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Schumann A, Vatne TM, Fjermestad KW. What challenges do siblings of children with chronic disorders express to their parents? A thematic analysis of 73 sibling-parent dialogues. J Pediatr Nurs 2024; 76:91-98. [PMID: 38367476 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2024.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The study explored challenges experienced by siblings of children with chronic disorders, as expressed by siblings in parent-child dialogues. DESIGN AND METHODS Seventy-three parent-child dialogues (M duration = 28.6 min) were analyzed using qualitative thematic analysis. The dialogues took place within the SIBS group intervention for siblings and parents of children with chronic disorders. The siblings (aged 8 to 14 years) had brothers and sisters with autism spectrum disorders, ADHD, rare disorders, cerebral palsy, or severe mental health disorders. The data are from session 5 in the SIBS intervention, in which the siblings are to express their wishes about family-related challenges (e.g., desired changes) to their parents. The parents are encouraged to listen, explore, and validate the child's perspective before discussing solutions. RESULTS Most of the family-oriented challenges the siblings expressed were related to the diagnosis of the brother or sister with a disorder. Four main themes were identified: (1) Family life (e.g., limitations in family activities); (2) The diagnosis (e.g., concerns about the future); (3) Violence; and (4) Important relationships. CONCLUSION The siblings experienced challenges and difficult emotions in interactional processes in which the diagnosis affected family life and relationships. The study adds a new dimension to the field by identifying siblings' expressed challenges based on parent-child dialogues. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Identified themes can guide how parents should meet and address siblings' needs, how health care providers inform and support parents in doing so, and emphasize the relevance of interventions targeting family-level risk and resilience factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalie Schumann
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Torun M Vatne
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway; Frambu resource centre for rare disorders, Norway
| | - Krister W Fjermestad
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway; Frambu resource centre for rare disorders, Norway
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Camia M, Scorza M, Lipparini A, Martorana L, Nardocci F, Padovani R, Rubichi S, Benassi E. Psychological health of mothers and siblings of children with autism spectrum disorders during COVID-19 pandemic: new evidence in Italian families. ACTA BIO-MEDICA : ATENEI PARMENSIS 2023; 94:e2023199. [PMID: 37850771 PMCID: PMC10644939 DOI: 10.23750/abm.v94i5.14522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Psychological challenges are well recognized in families with a child with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Instead, less is known about the effects of traumatic scenarios, such as COVID-19, on the psychological health of these families. The main aim of this research was to study the psychological health of both mothers and typically developing (TD) siblings of children with ASD during the COVID-19 pandemic. Second, we investigated the relationship between the mothers' psychological resources and their children psychological well-being. METHODS The sample included 52 mothers and their children: 15 with one child with ASD and at least one TD child (aged 4-14) (ASD-siblings group) and 37 with one or more TD child (aged 4-14) (TD control group). The data were collected through an online platform; four standardized questionnaires (GAD-7, BDI-II, CD-RISC 25 and CBCL) were administered. RESULTS The analyses revealed more internalizing and total behavioral symptoms in the siblings of children with ASD, compared to TD control group. Regarding the mothers, we did not find differences in depression and anxious symptoms between the two groups. However, the results reported a lower level of resilience in the mothers of children with ASD relative to mothers of TD children. Finally, the psychological well-being of the TD children was associated with the level of mothers' anxiety only in the ASD-siblings group. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our data show that the COVID-19 outbreak may had been particularly challenging for families of children with ASD, and highlight the importance of intensifying psychological support to families.
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Burnham Riosa P, Ensor R, Jichici B, Davy B. How my life is unique: Sibling perspectives of autism. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2023; 27:1575-1587. [PMID: 36519754 DOI: 10.1177/13623613221142385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
LAY ABSTRACT The impact of autism on the family is an important area of study. Much of the existing literature has focused on the parent perspective, with less emphasis on the experiences of other family members, especially non-autistic siblings. This study aimed to explore the lived experiences of a sample of nine 8- to 17-year-old non-autistic siblings of children and youth on the autism spectrum. We interviewed non-autistic siblings and analysed the written transcripts. Our results revealed the following themes: (1) Role disparities, different expectations; (2) Connection and disconnection; and (3) Our family is (extra)ordinary. Our study findings highlight siblings' unique and collective perspectives regarding their brother or sister on the spectrum within the broader family unit. We discuss the implications of these results on siblings of autistic children and youth.
