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Mastrangelo M, Manti F, Ricciardi G, Bove R, Greco C, Tolve M, Pisani F. The burden of epilepsy on long-term outcome of genetic developmental and epileptic encephalopathies: A single tertiary center longitudinal retrospective cohort study. Epilepsy Behav 2024; 152:109670. [PMID: 38335860 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2024.109670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This retrospective cohort analysis highlighted neurodevelopmental outcome predictors of genetic developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DEE). PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients' demographic, clinical and molecular genetics data were collected. All patients underwent clinical, developmental, and neuropsychological assessments. RESULTS We recruited 100 participants (53 males, 47 females) with a mean follow-up lasting 10.46 ± 8.37 years. Age at epilepsy-onset was predictive of poor adaptive and cognitive functions (VABS-II score, r = 0.350, p = 0.001; BRIEF control subscale, r = -0.253; p = 0.031). Duration of epilepsy correlated negatively with IQ (r = -0.234, p = 0.019) and VABS-II score (r = -0.367, p = 0.001). Correlations were found between delayed/lacking EEG maturation/organization and IQ (r = 0.587, p = 0.001), VABS-II score (r = 0.658, p = 0.001), BRIEF-MI and BRIEF-GEC scores (r = -0.375, p = 0.001; r = -0.236, p = 0.033), ASEBA anxiety (r = -0.220, p = 0.047) and ADHD (r = -0.233, p = 0.035) scores. The number of antiseizure medications (ASMs) correlated with IQ (r = -0.414, p = 0.001), VABS-II (r = -0.496, p = 0.001), and BRIEF-MI (r = 0.294, p = 0.012) scores; while age at the beginning of therapy with ASEBA anxiety score (r = 0.272, p = 0.013). The occurrence of status epilepticus was associated with worse adaptive performances. The linear regression analysis model showed that delayed/lacking EEG maturation/organization had a significant influence on the IQ (R2 = 0.252, p < 0.001) and the BRIEF-GEC variability (R2 = 0.042, p = 0.036). The delayed/lacking EEG maturation/organization and the duration of epilepsy also had a significant influence on the VABS-II score (R2 = 0.455, p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS Age at seizure-onset, EEG maturation/organization, duration of epilepsy, occurrence of status epilepticus, age at the introduction and number of ASMs used are reliable predictors of long-term outcomes in patients with genetic DEE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Mastrangelo
- Department of Women/Child Health and Urological Science, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Policlinico Umberto, Rome, Italy.
| | - Filippo Manti
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Policlinico Umberto, Rome, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomina Ricciardi
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Bove
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Greco
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Tolve
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Pisani
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Policlinico Umberto, Rome, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Benaiteau M, Valton L, Gardy L, Denuelle M, Debs R, Wucher V, Rulquin F, Barbeau EJ, Bonneville F, Pariente J, Curot J. Specific profiles of new-onset vs. non-inaugural status epilepticus: From diagnosis to 1-year outcome. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1101370. [PMID: 36860570 PMCID: PMC9969963 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1101370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
While new-onset status epilepticus (NOSE) is a harbinger of chronic epilepsy, prospective medical data are sparse in terms of specifying whether the evolution of status epilepticus (SE) and seizure expression in NOSE resembles what occurs in patients who have already been diagnosed with epilepsy [non-inaugural SE (NISE)] in all aspects apart from its inaugural nature. The aim of this study was to compare the clinical, MRI, and EEG features that could distinguish NOSE from NISE. We conducted a prospective monocentric study in which all patients ≥18 years admitted for SE over a 6-month period were included. A total of 109 patients (63 NISE and 46 NOSE cases) were included. Despite similar modified Rankin scores before SE, several aspects of the clinical history distinguished NOSE from NISE patients. NOSE patients were older and frequently had neurological comorbidity and preexisting cognitive decline, but they had a similar prevalence of alcohol consumption to NISE patients. NOSE and NISE evolve in the same proportions as refractory SE (62.5% NOSE, 61% NISE) and share common features such as the same incidence (33% NOSE, 42% NISE, and p = 0.53) and volumes of peri-ictal abnormalities on MRI. However, in NOSE patients, we observed greater non-convulsive semiology (21.7% NOSE, 6% NISE, and p = 0.02), more periodic lateral discharges on EEG (p = 0.004), later diagnosis, and higher severity according to the STESS and EMSE scales (p < 0.0001). Mortality occurred in 32.6% of NOSE patients and 21% of NISE patients at 1 year (p = 0.19), but with different causes of death occurring at different time points: more early deaths directly linked to SE at 1 month occurred in the NOSE group, while there were more remote deaths linked to causal brain lesions in the NISE group at final follow-up. In survivors, 43.6% of the NOSE cases developed into epilepsy. Despite acute causal brain lesions, the novelty related to its inaugural nature is still too often associated with a delay in diagnosing SE and a poorer outcome, which justifies the need to more clearly specify the various types of SE to constantly raise awareness among clinicians. These results highlight the relevance of including novelty-related criteria, clinical history, and temporality of occurrence in the nosology of SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Benaiteau
