1
|
Wang Y, Zhang X, Gao L, Li J, Chen W, Chi J, Zhang X, Fu Y, Zhao M, Liu N, Li Y, Xu Y, Yang K, Yin X, Liu Y. Cortistatin exerts antiproliferation and antimigration effects in vascular smooth muscle cells stimulated by Ang II through suppressing ERK1/2, p38 MAPK, JNK and ERK5 signaling pathways. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2019; 7:561. [PMID: 31807542 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.09.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Background Vascular remodeling, that contributes to cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension develops by anomalous proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Cortistatin (CST), a newly discovered biological peptide, has been acknowledged for its protective effects against cardiovascular diseases. Whether CST has an inhibitory regulation role in angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced proliferation and migration of VSMCs and what molecular mechanisms may participate in the CST inhibition process are still unknown. Methods VSMCs were divided into control group, Ang II (10-7 M) group, Ang II + PD98059 (5×10-5 M) group, Ang II + SB203580 (10-5 M) group, Ang II + SP600125 (10-5 M) group, Ang II + XMD17-109 (10-6 M) group, Ang II + CST (10-8 M) group and Ang II + CST (10-7 M) group. Cell proliferation was detected by western blotting and cell counting kit-8 (CCK8) analysis. Migration of VSMCs was measured by Transwell assay. Results Compared with control group, Ang II upregulated the expression levels of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and osteopontin (OPN) and downregulated that of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), increased the proliferation rate as shown by CCK8 and VSMC migration as shown by Transwell assay in cultured VSMCs of the Ang II group. Meanwhile, in Ang II-cultured VSMCs, we found activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, p38 MAP kinase (p38 MAPK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and ERK5 pathways by western blotting at different time points. However, the proliferation and migration stimulated by Ang II were partly reversed by drug inhibitors of the four pathways, namely, PD98059, SB203580, SP600125 and XMD17-109. When Ang II-stimulated VSMCs were cultured with CST pretreatment, we found that proliferation and migration were greatly suppressed as well as that the ERK1/2, p38 MAPK, JNK and ERK5 pathways were deactivated by CST. Conclusions The accumulated data suggest that CST may play a protective role in Ang II-promoted proliferation and migration of VSMCs via inhibiting the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family pathways, providing a new orientation of CST in protecting against cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Jihe Li
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Wenjia Chen
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Jinyu Chi
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yu Fu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Meng Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Kelaier Yang
- Department of Endocrine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xinhua Yin
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Romero A, San Hipólito‐Luengo Á, Villalobos LA, Vallejo S, Valencia I, Michalska P, Pajuelo‐Lozano N, Sánchez‐Pérez I, León R, Bartha JL, Sanz MJ, Erusalimsky JD, Sánchez‐Ferrer CF, Romacho T, Peiró C. The angiotensin-(1-7)/Mas receptor axis protects from endothelial cell senescence via klotho and Nrf2 activation. Aging Cell 2019; 18:e12913. [PMID: 30773786 PMCID: PMC6516147 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cell senescence is a hallmark of vascular aging that predisposes to vascular disease. We aimed to explore the capacity of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) heptapeptide angiotensin (Ang)‐(1‐7) to counteract human endothelial cell senescence and to identify intracellular pathways mediating its potential protective action. In human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) cultures, Ang II promoted cell senescence, as revealed by the enhancement in senescence‐associated galactosidase (SA‐β‐gal+) positive staining, total and telomeric DNA damage, adhesion molecule expression, and human mononuclear adhesion to HUVEC monolayers. By activating the G protein‐coupled receptor Mas, Ang‐(1‐7) inhibited the pro‐senescence action of Ang II, but also of a non‐RAS stressor such as the cytokine IL‐1β. Moreover, Ang‐(1‐7) enhanced endothelial klotho levels, while klotho silencing resulted in the loss of the anti‐senescence action of the heptapeptide. Indeed, both Ang‐(1‐7) and recombinant klotho activated the cytoprotective Nrf2/heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1) pathway. The HO‐1 inhibitor tin protoporphyrin IX prevented the anti‐senescence action evoked by Ang‐(1‐7) or recombinant klotho. Overall, the present study identifies Ang‐(1‐7) as an anti‐senescence peptide displaying its protective action beyond the RAS by consecutively activating klotho and Nrf2/HO‐1. Ang‐(1‐7) mimetic drugs may thus prove useful to prevent endothelial cell senescence and its related vascular complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Romero
- Department of Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid Spain
| | | | - Laura A. Villalobos
- Department of Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid Spain
| | - Susana Vallejo
- Department of Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias IdiPAZ Madrid Spain
| | - Inés Valencia
- Department of Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid Spain
| | - Patrycja Michalska
- Department of Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid Spain
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid Spain
| | - Natalia Pajuelo‐Lozano