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A Theory-Generating Qualitative Meta-synthesis to Understand Neurotypical Sibling Perceptions of their Relationship with Siblings with Autism Spectrum Disorders. REVIEW JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s40489-023-00360-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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"Sometimes I Feel Grateful…": Experiences of the Adolescent Siblings of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Malaysia. J Autism Dev Disord 2023; 53:795-807. [PMID: 34247302 PMCID: PMC8272616 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-05184-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sibling relationships remain understudied in typically developing adolescents who have siblings with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This study explored the lived experiences and perceptions of adolescents who have a brother or a sister with a diagnosis of ASD using semi-structured interviews. Using thematic analysis, the participants reported having difficulties communicating with their siblings. Feeling a mixture of emotions was common when interacting with their siblings with ASD and emotional self-regulation was a typical coping strategy utilized by these adolescents. Despite the challenges, having a sibling with ASD led to closer relationships between the siblings. These findings offer insights into these adolescents' needs and how they may be best supported, informing the practice of speech-language pathology and other health professions.
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Pavlopoulou G, Burns C, Cleghorn R, Skyrla T, Avnon J. "I often have to explain to school staff what she needs". School experiences of non-autistic siblings growing up with an autistic brother or sister. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2022; 129:104323. [PMID: 35988460 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2022.104323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent autism research has evidenced a shift from psychological outcomes to contextualised approaches to understanding the varying needs of non autistic siblings of autistic children across different systems. Yet, there is limited research exploring the lived experiences of siblings in their school context. METHODS First, a group of school aged sibling advisors worked with the first author to codesign research aims, methods and dissemination practices around the topic of the school experiences of siblings who grow up with an autistic brother or sister in the UK. Then, 28 school-aged siblings of autistic children completed adapted photo-elicitation interviews, to discuss their school experiences. A background questionnaire was also administered to their parents and carers. RESULTS Thematic analysis was employed. The master themes included: (i) Impact of home experiences in schoolwork, including limited personal time and sleep disruptions (ii) Siblings' school interactions impact on overall school experience, including a wide range of both typical and difficult experiences such as school day disruptions, (iii) Varied perceived levels of support and understanding, including emotional and/or educational support by family members and a sense of connectedness with peers and teachers who are autistic themselves or connected to someone with a diagnosis of autism. IMPLICATIONS The results underline the ways home experiences can have an impact on school life of siblings, the positive contribution of the autistic school staff and/or staff who have an autistic family member and the need for an organisational culture of inclusivity and widespread acceptance and awareness around issues of neurodiversity. Our findings suggest several implications for school psychologists in core functions of the educational psychologists' role including training, consultation, assessment, and whole school support. DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT The datasets generated for this study are not readily available because they include sensitive data (photos of siblings' houses, family members, personal objects, and school timetables). Requests to access the datasets should be directed to corresponding author.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Pavlopoulou
- Anna Freud National Centre for Children and Families, London N1 9JH, UK; UCL Institute of Education, Group for Research in Relationships and Neurodiversity-GRRAND, Department of Psychology and Human Development, London WC1H 0AA, UK.