- French Reference Center on Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis, University Hospital of Lyon HCL, Lyon, France,Neurology Department, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France,*Correspondence: Marie Benaiteau ✉
| | - Luc Valton
- Neurology Department, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France,Brain and Cognition Research Center (CerCo), French National Scientific Research Center, UMR5549, Toulouse, France,Luc Valton ✉
| | - Ludovic Gardy
- Brain and Cognition Research Center (CerCo), French National Scientific Research Center, UMR5549, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie Denuelle
- Neurology Department, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France,Brain and Cognition Research Center (CerCo), French National Scientific Research Center, UMR5549, Toulouse, France
| | - Rachel Debs
- Neurology Department, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Valentin Wucher
- French Reference Center on Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis, University Hospital of Lyon HCL, Lyon, France,Synaptopathies and Autoantibodies (SynatAc) Team, NeuroMyoGene-MeLis Institute, INSERM U1314/CNRS UMR 5284, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Florence Rulquin
- Neurology Department, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Emmanuel J. Barbeau
- Brain and Cognition Research Center (CerCo), French National Scientific Research Center, UMR5549, Toulouse, France,Faculty of Health, University of Toulouse-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Fabrice Bonneville
- Faculty of Health, University of Toulouse-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France,INSERM, U1214, Toulouse Neuro Imaging Center (ToNIC), Toulouse, France,Neuroradiology Department, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Jérémie Pariente
- Neurology Department, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France,Faculty of Health, University of Toulouse-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France,INSERM, U1214, Toulouse Neuro Imaging Center (ToNIC), Toulouse, France
| | - Jonathan Curot
- Neurology Department, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France,Brain and Cognition Research Center (CerCo), French National Scientific Research Center, UMR5549, Toulouse, France,Faculty of Health, University of Toulouse-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France,Jonathan Curot ✉
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Dean P, O'Hara K, Brooks L, Shinnar R, Bougher G, Santilli N. Managing Acute Seizures: New Rescue Delivery Option and Resources to Assist School Nurses. NASN Sch Nurse 2021; 36:346-354. [PMID: 34189971 PMCID: PMC8586177 DOI: 10.1177/1942602x211026333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 470,000 children and adolescents in the United States have epilepsy, 30% of whom experience seizures despite antiseizure drug regimens. School nurses, teachers, caregivers, and parents play integral roles in implementing a care plan that avoids triggers, recognizes signs, and provides supportive care—ideally, guided by a patient-specific seizure action plan, which may include the use of rescue medication. Benzodiazepines are the mainstay of seizure rescue medication; for decades, rectally administered diazepam was the only approved rescue medication for seizure clusters outside the hospital setting. However, rectal administration has limitations that could delay treatment (e.g., social acceptability, removal of clothing, positioning). More recently, intranasal midazolam (for patients ≥12 years) and intranasal diazepam (for patients ≥6 years) were approved for this indication. Training and education regarding newer forms of rescue medication should improve confidence in the ability to treat seizures in school with the goal of increasing the safety of students with epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Dean
- Epilepsy Program Specialist, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami, FL
| | - Kathryn O'Hara
- Clinical Research Nurse, Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Lai Brooks
- Senior Director of the Neuroscience Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | - Genei Bougher
- Vice President/Subinvestigator, Northwest Florida Clinical Research Group, LLC, Gulf Breeze, FL
| | - Nancy Santilli
- Global Managing Director, Human Care Systems, Boston, MA
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Liu Y, Chen J, Jin M, Li Z, Tian T, Li L, Ni H. Relationship between changes in mitochondrial function and hippocampal neuronal apoptosis after recurrent convulsion during developmental stage. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:127-132. [PMID: 29896232 PMCID: PMC5995061 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to establish a recurrent convulsion model during the developmental stage using inhalation of flurothyl, and to observe the relationship between the changes in mitochondrial function in hippocampal neurons and hippocampal neuronal apoptosis after recurrent convulsion. A total of 36 Sprague-Dawley male rats were selected and randomly divided into the control (NS) group and recurrent-seizure (RS) group for 0, 1.5, 3, 12 and 24 h. After the last seizure the rats were subdivided with 6 animals in each group. Rats in the seizure group inhaled flurothyl repeatedly to induce status convulsivus, 30 min once daily, for 7 consecutive days, while the same operation was conducted in the control group without inhalation of flurothyl. At each time-point after the last seizure, blood was taken from the heart, followed by decapitation and immediate removal of the brain. Half of the brain tissue was immediately fixed in 10% paraformaldehyde to prepare paraffin-embedded tissues for hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) histological staining. Hippocampus was taken from the other half of the brain and stored at -80°C. Changes in mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) in hippocampal neurons were detected by flow cytometer. Dynamic changes of mitochondrial fusion and division-related genes, mitochondrial fusion protein 2 (Mfn2) and dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), in the hippocampus after recurrent convulsion were observed using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)and western blot analysis. The expression of caspase-3 and cytochrome c (Cyt c) was determined by RT-PCR and western blot analysis. After successful establishment of the recurrent convulsion model in rats during developmental stage using flurothyl, H&E staining results exhibited that in the CA1 region of hippocampus in the NS group, karyopyknosis occurred in nucleus that was stained to be brown and yellow, and the expression peak of apoptotic cells mainly existed at 24 h after the last convulsion. RT-PCR and western analysis revealed that apoptosis-related gene caspase-3 expression in the RS group was elevated at 1.5 h after the last convulsion, and lasted 24 h after convulsion. Detection results of mitochondrial ΔΨm revealed a significant reduction 1.5, 3 and 12 h after convulsion in hippocampal neurons of experimental rats, which reached the trough at 12 h, and rapidly increased after 24 h. The expression of Mfn2 mRNA in the RS group was significantly lower than that in the control group, while the expression of Drp1 mRNA in RS group was distinctly higher than that in the control group. RT-PCR and western blot analysis revealed that, mitochondrial apoptosis-related gene Cyt c expression was increased at 3 h after the last convulsion, and lasted 24 h after convulsion. Correlation analysis showed that the changes in mitochondrial function were closely related to neuronal apoptosis. The results of the study show that apoptosis exists in the hippocampus of rats after recurrent convulsion, which is closely related to the changes in mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueying Liu
- Neurology Laboratory, Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215003, P.R. China
| | - Jieru Chen
- Neurology Laboratory, Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215003, P.R. China
| | - Meifang Jin
- Neurology Laboratory, Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215003, P.R. China
| | - Zhenhong Li
- Neurology Laboratory, Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215003, P.R. China
| | - Tian Tian
- Neurology Laboratory, Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215003, P.R. China
| | - Lili Li
- Neurology Laboratory, Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215003, P.R. China
| | - Hong Ni
- Neurology Laboratory, Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215003, P.R. China
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5
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Liu L, Liu L, Shi J, Tan M, Xiong J, Li X, Hu Q, Yi Z, Mao D. MicroRNA-34b mediates hippocampal astrocyte apoptosis in a rat model of recurrent seizures. BMC Neurosci 2016; 17:56. [PMID: 27514646 PMCID: PMC4981991 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-016-0291-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recurrent convulsions can cause irreversible astrocyte death, impede neuron regeneration, and further aggravate brain damage. MicroRNAs have been revealed as players in the progression of numerous diseases including cancer and Alzheimer’s disease. Particularly, microRNA has been found linked to seizure-induced neuronal death. In this study, a rat model of recurrent convulsions induced by flurothyl treatments was utilised to assess the alterations of microRNA expressions in hippocampus tissues. We also applied an in vitro model in which primary astrocytes were exposed to kainic acid to verify the targets of miR-34b-5p identified in the animal model. Results We discovered that miR-34b-5p, a member of the miR-34 family, increased significantly in flurothyl-treated rat hippocampus tissue. More surprisingly, this upregulation occurred concurrently with accumulating astrocyte apoptosis, indicating the involvement of miR-34b-5p in seizures caused astrocyte apoptosis. Results from the in vitro experiments further demonstrated that miR-34b-5p directly targeted Bcl-2 mRNA, translationally repressed Bcl-2 protein, and thus modulated cell apoptosis by influencing Bcl-2, Bax, and Caspase-3. Conclusion Our findings prove microRNAs play a role in mediating recurrent convulsions-induced astrocyte death and further indicate that miR-34b-5p could acts as a regulator for astrocyte apoptosis induced by recurrent seizures. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12868-016-0291-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 86 Renmin Middle Rd, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingjuan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 86 Renmin Middle Rd, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayun Shi
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 86 Renmin Middle Rd, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Menglin Tan
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 86 Renmin Middle Rd, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Xiong
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 86 Renmin Middle Rd, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingfang Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 86 Renmin Middle Rd, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingpeng Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 86 Renmin Middle Rd, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuwen Yi
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 86 Renmin Middle Rd, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ding'an Mao
