highest activity of glucose isomerase (0.274 ± 0.003 U/mg biomass). These results provide additional important information for future development of large-scale glucose isomerase production by Bacillus megaterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang-Yen Thi Nguyen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Food-Technology, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City, 12 Nguyen Van Bao Street, Go Vap, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Gia-Buu Tran
- Institute of Biotechnology and Food-Technology, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City, 12 Nguyen Van Bao Street, Go Vap, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
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Statistical Bioprocess Strategies for Bio-fabrication of Nano-Ag from Streptomyces rectiviolaceus Strain SMWN3.2 as a Novel Antimicrobial Agent against Hospital-Acquired Infectious Pathogens. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.12.2.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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11
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Navarrete-Bolaños JL, Téllez-Martínez MG, Miranda-López R, Jiménez-Islas H. An experimental strategy validated to design cost-effective culture media based on response surface methodology. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 47:578-588. [PMID: 28102768 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2017.1280825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
For any fermentation process, the production cost depends on several factors, such as the genetics of the microorganism, the process condition, and the culture medium composition. In this work, a guideline for the design of cost-efficient culture media using a sequential approach based on response surface methodology is described. The procedure was applied to analyze and optimize a culture medium of registered trademark and a base culture medium obtained as a result of the screening analysis from different culture media used to grow the same strain according to the literature. During the experiments, the procedure quantitatively identified an appropriate array of micronutrients to obtain a significant yield and find a minimum number of culture medium ingredients without limiting the process efficiency. The resultant culture medium showed an efficiency that compares favorably with the registered trademark medium at a 95% lower cost as well as reduced the number of ingredients in the base culture medium by 60% without limiting the process efficiency. These results demonstrated that, aside from satisfying the qualitative requirements, an optimum quantity of each constituent is needed to obtain a cost-effective culture medium. Study process variables for optimized culture medium and scaling-up production for the optimal values are desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Navarrete-Bolaños
- a Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica , Instituto Tecnológico de Celaya , Celaya , Gto. , México
| | - M G Téllez-Martínez
- a Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica , Instituto Tecnológico de Celaya , Celaya , Gto. , México
| | - R Miranda-López
- a Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica , Instituto Tecnológico de Celaya , Celaya , Gto. , México
| | - H Jiménez-Islas
- a Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica , Instituto Tecnológico de Celaya , Celaya , Gto. , México
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Jia DX, Zhou L, Zheng YG. Properties of a novel thermostable glucose isomerase mined from Thermus oshimai and its application to preparation of high fructose corn syrup. Enzyme Microb Technol 2017; 99:1-8. [PMID: 28193326 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Glucose isomerase (GI) is used in vitro to convert d-glucose to d-fructose, which is capable of commercial producing high fructose corn syrup (HFCS). To manufacture HFCS at elevated temperature and reduce the cost of enriching syrups, novel refractory GIs from Thermoanaerobacterium xylanolyticum (TxGI), Thermus oshimai (ToGI), Geobacillus thermocatenulatus (GtGI) and Thermoanaerobacter siderophilus (TsGI) were screened via genome mining approach. The enzymatic characteristics research showed that ToGI had higher catalytic efficiency and superior thermostability toward d-glucose among the screened GIs. Its optimum temperature reached 95°C and could retain more than 80% of initial activity in the presence of 20mM Mn2+ at 85°C for 48h. The Km and kcat/Km values for ToGI were 81.46mM and 21.77min-1mM-1, respectively. Furthermore, the maximum conversion yield of 400g/L d-glucose to d-fructose at 85°C was 52.16%. Considering its excellent high thermostability and ameliorable application performance, ToGI might be promising for realization of future industrial production of HFCS at elevated temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Xu Jia
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Yu-Guo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China.
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Ku S. Finding and Producing Probiotic Glycosylases for the Biocatalysis of Ginsenosides: A Mini Review. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21050645. [PMID: 27196878 PMCID: PMC6273753 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21050645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Various microorganisms have been widely applied in nutraceutical industries for the processing of phytochemical conversion. Specifically, in the Asian food industry and academia, notable attention is paid to the biocatalytic process of ginsenosides (ginseng saponins) using probiotic bacteria that produce high levels of glycosyl-hydrolases. Multiple groups have conducted experiments in order to determine the best conditions to produce more active and stable enzymes, which can be applicable to produce diverse types of ginsenosides for commercial applications. In this sense, there are various reviews that cover the biofunctional effects of multiple types of ginsenosides and the pathways of ginsenoside deglycosylation. However, little work has been published on the production methods of probiotic enzymes, which is a critical component of ginsenoside processing. This review aims to investigate current preparation methods, results on the discovery of new glycosylases, the application potential of probiotic enzymes and their use for biocatalysis of ginsenosides in the nutraceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seockmo Ku
- Laboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering, Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2022, USA.
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Zhang F, Duan X, Chen S, Wu D, Chen J, Wu J. The addition of Co2+ enhances the catalytic efficiency and thermostability of recombinant glucose isomerase from Thermobifida fusca. Process Biochem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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DiCosimo R, McAuliffe J, Poulose AJ, Bohlmann G. Industrial use of immobilized enzymes. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:6437-74. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs35506c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 897] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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