- Department of BiochemistryFaculty of MedicineUniversidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones BiomédicasUAM-CSIC Madrid Spain
| | - Isabel Sánchez‐Pérez
- Department of BiochemistryFaculty of MedicineUniversidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones BiomédicasUAM-CSIC Madrid Spain
- CIBER for Rare Diseases Valencia Spain
| | - Rafael León
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid Spain
- Servicio de Farmacología ClínicaInstituto de Investigación SanitariaHospital Universitario de la Princesa Madrid Spain
| | - José Luis Bartha
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias IdiPAZ Madrid Spain
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyFaculty of MedicineUniversidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid Spain
| | - María Jesús Sanz
- Department of PharmacologyUniversidad de Valencia Valencia Spain
- Institute of Health Research INCLIVAUniversity Clinic Hospital of Valencia Valencia Spain
| | | | - Carlos F. Sánchez‐Ferrer
- Department of Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias IdiPAZ Madrid Spain
| | - Tania Romacho
- Department of Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid Spain
| | - Concepción Peiró
- Department of Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias IdiPAZ Madrid Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Heme oxygenases are composed of two isozymes, Hmox1 and Hmox2, that catalyze the degradation of heme to carbon monoxide (CO), ferrous iron, and biliverdin, the latter of which is subsequently converted to bilirubin. While initially considered to be waste products, CO and biliverdin/bilirubin have been shown over the last 20 years to modulate key cellular processes, such as inflammation, cell proliferation, and apoptosis, as well as antioxidant defense. This shift in paradigm has led to the importance of heme oxygenases and their products in cell physiology now being well accepted. The identification of the two human cases thus far of heme oxygenase deficiency and the generation of mice deficient in Hmox1 or Hmox2 have reiterated a role for these enzymes in both normal cell function and disease pathogenesis, especially in the context of cardiovascular disease. This review covers the current knowledge on the function of both Hmox1 and Hmox2 at both a cellular and tissue level in the cardiovascular system. Initially, the roles of heme oxygenases in vascular health and the regulation of processes central to vascular diseases are outlined, followed by an evaluation of the role(s) of Hmox1 and Hmox2 in various diseases such as atherosclerosis, intimal hyperplasia, myocardial infarction, and angiogenesis. Finally, the therapeutic potential of heme oxygenases and their products are examined in a cardiovascular disease context, with a focus on how the knowledge we have gained on these enzymes may be capitalized in future clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anita Ayer
- Vascular Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia; and Nephrology Research and Training Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham Veterans Administration Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Abolfazl Zarjou
- Vascular Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia; and Nephrology Research and Training Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham Veterans Administration Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Anupam Agarwal
- Vascular Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia; and Nephrology Research and Training Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham Veterans Administration Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Roland Stocker
- Vascular Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia; and Nephrology Research and Training Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham Veterans Administration Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Angiotensin-(1-7) abrogates angiotensin II-induced proliferation, migration and inflammation in VSMCs through inactivation of ROS-mediated PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK signaling pathways. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34621. [PMID: 27687768 PMCID: PMC5043354 DOI: 10.1038/srep34621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The proliferation, migration and inflammation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of several cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis and hypertension. Angiotensin (Ang)-(1–7) and Ang II are identified to be involved in regulating cardiovascular activity. The present study is designed to determine the interaction between Ang-(1–7) and Ang II on VSMCs proliferation, migration and inflammation as well as their underlying mechanisms. We found that Ang-(1–7) significantly suppressed the positive effects of Ang II on VSMCs proliferation, migration and inflammation, as well as on induction of the phosphorylation of Akt and ERK1/2 and increase of superoxide anion level and NAD(P)H oxidase activity in VSMCs, whereas Ang-(1–7) alone had no significant effects. This inhibitory effects of Ang-(1–7) were abolished by Mas receptor antagonist A-779. In addition, Ang II type 1 (AT1) receptor antagonist losartan, but not A-779, abolished Ang II induced VSMCs proliferation, migration and inflammation responses. Furthermore, superoxide anion scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) or NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor apocynin inhibited Ang II-induced activation of Akt and ERK1/2 signaling. These results indicate that Ang-(1–7) antagonizes the Ang II-induced VSMC proliferation, migration and inflammation through activation of Mas receptor and then suppression of ROS-dependent PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK signaling pathways.
