Ecological effects, remediation, distribution, and sensing techniques of chromium

Chromium is detected in most ecosystems due to the increased anthropogenic activities in addition to that developed from natural pollution. Chromium contamination in the food chain results due to its persistent and non-degradable nature. The release of chromium in the ecosystem accretes and thereafter impacts different life forms, including humans, aquatic and terrestrial organisms. Leaching of chromium into the ground and surface water triggers several health ailments, such as dermatitis, eczematous skin, allergic reactions, mucous and skin membrane ulcerations, allergic asthmatic reactions, bronchial carcinoma and gastroenteritis. Physiological and biological treatments for the removal of chromium have been discussed in depth in the present communication. Adsorption and biological treatment methods are proven to be alternatives to chemical removal techniques in terms of cost-effectiveness and low sludge formation. Chromium sensing is an alternative approach for regular monitoring of chromium in different water bodies. This review intended to explore different classes of sensors for chromium monitoring. However, the spectrochemical methods are more sensitive in chromium ions sensing than electrochemical methods. Future study should focus on miniaturization for portability and on-site measurements without requiring a large instrument provides a good aspect for future research.

Application of Potentiometric Sensors in Real Samples

Potentiometry is one of the most important electrochemical methods and potentiometric based sensors have been extensively studied by researchers for many years. The fact that potentiometric sensors have several advantages over other analytical devices is another reason for intensive research on the topic. In this area, hundreds of different sensors have been developed till today and introduced into the literature. The successful use of the developed sensors, particularly in real sample analysis, has made potentiometric sensors the center of attention. In this review, we highlight the studies which have been successfully applied to the developed drug samples and also to many real samples, with high recovery rates.