| | - Clare Burns
- UCL Institute of Education, Group for Research in Relationships and Neurodiversity-GRRAND, Department of Psychology and Human Development, London WC1H 0AA, UK
| | - Rosie Cleghorn
- UCL Institute of Education, Group for Research in Relationships and Neurodiversity-GRRAND, Department of Psychology and Human Development, London WC1H 0AA, UK
| | - Theodora Skyrla
- UCL Institute of Education, Group for Research in Relationships and Neurodiversity-GRRAND, Department of Psychology and Human Development, London WC1H 0AA, UK
| | - Julia Avnon
- Anna Freud National Centre for Children and Families, London N1 9JH, UK
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Huang R, Potla S, Bhalla S, Al Qabandi Y, Nandula SA, Boddepalli CS, Gutlapalli SD, Lavu VK, Abdelwahab R, Hamid P. The Clinical Implications of the Academic Performance of the Siblings of Individuals With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Cureus 2022; 14:e29116. [PMID: 36258957 PMCID: PMC9559693 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.29116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We all know that autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can affect academic performance. Many children with autism face different challenges at school. However, less attention is paid to the siblings of autistic children, who are at a high risk of ASD or the broad autism phenotype (BAP). Recent data also shows that many siblings of ASD children suffer from neurodevelopmental disorders, mental health problems as well as poor academic performance. This review will look at the possible etiologies of the poor school performance of autistic children's siblings, with an emphasis on the challenges they face. We will also highlight the clinical implications of these findings, and the possible solutions that can help this vulnerable group.
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Sipowicz K, Podlecka M, Mokros Ł, Pietras T, Łuczyńska K. Being an adult sibling of an individual with autism spectrum disorder may be a predictor of loneliness and depression – Preliminary findings from a cross-sectional study. Front Psychol 2022; 13:915915. [PMID: 35992385 PMCID: PMC9389292 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.915915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study is to compare depression and loneliness among adult siblings of people on the autism spectrum, adult siblings of normotypic individuals, and adults raised alone (only child). In recent years, an increasing interest in the perspective of siblings of children diagnosed with autism has been observed, with studies among this population particularly concerned with the developmental trajectories of children and adolescents at “high risk” for ASD, rarely focusing on their mental well-being. Methods The respondents filled out: the survey on sociodemographic data designed by the authors, Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI, measure of depression), and De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale (DJGLS, assessment of loneliness). Results A rise in BDI and an increase in the DJGLS score were predicted by having a sibling diagnosed with ASD. Those effects were independent of subjects’ sex, educational status, place of residence, or a number of siblings. Conclusion The results underline a fundamental need for the development of mental hygiene programs for families where children with autism spectrum are accompanied by healthy siblings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Sipowicz
- Department of Interdisciplinary Disability Studies, The Maria Grzegorzewska University in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marlena Podlecka
- Department of Neuroses, Personality Disorders and Eating Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Mokros
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Pietras
- Second Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kamila Łuczyńska
- Department of Experimental Embryology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland
- *Correspondence: Kamila Łuczyńska,
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Schmeer A, Harris VW, Forthun L, Valcante G, Visconti B. Through the eyes of a child: Sibling perspectives on having a sibling diagnosed with autism. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2021; 119:104066. [PMID: 34673468 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2021.104066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sibling perspectives on the experiences of families caring for an autistic child are often overlooked in autism research. While qualitative research on these lived experiences has grown, it continues to primarily focus on parent reports. AIMS This study explored how having a sibling with autism impacts the non-autistic siblings within a family systems framework. The goal of the current study was to expand the literature by exploring the impacts of autism on the sibling subsystem as reported by the parents and the non-autistic siblings themselves. METHODS AND PROCEDURES The researchers interviewed 15 non-autistic siblings (aged 7-17) and 15 parents of children with autism to understand the experience of growing up with a sibling with autism. Content analysis was used to develop the interview protocol and analyze responses. Parent and non-autistic sibling reports of both siblings' effects on each other's development are triangulated with existing research. RESULTS Findings indicate novel emotional skill-building occurs in non-autistic siblings, as well as some unique risk factors for internalizing and externalizing problems if non-autistic siblings' needs become deprioritized. Family stress, external relationships, intrapersonal and social skill development, and other implications of this unique relationship are discussed.