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 86 Renmin Middle Rd, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
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Liraz-Zaltsman S, Yaka R, Shabashov D, Shohami E, Biegon A. Neuroinflammation-Induced Memory Deficits Are Amenable to Treatment with D-Cycloserine. J Mol Neurosci 2016; 60:46-62. [PMID: 27421842 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-016-0786-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive deficits, especially memory loss, are common following many types of brain insults which are associated with neuroinflammation, although the underlying mechanisms are not entirely clear. The present study aimed to characterize the long-term cognitive and behavioral impairments in a mouse model of neuroinflammation in the absence of other insults and to evaluate the therapeutic potential of D-cycloserine (DCS). DCS is a co-agonist of the NMDA receptor that ameliorates cognitive deficits in models of TBI and stroke. Using a mouse model of global neuroinflammation induced by intracisternal (i.c.) administration of endotoxin (LPS), we found long-lasting microgliosis, memory deficits, impaired LTP, and reduced levels of the obligatory NR1 subunit of the NMDA receptor. A single administration of DCS, 1 day after i.c. LPS reduced microgliosis, reversed the cognitive deficits and restored LTP and NR1 levels. These results demonstrate that neuroinflammation alone, in the absence of trauma or ischemia, can cause persistent (>6 months) memory deficits linked to deranged NNMDA receptor function and suggest a possible role for NMDA co-agonists in reducing the cognitive sequelae of neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigal Liraz-Zaltsman
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel.
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Rami Yaka
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dalia Shabashov
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Esther Shohami
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Anat Biegon
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Department of Neurology, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, USA
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Flannery BM, Silverman JL, Bruun DA, Puhger KR, McCoy MR, Hammock BD, Crawley JN, Lein PJ. Behavioral assessment of NIH Swiss mice acutely intoxicated with tetramethylenedisulfotetramine. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2014; 47:36-45. [PMID: 25446016 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine (TETS) is a potent convulsant poison that is thought to trigger seizures by inhibiting the function of the type A gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor (GABAAR). Acute intoxication with TETS can cause vomiting, convulsions, status epilepticus (SE) and even death. Clinical case reports indicate that individuals who survive poisoning may exhibit long-term neuropsychological issues and cognitive deficits. Therefore, the objective of this research was to determine whether a recently described mouse model of acute TETS intoxication exhibits persistent behavioral deficits. Young adult male NIH Swiss mice received a seizure-inducing dose of TETS (0.15mg/kg, ip) and then were rescued from lethality by administration of diazepam (5mg/kg, ip) approximately 20min post-TETS-exposure. TETS-intoxicated mice typically exhibited 2 clonic seizures prior to administration of diazepam with no subsequent seizures post-diazepam injection as assessed using behavioral criteria. Seizures lasted an average of 72s. Locomotor activity, anxiety-like and depression-relevant behaviors and cognition were assessed at 1week, 1month and 2months post-TETS exposure using open field, elevated-plus maze, light↔dark transitions, tail suspension, forced swim and novel object recognition tasks. Interestingly, preliminary validation tests indicated that NIH Swiss mice do not respond to the shock in fear conditioning tasks. Subsequent evaluation of hot plate and tail flick nociception tasks revealed that this strain exhibits significantly decreased pain sensitivity relative to age- and sex-matched C57BL/6J mice, which displayed normal contextual fear conditioning. NIH Swiss mice acutely intoxicated with TETS exhibited no significant anxiety-related, depression-relevant, learning or memory deficits relative to vehicle controls at any of the time points assessed with the exception of significantly increased locomotor activity at 2months post-TETS intoxication. The general absence of long-term behavioral deficits in TETS-intoxicated mice on these six assays suggests that the neurobehavioral consequences of TETS exposure described in human survivors of acute TETS intoxication are likely due to sustained seizure activity, rather than a direct effect of the chemical itself. Future research efforts are directed toward developing an animal model that better recapitulates the SE and seizure duration reported in humans acutely intoxicated with TETS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenna M Flannery
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Jill L Silverman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA; MIND Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.
| | - Donald A Bruun
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Kyle R Puhger
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA; MIND Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.
| | - Mark R McCoy
- Department of Entomology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA; UCDMC Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.
| | - Jacqueline N Crawley
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA; MIND Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.
| | - Pamela J Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA; MIND Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.