Collapse
|
5
|
Baicalin Attenuates Hypoxia-Induced Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension to Improve Hypoxic Cor Pulmonale by Reducing the Activity of the p38 MAPK Signaling Pathway and MMP-9. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:2546402. [PMID: 27688788 PMCID: PMC5023842 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2546402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Baicalin has a protective effect on hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension in rats, but the mechanism of this effect remains unclear. Thus, investigating the potential mechanism of this effect was the aim of the present study. Model rats that display hypoxic pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale under control conditions were successfully generated. We measured a series of indicators to observe the levels of pulmonary arterial hypertension, pulmonary arteriole remodeling, and right ventricular remodeling. We assessed the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in the pulmonary arteriole walls and pulmonary tissue homogenates using immunohistochemistry and western blot analyses, respectively. The matrix metalloproteinase- (MMP-) 9 protein and mRNA levels in the pulmonary arteriole walls were measured using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Our results demonstrated that baicalin not only reduced p38 MAPK activation in both the pulmonary arteriole walls and tissue homogenates but also downregulated the protein and mRNA expression levels of MMP-9 in the pulmonary arteriole walls. This downregulation was accompanied by the attenuation of pulmonary hypertension, arteriole remodeling, and right ventricular remodeling. These results suggest that baicalin may attenuate pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale, which are induced by chronic hypoxia, by downregulating the p38 MAPK/MMP-9 pathway.
Collapse
|
6
|
Bader M, Alenina N, Andrade-Navarro MA, Santos RA. MAS and its related G protein-coupled receptors, Mrgprs. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 66:1080-105. [PMID: 25244929 DOI: 10.1124/pr.113.008136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The Mas-related G protein-coupled receptors (Mrgprs or Mas-related genes) comprise a subfamily of receptors named after the first discovered member, Mas. For most Mrgprs, pruriception seems to be the major function based on the following observations: 1) they are relatively promiscuous in their ligand specificity with best affinities for itch-inducing substances; 2) they are expressed in sensory neurons and mast cells in the skin, the main cellular components of pruriception; and 3) they appear in evolution first in tetrapods, which have arms and legs necessary for scratching to remove parasites or other noxious substances from the skin before they create harm. Because parasites coevolved with hosts, each species faced different parasitic challenges, which may explain another striking observation, the multiple independent duplication and expansion events of Mrgpr genes in different species as a consequence of parallel adaptive evolution. Their predominant expression in dorsal root ganglia anticipates additional functions of Mrgprs in nociception. Some Mrgprs have endogenous ligands, such as β-alanine, alamandine, adenine, RF-amide peptides, or salusin-β. However, because the functions of these agonists are still elusive, the physiologic role of the respective Mrgprs needs to be clarified. The best studied Mrgpr is Mas itself. It was shown to be a receptor for angiotensin-1-7 and to exert mainly protective actions in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. This review summarizes the current knowledge about Mrgprs, their evolution, their ligands, their possible physiologic functions, and their therapeutic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bader
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (M.B., N.A., M.A.A.-N.); Charité-University Medicine, Berlin, Germany (M.B.); Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany (M.B.); and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (M.B., N.A., R.A.S.)
| | - Natalia Alenina
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (M.B., N.A., M.A.A.-N.); Charité-University Medicine, Berlin, Germany (M.B.); Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany (M.B.); and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (M.B., N.A., R.A.S.)
| | - Miguel A Andrade-Navarro
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (M.B., N.A., M.A.A.-N.); Charité-University Medicine, Berlin, Germany (M.B.); Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany (M.B.); and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (M.B., N.A., R.A.S.)