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Watson L, Hanna P, Jones CJ. A systematic review of the experience of being a sibling of a child with an autism spectrum disorder. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 2021; 26:734-749. [PMID: 33827284 PMCID: PMC8264626 DOI: 10.1177/13591045211007921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Difficulties associated with Autism Spectrum Disorders can cause considerable impact on personal, familial, social, educational and occupational functioning. Living with a child who has an Autism Spectrum Disorder can therefore pose a challenge to family members, including typically developing siblings. However, it is only in recent years that the experience of typically developing siblings has become a focal point. A systematic review using keywords across six databases was undertaken to summarise qualitative studies that focused on the experience of being a sibling of a child with an Autism Spectrum Disorder. Fifteen studies met inclusion criteria and a thematic synthesis was completed. The synthesis found that having a sibling who has an Autism Spectrum Disorder can impact typically developing sibling's self-identity and personal development in a number of ways. Similarly, interactions with the sibling who has Autism Spectrum Disorders and with other individuals can evoke a myriad of experiences that can both benefit and challenge typically developing siblings. The ability of typically developing siblings to cope with adverse experiences needs to remain a focus. This synthesis concludes that further research is needed to identify which methods are the most effective in supporting typically developing siblings of children with Autism Spectrum Disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Watson
- University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
- Surrey and Borders Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, UK
- The Howard Partnership Trust, Surrey, UK
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11
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Pavlopoulou G, Dimitriou D. In their own words, in their own photos: Adolescent females' siblinghood experiences, needs and perspectives growing up with a preverbal autistic brother or sister. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2020; 97:103556. [PMID: 31877473 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2019.103556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Thus far very little research has focused on siblings in early adolescent years growing up with an autistic sibling. Adopting a community-based participatory research (CBPR) approach, 11 typically developing sisters actively collaborated in the study to collect and analyse data as well as disseminate their experiences, needs and perspectives in their local communities. This is the first study to use a modified Photovoice methodology which provided typically developing sisters an active participatory role. The results highlighted the feelings, needs and thoughts the sisters expressed in their role as siblings, friends, but also as students and citizens with a passion for advocacy, and limited support in the community due to unhelpful attitudes of members of their community towards autism. The findings indicated that the current method used can successfully co-generate research findings with family members by ensuring pathways for engaging local community. This is crucial in shifting the balance between vulnerability and resilience in families raising an autistic child. Furthermore, when knowledge about the lived experience is drawn directly from the perspective of the actual people (siblings) involved in the phenomenon (siblinghood and autism), a more appropriate, responsive and need-fulfilling strategy of supportive and proactive support systems can be initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Pavlopoulou
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Institute of Education, University College London, United Kingdom.
| | - Dagmara Dimitriou
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Institute of Education, University College London, United Kingdom
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Leedham AT, Thompson AR, Freeth M. A thematic synthesis of siblings' lived experiences of autism: Distress, responsibilities, compassion and connection. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2020; 97:103547. [PMID: 31869772 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2019.103547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite increased understandings that the whole family system is influenced by a family member being diagnosed with an Autism Spectrum Condition (ASC), the experiences of siblings can be overlooked. However, recently understanding of siblings' experiences has begun to develop via qualitative studies. AIMS This review aimed to systematically identify, appraise and review the qualitative literature investigating the lived experience of siblings of autistic people. METHODS AND PROCEDURES Six databases were systematically searched for studies reporting empirical qualitative data on the lived experience of neurotypical siblings of autistic people. Eighteen studies met inclusion criteria and were analysed using Thematic Synthesis. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS Data synthesis revealed four superordinate themes; Roles and responsibilities, different to what may be expected typically; Impact of behaviours, particularly aggressive behaviours; Process of adjustment, including learning and developing empathy and acceptance; Interpersonal experiences with others and between siblings. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS A narrative of love and empathy was present throughout. However, several participants also experienced significant difficulties affecting their mental health. Findings suggest a sense of agency, understanding ASC, time spent alone with parents, supportive environments and the chance to relate to other siblings as protective factors in facilitating positive psychological wellbeing for siblings of autistic people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra T Leedham
- Chesterfield Royal Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, S44 5BL, Chesterfield, UK.