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Akman O, Moshé SL, Galanopoulou AS. Sex-specific consequences of early life seizures. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 72 Pt B:153-66. [PMID: 24874547 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Seizures are very common in the early periods of life and are often associated with poor neurologic outcome in humans. Animal studies have provided evidence that early life seizures may disrupt neuronal differentiation and connectivity, signaling pathways, and the function of various neuronal networks. There is growing experimental evidence that many signaling pathways, like GABAA receptor signaling, the cellular physiology and differentiation, or the functional maturation of certain brain regions, including those involved in seizure control, mature differently in males and females. However, most experimental studies of early life seizures have not directly investigated the importance of sex on the consequences of early life seizures. The sexual dimorphism of the developing brain raises the question that early seizures could have distinct effects in immature females and males that are subjected to seizures. We will first discuss the evidence for sex-specific features of the developing brain that could be involved in modifying the susceptibility and consequences of early life seizures. We will then review how sex-related biological factors could modify the age-specific consequences of induced seizures in the immature animals. These include signaling pathways (e.g., GABAA receptors), steroid hormones, growth factors. Overall, there are very few studies that have specifically addressed seizure outcomes in developing animals as a function of sex. The available literature indicates that a variety of outcomes (histopathological, behavioral, molecular, epileptogenesis) may be affected in a sex-, age-, region-specific manner after seizures during development. Obtaining a better understanding for the gender-related mechanisms underlying epileptogenesis and seizure comorbidities will be necessary to develop better gender and age appropriate therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozlem Akman
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Bilim University, 34394 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Solomon L Moshé
- Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Developmental Epilepsy, Montefiore Epilepsy Management Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA; Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Aristea S Galanopoulou
- Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Developmental Epilepsy, Montefiore Epilepsy Management Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA; Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
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9
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Cross JH, Wait S, Arzimanoglou A, Beghi E, Bennett C, Lagae L, Mifsud J, Schmidt D, Harvey G. Are we failing to provide adequate rescue medication to children at risk of prolonged convulsive seizures in schools? Arch Dis Child 2013; 98:777-80. [PMID: 23899921 PMCID: PMC3786609 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2013-304089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This paper explores the issues that arise from the discussion of administering rescue medication to children who experience prolonged convulsive seizures in mainstream schools in the UK. SITUATION ANALYSIS Current guidelines recommend immediate treatment of children with such seizures (defined as seizures lasting more than 5 min) to prevent progression to status epilepticus and neurological morbidity. As children are unconscious during prolonged convulsive seizures, whether or not they receive their treatment in time depends on the presence of a teacher or other member of staff trained and able to administer rescue medication. However, it is thought that the situation varies between schools and depends mainly on the goodwill and resources available locally. RECOMMENDATIONS A more systematic response is needed to ensure that children receive rescue medication regardless of where their seizure occurs. Possible ways forward include: greater use of training resources for schools available from epilepsy voluntary sector organisations; consistent, practical information to schools; transparent guidance outlining a clear care pathway from the hospital to the school; and implementation and adherence to each child's individual healthcare plan. IMPLICATIONS Children requiring emergency treatment for prolonged convulsive seizures during school hours test the goals of integrated, person-centred care as well as joined-up working to which the National Health Service (NHS) aspires. As changes to the NHS come into play and local services become reconfigured, every effort should be made to take account of the particular needs of this vulnerable group of children within broader efforts to improve the quality of paediatric epilepsy services overall.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Helen Cross
- UCL Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK,Young Epilepsy, Lingfield, UK
| | | | - Alexis Arzimanoglou
- Epilepsy, Sleep and Paediatric Neurophysiology Department, University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Lyon, France
| | - Ettore Beghi
- IRCCS, Institute for Pharmacological Research “Mario Negri”, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Lieven Lagae
- Neuro-musculo-skeletal Research Unit, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Janet Mifsud
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
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