| | - Robson A Santos
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (M.B., N.A., M.A.A.-N.); Charité-University Medicine, Berlin, Germany (M.B.); Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany (M.B.); and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (M.B., N.A., R.A.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Klein S, Herath CB, Schierwagen R, Grace J, Haltenhof T, Uschner FE, Strassburg CP, Sauerbruch T, Walther T, Angus PW, Trebicka J. Hemodynamic Effects of the Non-Peptidic Angiotensin-(1-7) Agonist AVE0991 in Liver Cirrhosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138732. [PMID: 26406236 PMCID: PMC4583473 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Although in cirrhosis with portal hypertension levels of the vasoconstrictor angiotensin II are increased, this is accompanied by increased production of angiotensin (Ang)-(1–7), the endogenous ligand of the Mas receptor (MasR), which blunts hepatic fibrosis and decreases hepatic vascular resistance. Therefore, we investigated the effects of the non-peptidic Ang-(1–7) agonist, AVE0991, in experimental cirrhosis. Methods Cirrhosis was induced by bile duct ligation (BDL) or carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) intoxication. The coloured microsphere technique assessed portal and systemic hemodynamic effects of AVE0991 in vivo. Hepatic expression of eNOS, p-eNOS, iNOS, JAK2, ROCK and p-Moesin were analyzed by western blots. Activities of ACE and ACE2 were investigated fluorometrically. Moreover, fibrosis was assessed in BDL rats receiving AVE0991. Results In vivo, AVE0991 decreased portal pressure (PP) in both rat models of cirrhosis. Importantly, systemic effects were not observed. The hepatic effects of AVE0991 were based on upregulation of vasodilating pathways involving p-eNOS and iNOS, as well as by downregulation of the vasoconstrictive pathways (ROCK, p-Moesin). Short-term treatment with AVE0991 decreased the activity of ACE2, long-term treatment did not affect hepatic fibrosis in BDL rats. Conclusions The non-peptidic agonist of Ang-(1–7), AVE0991, decreases portal pressure without influencing systemic pressure. Thus, although it does not inhibit fibrosis, AVE0991 may represent a promising new therapeutic strategy for lowering portal pressure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Klein
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Chandana B. Herath
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Josephine Grace
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tom Haltenhof
- Department of Obstetrics, Centre for Perinatal Medicine, Division of Women and Child Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Frank E. Uschner
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Tilman Sauerbruch
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Walther
- Department of Obstetrics, Centre for Perinatal Medicine, Division of Women and Child Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Peter W. Angus
- Department of Gastronenterology and Hepatology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jonel Trebicka
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Endotoxin-induced skeletal muscle wasting is prevented by angiotensin-(1-7) through a p38 MAPK-dependent mechanism. Clin Sci (Lond) 2015; 129:461-76. [PMID: 25989282 DOI: 10.1042/cs20140840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy induced during sepsis syndrome produced by endotoxin in the form of LPS (lipopolysaccharide), is a pathological condition characterized by the loss of strength and muscle mass, an increase in MHC (myosin heavy chain) degradation, and an increase in the expression of atrogin-1 and MuRF-1 (muscle-specific RING-finger protein 1), two ubiquitin E3 ligases belonging to the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Ang-(1-7) [Angiotensin-(1-7)], through its Mas receptor, has beneficial effects in skeletal muscle. We evaluated in vivo the role of Ang-(1-7) and Mas receptor on the muscle wasting induced by LPS injection into C57BL/10J mice. In vitro studies were performed in murine C2C12 myotubes and isolated myofibres from EDL (extensor digitorum longus) muscle. In addition, the participation of p38 MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) in the Ang-(1-7) effect on the LPS-induced muscle atrophy was evaluated. Our results show that Ang-(1-7) prevents the decrease in the diameter of myofibres and myotubes, the decrease in muscle strength, the diminution in MHC levels and the induction of atrogin-1 and MuRF-1 expression, all of which are induced by LPS. These effects were reversed by using A779, a Mas antagonist. Ang-(1-7) exerts these anti-atrophic effects at least in part by inhibiting the LPS-dependent activation of p38 MAPK both in vitro and in vivo. We have demonstrated for the first time that Ang-(1-7) counteracts the skeletal muscle atrophy induced by endotoxin through a mechanism dependent on the Mas receptor that involves a decrease in p38 MAPK phosphorylation. The present study indicates that Ang-(1-7) is a novel molecule with a potential therapeutic use to improve muscle wasting during endotoxin-induced sepsis syndrome.