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Venturella M, Carbonell X, Cabré V, Arias-Pujol E. A Psychoanalytical Perspective on the Co-therapeutic Relationship With a Group of Siblings of Children With Autism: An Observational Study of Communicative Behavior Patterns. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1832. [PMID: 31440189 PMCID: PMC6694756 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A child diagnosed with autism may have a negative psychological and behavioral impact on their siblings, whose participation in a group with children in the same situation is a preventive measure. Our group study was conducted by two therapists (T1 and T2) assigned to co-therapy (CT) work. Both therapists shared the theoretical bases and understanding of the group and the needs of the individual subjects, and complemented each other in terms of the direction of their interventions, given that shared impressions and continuous exchanges that integrate countertransference aspects are essential to successful co-therapy. The objectives of this study were as follows: (a) to detect patterns of clarification, confrontation, and interpretation interventions by T1 and T2 in the group; and (b) to detect patterns of clarification, confrontation and interpretation interventions considering T1 and T2 as the only focal subject of the CT. Design was mixed-methods based on systematic observation, for which we developed a qualitative ad hoc instrument that combined a field format and a categorizing system. Interobserver agreement was analyzed quantitatively using Cohen's kappa and Krippendorf's canonical concordance. Once data reliability was confirmed, lag sequential analysis using GSEQ5 software was performed to search for behavior patterns. The results show (a) different behavior patterns in the clarification, confrontation, and interpretation interventions by T1 and T2; and (b) different behavior patterns when T1 and T2 are considered as the focal subject (CT). Our study offers a new perspective on the impact of therapist interventions on participants in this kind of group.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Víctor Cabré
- FPCEE Blanquerna, Ramon Llull University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eulàlia Arias-Pujol
- FPCEE Blanquerna, Ramon Llull University, Barcelona, Spain.,Training and Research Center, Carrilet, Barcelona, Spain
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Pavlopoulou G, Dimitriou D. 'I don't live with autism; I live with my sister'. Sisters' accounts on growing up with their preverbal autistic siblings. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2019; 88:1-15. [PMID: 30802802 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The experiences of siblings in early adolescent years who grow up with an autistic brother or sister have received very little research interest, especially in terms of sisters' experiences. Hence our understanding of wellbeing opportunities and challenges in siblings' everyday life is inadequate and not reflected in the current clinical practices. METHODS Semi-structured interviews utilising an active, non-judgemental and curious stance to explore how sisters make sense of their everyday experiences (inspired by the notion of mentalizing) were conducted to capture important experiences of nine typically developing female siblings. RESULTS Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) was employed. The master themes included: (i) sisters' interactions with their siblings- 'I don't live with autism, I live with my sister' (ii) sisters' interactions with their parents- 'Always there for us, but often asking too much', (iii) practical struggles of caring- 'Like a lonely fighter, tired but always on duty', (iv) perceived sisters' needs- 'I care about my brother and I want society to care about us'. DISCUSSION As experts of their own lived experience, sisters shed light on their day-to-day experiences. The themes derived from their experiences may help to draw attention to an appreciation of everyday life including planning for the parts that remain a struggle. This latter point is discussed in terms of implications and adoption of an existential view of wellbeing for future research and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Pavlopoulou
- University College London, Institute of Education, Department of Psychology and Human Development, LiLAS Lab, United Kingdom.
| | - Dagmara Dimitriou
- University College London, Institute of Education, Department of Psychology and Human Development, LiLAS Lab, United Kingdom
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15
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Neuroticism and extraversion mediate the relationship between having a sibling with developmental disabilities and anxiety and depression symptoms. J Affect Disord 2019; 243:232-240. [PMID: 30248634 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Children growing up with a sibling with disabilities report higher levels of depression and anxiety symptoms as adults. Here, we examined whether personality characteristics also play a part in mediating this relationship. Method We tested for differences in personality traits between 132 individuals who have a sibling with developmental disabilities and 132 closely matched comparisons. Results Differences in Big Five factors of personality were demonstrated across the disability groups and between the disability groups and the comparisons, especially in Extraversion, Neuroticism and Openness. Individuals growing up alongside a sibling with developmental disabilities have a higher tendency to experience anxiety and depression symptoms, and this research is the first demonstration that personality traits mediate this relationship. Specifically, Neuroticism is a strong mediator of anxiety while both Neuroticism and Extraversion contribute mediating effects toward the development of depression. Limitations Our study made use of self-report methodology which, although having recognized limitations, is more reliable than parental reports. Given the cross-sectional nature of our design, we were not able to examine pre-existing developmental factors that may have influenced the participant's propensity to particular personality traits and affective disorders. However, we obtained a large sample and closely matched participants to examine differences between those with a sibling with disabilities and those without. Conclusions As such, differences in personality traits have important implications for the understanding and treatment of siblings presenting with anxiety and depression symptoms. We recommend that intervention should target those high in Neuroticism among individuals who have a sibling with disabilities, and that more social support is put in place for siblings to mitigate their tendency towards introversion and buffer them against psychological maladjustment.
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Ilias K, Cornish K, Park MSA, Toran H, Golden KJ. Risk and Resilience Among Mothers and Fathers of Primary School Age Children With ASD in Malaysia: A Qualitative Constructive Grounded Theory Approach. Front Psychol 2019; 9:2275. [PMID: 30670992 PMCID: PMC6331527 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the coping and resilience experiences of parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the Malaysian cultural context. This study utilized a qualitative methodological approach adopting constructive grounded theory. The study sought to address the lack of research to date exploring the risk and protective experiences that contribute to parental stress and resilience for parents of primary school age children with ASD in the Malaysian setting. Twenty-two parents of children with ASD (13 mothers and 9 fathers) participated in semi-structured interviews. A strength of the study was the inclusion of both mother and father participant perspectives. The interviews lasted 50-80 min (mean: 67.5 min). The 22 parents had a total of 16 children (12 males; 4 females) formally diagnosed with ASD. Child age ranged between 5 and 12 years (mean age: 8.44). Overall, analysis of the 22 interviews revealed four prominent themes - "initial reaction to child's ASD symptoms and diagnosis," "family life affected by a child with ASD," "awareness about ASD in Malaysia," and "coping strategies, wellbeing, and becoming resilient." The first three themes revolved around stress and adversity, and, the adaptability and acceptance of the parents. These processes illustrated the risks experienced by the parents of children with ASD in Malaysia. The last theme especially highlighted the strengths and determination of the parents and illustrated the protective experiences and processes that helped parents to develop and enhance resilience. Overall, the findings revealed that resilience develops synergistically and dynamically from both risk and protective experiences across different levels - individual, family, community, society and government. The findings motivated the development of our theoretical model of resilience that can help health and education professionals tailor assessment and interventions for parents of children with ASD in the Malaysian context. Clinical, policy, and research suggestions were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartini Ilias
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Global Asia in the 21st Century Research Platform (GA21), Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam, Malaysia
| | - Kim Cornish
- School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Miriam Sang-Ah Park
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Global Asia in the 21st Century Research Platform (GA21), Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Hasnah Toran
- Faculty of Education, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Karen Jennifer Golden
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Global Asia in the 21st Century Research Platform (GA21), Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
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17
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Molinaro ML, Rollo LE, Fletcher PC, Schneider MA. Having a Sibling with ASD: Perspectives of Siblings and Their Parents. Compr Child Adolesc Nurs 2018; 43:35-47. [PMID: 30576229 DOI: 10.1080/24694193.2018.1559256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The overall purpose of this research was to explore the experiences of families living with a child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This paper reports the experiences of siblings of children with ASD, from the perspective of both siblings and parents. Using a phenomenological case study design, participants completed face sheets to provide context for one-on-one, semi-structured interviews, which were transcribed verbatim, and verified via member checks. Van Manen's (1990) selective approach was used for data analysis. Siblings and parents described that the children with ASD made their siblings the targets of their aggression, and siblings spent less time with parents the children with ASD required more attention. It was also acknowledged that the siblings were more mature as a result of having a sibling with ASD. Families acknowledged that the relationship between children with ASD and their siblings would not differ if their children did not have ASD. This work highlights the importance of examining the family as a unit to provide a multifaceted perspective of how having a child with ASD affects their siblings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica L Molinaro
- Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Lauren E Rollo
- Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Paula C Fletcher
- Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Margaret A Schneider
- Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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Noonan H, O' Donoghue I, Wilson C. Engaging with and navigating limbo: Lived experiences of siblings of adults with autism spectrum disorders. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2018; 31:1144-1153. [PMID: 29953695 DOI: 10.1111/jar.12474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Supporting an adult with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can be associated with family stress but also with personal growth and resilience. Research providing insight into how typically developing siblings make sense of their unique sibling relationships in adulthood remains limited. METHOD Using interpretative phenomenological analysis, this study explored subjective experiences of eight siblings of adults with ASD and co-occurring intellectual disability. RESULTS Analysis of interview transcripts revealed a complex lived experience explained by the overarching theme "engaging with and navigating limbo", which was characterized by commitment to the sibling relationship, power tensions in the family, uncertainty about the future and negotiating the tension between relational closeness and distance. CONCLUSION Using family systems theory, overregulation and closed communication emerged as processes relevant to families living with ASD. Clinical opportunities to support family communication, change tolerance and belonging are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hester Noonan