Collapse
|
9
|
Li Y, Wang Q, Xu Q, Cai S, Zhou J, Ren B, Sun T, Liu X, Yu H. Valsartan decreases neointimal hyperplasia in balloon-injured rat aortic arteries by upregulating HO-1 and inhibiting angiotensin II type 1 receptor. Life Sci 2014; 110:70-6. [PMID: 25014676 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Upregulation of heme oxygenase (HO)-1 plays an important role in vascular protection. Valsartan attenuates neointimal hyperplasia in animal studies. The objective of this study was to examine the role of HO-1 and angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor in the action of valsartan on neointimal hyperplasia in balloon-injured rat aortic arteries. MAIN METHODS Thirty-six male Wistar rats were randomly divided into the following three groups with twelve rats in each group: control group, surgery (model) group, and valsartan group. Aortic balloon injury was performed to elicit endothelial denudation with a 2F balloon catheter. On days 14 and 28 after injury, blood was harvested to measure bilirubin levels. Aortic arteries were harvested for morphometry analysis, to determine angiotensin II (Ang II) level, and to analyze mRNA or protein expression. KEY FINDINGS Compared with the control group, proliferation and intimal thickening of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) were obvious in the surgery group rats on days 14 and 28 after injury. Valsartan significantly reduced the proliferation and intimal thickening. Additionally, pretreatment with valsartan significantly reduced Ang II levels, AT1 receptor, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) expression. Valsartan increased HO-1 protein and mRNA expression, as well as increased serum bilirubin levels compared with the surgery group. SIGNIFICANCE Valsartan treatment decreased neointimal hyperplasia in balloon-injured rats. The mechanism of action might be linked to the upregulation of HO-1, downregulation of AT1 receptor and inhibition of p38MAPK signal pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yonghong Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Qixin Wang
- Hypertension Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Qingke Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shanglang Cai
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jingwei Zhou
- Department of Emergency, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Beibei Ren
- Department of Emergency, Qingdao's Municipal Hospital, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Tingru Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Haichu Yu
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Angiotensin-(1-7) and angiotensin-(1-9): function in cardiac and vascular remodelling. Clin Sci (Lond) 2014; 126:815-27. [PMID: 24593683 DOI: 10.1042/cs20130436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The RAS (renin-angiotensin system) is integral to cardiovascular physiology; however, dysregulation of this system largely contributes to the pathophysiology of CVD (cardiovascular disease). It is well established that AngII (angiotensin II), the main effector of the RAS, engages the AT1R (angiotensin type 1 receptor) and promotes cell growth, proliferation, migration and oxidative stress, all processes which contribute to remodelling of the heart and vasculature, ultimately leading to the development and progression of various CVDs, including heart failure and atherosclerosis. The counter-regulatory axis of the RAS, which is centred on the actions of ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) and the resultant production of Ang-(1-7) [angiotensin-(1-7)] from AngII, antagonizes the actions of AngII via the receptor Mas, thereby providing a protective role in CVD. More recently, another ACE2 metabolite, Ang-(1-9) [angiotensin-(1-9)], has been reported to be a biologically active peptide within the counter-regulatory axis of the RAS. The present review will discuss the role of the counter-regulatory RAS peptides Ang-(1-7) and Ang-(1-9) in the cardiovascular system, with a focus on their effects in remodelling of the heart and vasculature.