- School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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19
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Montes G. Having Older Siblings Is Associated with Lower Rates of Depression, ADD/ADHD, Anxiety and Behavior Problems Among Children with ASD. Matern Child Health J 2018; 22:642-647. [DOI: 10.1007/s10995-018-2459-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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POURBAGHERI N, MIRZAKHANI N, AKBARZADEHBAGHBAN A. A Comparison of Emotional-Behavioral Problems of Siblings at the Age Range of 3-9 Year Old Children with Autism and Down Syndrome. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF CHILD NEUROLOGY 2018; 12:73-82. [PMID: 29696048 PMCID: PMC5904741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Children's emotional-behavioral problems will have a huge impact on their future. Such problems are more seen in the siblings of children with special needs. The present study aimed to compare emotional-behavioral problems in the healthy siblings of autistic children with the healthy siblings of children with Down syndrome in order to identify such children in Iran. MATERIALS & METHODS This descriptive study was carried out in Tehran, Iran in 2016 on 174 healthy children aged between 3 and 9 yr old among whom 58 cases had autistic siblings, 58 cases had siblings with Down syndrome, and 58 cases had typically development siblings. The participants were selected using convenience sampling technique. All volunteer parents filled in SDQ Questionnaire. The study results were calculated using independent sample t-test, two-way ANOVA, and Tukey post hoc test by SPSS. RESULTS The mean overall score of Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire was reported as 17.98±6.19 in the autism group, 11.01±6.56 in the Down syndrome group and 4.43±4.34 in the healthy group. There was a significant difference among autism, Down syndrome, and healthy groups. In the group of siblings with Down syndrome, the problems were significantly more in the age range of 3 to 7 yr old (P<0.05). However, no significant difference was observed in the scores of males and females (P>0.05). CONCLUSION Siblings with autism or Down syndrome can have especial psychological effects on healthy children in families in the way that such effect will be more with autistic children. Therefore, formulating beneficial strategies for their parents is used to prevent emotional behavioral problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid POURBAGHERI
- Physiotherapy Research Centre, School of Rehabilitation, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Navid MIRZAKHANI
- Physiotherapy Research Centre, School of Rehabilitation, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Alireza AKBARZADEHBAGHBAN
- Physiotherapy Research Centre, School of Rehabilitation, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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21
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Sibling Relationships: Parent–Child Agreement and Contributions of Siblings With and Without ASD. J Autism Dev Disord 2017; 48:1612-1622. [DOI: 10.1007/s10803-017-3393-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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22
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Dansby RA, Turns B, Whiting JB, Crane J. A phenomenological content analysis of online support seeking by siblings of people with autism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/08975353.2017.1395256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachael A. Dansby
- Department of Community, Family, and Addiction Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Brie Turns
- Department of Marriage and Family Therapy, Fuller Theological Seminary, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Jason B. Whiting
- School of Family Life, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Jeffrey Crane
- Department of Counseling Education and Rehabilitation, Fresno State University, Fresno, California, USA
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23
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Van der Merwe C, Bornman J, Donohue D, Harty M. The attitudes of typically developing adolescents towards their sibling with autism spectrum disorder. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION DISORDERS 2017; 64:e1-e7. [PMID: 28470082 PMCID: PMC5843146 DOI: 10.4102/sajcd.v64i1.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding how the cognitive, emotional and behavioural components of sibling attitudes interact with one another at various stages of a sibling’s lifespan will allow clinicians to provide better support to children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and their families. However, no research exists which focusses on describing the attitudes of adolescent siblings of children with ASD within the South African context towards their sibling with an ASD. The primary aim of this study was to investigate how typically developing adolescents recall their past attitudes and describe their present attitudes towards their sibling with an ASD. Methods Thirty typically developing adolescents who have siblings with ASD were selected to complete the survey instrument, the Lifespan Sibling Relationship Scale, using a cross-sectional design. Results Results indicate that the measure has internal consistency within this sample. Wilcoxon signed-ranks tests were used to test for significant differences between the mean values for the two self-reported time periods. Friedman analysis of variances (ANOVAs) was used to test for significant differences in the three components of attitudes, namely affect, behaviour and cognition. Results indicate that participants held more positive attitudes towards their siblings with ASD as adolescents compared with when they were younger and that adolescents rated their current emotions towards and beliefs about their sibling with ASD to be more positive than their current interaction experiences. Conclusion As siblings’ attitudes appear to change over time, clinicians should use a lifespan approach to sibling attitudes when designing and implementing supports for siblings of children with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michal Harty
- Centre for Augmentative and Alternative Communication, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Division of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Department of Health and Rehab Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
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Mandleco B, Webb AEM. Sibling perceptions of living with a young person with Down syndrome or autism spectrum disorder: an integrated review. J SPEC PEDIATR NURS 2015; 20:138-56. [PMID: 25963838 DOI: 10.1111/jspn.12117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This integrative review synthesized current information from 28 research articles meeting inclusion criteria that examined sibling experiences when living with a young person with Down syndrome or autism spectrum disorder. CONCLUSIONS Five themes emerged related to sibling experiences: their knowledge of the condition, relationships with others, perceptions of the condition, emotional reactions to the situation, and behavioral/personality outcomes. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Nurses caring for families raising youth with Down syndrome or autism spectrum disorder can enhance sibling development by providing individual interventions reflecting siblings' perceptions of the experience.
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Davys D, Mitchell D, Haigh C. Adult Siblings Consider the Future: Emergent Themes. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2015; 29:220-30. [DOI: 10.1111/jar.12172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Duncan Mitchell
- Continuing Professional Development and Postgraduate Studies Department; Manchester Metropolitan University; Manchester UK
| | - Carol Haigh
- Department of Professional Registration; Manchester Metropolitan University; Manchester UK
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Ahmed AA, Vander Wyk BC. Neural processing of intentional biological motion in unaffected siblings of children with autism spectrum disorder: an fMRI study. Brain Cogn 2013; 83:297-306. [PMID: 24128657 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite often showing behaviorally typical levels of social cognitive ability, unaffected siblings of children with autism spectrum disorder have been found to show similar functional and morphological deficits within brain regions associated with social processing. They have also been reported to show increased activation to biological motion in these same regions, such as the posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS), relative to both children with autism and control children. It has been suggested that this increased activation may represent a compensatory reorganization of these regions as a result of the highly heritable genetic influence of autism. However, the response patterns of unaffected siblings in the domain of action perception are unstudied, and the phenomenon of compensatory activation has not yet been replicated. The present study used functional magnetic resonance imaging to determine the neural responses to intentional biological actions in 22 siblings of children with autism and 22 matched controls. The presented actions were either congruent or incongruent with the actor's emotional cue. Prior studies reported that typically developing children and adults, but not children with autism, show increased activation to incongruent actions (relative to congruent), within the pSTS and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. We report that unaffected siblings did not show a compensatory response, or a preference for incongruent over congruent trials, in any brain region. Moreover, interaction analyses revealed a sub-region of the pSTS in which control children showed an incongruency preference to a significantly greater degree than siblings, which suggests a localized deficit in siblings. A sample of children with autism also did not show differential activation in the pSTS, providing further evidence that it is an area of selective disruption in children with autism and siblings. While reduced activation to both conditions was unique to the autism sample, lack of differentiation to incongruent and congruent intentional actions was common to both children with ASD and unaffected siblings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex A Ahmed
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 230 South Frontage Road, New Haven, CT 06519, United States
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