Collapse
|
11
|
Affiliation(s)
- Robson Augusto Santos
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-910, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jiang T, Gao L, Lu J, Zhang YD. ACE2-Ang-(1-7)-Mas Axis in Brain: A Potential Target for Prevention and Treatment of Ischemic Stroke. Curr Neuropharmacol 2013; 11:209-17. [PMID: 23997755 PMCID: PMC3637674 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x11311020007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in brain is a crucial regulator for physiological homeostasis and diseases of cerebrovascular system, such as ischemic stroke. Overactivation of brain Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) - Angiotensin II (Ang II) - Angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) axis was found to be involved in the progress of hypertension, atherosclerosis and thrombogenesis, which increased the susceptibility to ischemic stroke. Besides, brain Ang II levels have been revealed to be increased in ischemic tissues after stroke, and contribute to neural damage through elevating oxidative stress levels and inducing inflammatory response in the ischemic hemisphere via AT1R. In recent years, new components of RAS have been discovered, including ACE2, Angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)] and Mas, which constitute ACE2-Ang-(1-7)-Mas axis. ACE2 converts Ang II to Ang-(1-7), and Ang-(1-7) binds with its receptor Mas, exerting benefical effects in cerebrovascular disease. Through interacting with nitric oxide and bradykinin, Ang-(1-7) could attenuate the development of hypertension and the pathologic progress of atherosclerosis. Besides, its antithrombotic activity also prevents thrombogenic events, which may contribute to reduce the risk of ischemic stroke. In addition, after ischemia insult, ACE2-Ang-(1-7)-Mas has been shown to reduce the cerebral infarct size and improve neurological deficits through its antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. Taken together, activation of the ACE2-Ang-(1-7)-Mas axis may become a novel therapeutic target in prevention and treatment of ischemia stroke, which deserves further investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teng Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Clarke C, Flores-Muñoz M, McKinney CA, Milligan G, Nicklin SA. Regulation of cardiovascular remodeling by the counter-regulatory axis of the renin-angiotensin system. Future Cardiol 2013; 9:23-38. [PMID: 23259473 DOI: 10.2217/fca.12.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The counter-regulatory axis of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a novel therapeutic target in cardiovascular disease. Pathophysiological effects mediated via angiotensin II (Ang II) are well established in regulation of blood pressure, cardiac and vascular remodeling, and renal sodium handling, which lead to disorders such as hypertension and associated end-organ damage, atherosclerosis and heart failure. The counter-regulatory axis of the RAS is centered on the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2/angiotensin-1-7 (Ang-[1-7])/Mas receptor axis and has been shown to inhibit many detrimental phenotypes in cardiovascular disease. More recently, an alternative peptide, angiotensin-(1-9) (Ang-[1-9]), has been reported as a potential new member of this axis. This review will discuss the cardiovascular regulatory roles of Ang-(1-7) and Ang-(1-9) in the counter-regulatory axis of the RAS, and the potential for new therapeutic approaches in cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Clarke
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, 126 University Place, University of Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Suski M, Gębska A, Olszanecki R, Stachowicz A, Uracz D, Madej J, Korbut R. Influence of atorvastatin on angiotensin I metabolism in resting and TNF-α -activated rat vascular smooth muscle cells. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2013; 15:378-83. [PMID: 23390189 DOI: 10.1177/1470320313475907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are essential for maintaining vasculature homeostasis and function. By influence on its growth and activation both proinflammatory cytokines and peptides of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) are potent regulators of VSMCs. Interestingly, angiotensin (Ang) II and Ang-(1-7) elicit opposite effects on VSMC activation, differentiation and proliferation. It has been suggested that statins, besides anti-inflammatory effects, may also modulate VSMC activation by their influence on the RAS. METHODS The effect of atorvastatin on Ang I metabolism in a culture of explanted rat VSMCs was examined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS); expression of mRNA of the main RAS enzymes in VSMC was assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS In VSMC culture Ang-(1-7) was identified as a major product of Ang I metabolism. In this setting, TNF-α (1 ng/ml) caused a decrease in the conversion of Ang I to Ang-(1-7). This effect was accompanied by a decrease of mRNA expression of neutral endopeptidase (NEP) and angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and increase of mRNA of ACE. Interestingly, atorvastatin (3 μM) attenuated the effects of TNF-α on Ang-(1-7) production as well as reversed the influence of TNF-α on ACE and ACE2 expression. CONCLUSIONS Enhancement by atorvastatin of the ACE2/Ang-(1-7) axis in VSMCs could represent a new and beneficial mechanism on cardiovascular action of this widely used drug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Suski
- School of Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Poland
| | - Anna Gębska
- School of Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Poland
| | | | | | - Danuta Uracz
- School of Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Poland
| | - Jozef Madej
- School of Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|