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Leandro LF, Moraes TS, Damasceno JL, Veneziani RCS, Ambrosio SR, Bastos JK, Santiago MB, Pedroso RS, Martins CHG. Antibacterial, antibiofilm, and antivirulence potential of the main diterpenes from Copaifera spp. oleoresins against multidrug-resistant bacteria. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024:10.1007/s00210-024-03077-9. [PMID: 38619589 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03077-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
To evaluate the antibacterial, antibiofilm and antivirulence potential of the main diterpenes from Copaifera spp. oleoresins against multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. Antimicrobial assays included determination of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC), Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Biofilm (MICB50), as well as synergistic and antivirulence assays for eight diterpenes against MDR. The tests revealed that two diterpenes (named 1 and 5) showed the best results, with MIC and MBC between 12.5 and 50 μg/mL against most MDR bacteria. These diterpenes exhibited promising MICB50 in concentration between 3.12-25 μg/mL but showed no synergistic antimicrobial activity. In the assessment of antivirulence activity, diterpenes 1 and 5 inhibited only one of the virulence factors evaluated (Dnase) produced by some strains of S. aureus at subinhibitory concentration (6.25 μg/mL). Results obtained indicated that diterpenes isolated from Copaifera oleoresin plays an important part in the search of new antibacterial and antibiofilm agents that can act against MDR bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Leandro
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial Testing, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia - UFU, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, 38405-320, Brazil
| | - T S Moraes
- Nucleus of Research in Sciences and Technology, University of Franca - UNIFRAN, Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J L Damasceno
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial Testing, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia - UFU, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, 38405-320, Brazil
| | - R C S Veneziani
- Nucleus of Research in Sciences and Technology, University of Franca - UNIFRAN, Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - S R Ambrosio
- Nucleus of Research in Sciences and Technology, University of Franca - UNIFRAN, Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J K Bastos
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo - USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M B Santiago
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial Testing, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia - UFU, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, 38405-320, Brazil
| | - R S Pedroso
- Technical School of Health, Federal University of Uberlândia - UFU, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - C H G Martins
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial Testing, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia - UFU, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, 38405-320, Brazil.
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Li E, Li S, Wang S, Li Q, Pang D, Yang Q, Zhu Q, Zou Y. Antibacterial Effects of Ramulus mori Oligosaccharides against Streptococcus mutans. Foods 2023; 12:3182. [PMID: 37685114 PMCID: PMC10486356 DOI: 10.3390/foods12173182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ramulus mori has been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine because of its physiological activities, including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. Antimicrobial properties of Ramulus mori extract have been well described. However, no information is available regarding on Ramulus mori oligosaccharides (RMOS). The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of RMOS on the growth and virulence properties of the cariogenic bacterium Streptococcus mutans. The effects of RMOS on the biofilm structure and virulence gene expression of S. mutans were also evaluated, and the results were compared with the effects of commercial prebiotic galactooligosaccharides. RMOS were found to have an antibacterial effect against S. mutans, resulting in significant reductions in acid production, lactate dehydrogenase activity, adhesion, insoluble extracellular polysaccharide production, glucosyltransferase activity, and biofilm formation in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, the biofilm structure was visibly damaged. A quantitative real-time PCR assay revealed downregulation of virulence gene-regulated acid production, polysaccharide production, adhesion, biofilm formation, and quorum sensing. These findings suggest that RMOS may be a promising natural product for the prevention of dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erna Li
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510610, China; (E.L.)
| | - Shipei Li
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510610, China; (E.L.)
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Siyuan Wang
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510610, China; (E.L.)
| | - Qian Li
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510610, China; (E.L.)
| | - Daorui Pang
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510610, China; (E.L.)
| | - Qiong Yang
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510610, China; (E.L.)
| | - Qiaoling Zhu
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yuxiao Zou
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510610, China; (E.L.)
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Park SY, Raka RN, Hui XL, Song Y, Sun JL, Xiang J, Wang J, Jin JM, Li XK, Xiao JS, Wu H. Six Spain Thymus essential oils composition analysis and their in vitro and in silico study against Streptococcus mutans. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:106. [PMID: 37020229 PMCID: PMC10074788 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-03928-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptococcus mutans is a well-known oral pathogen that plays a critical role in the development of dental caries. Many studies have been directed to discover the chemical compounds present in natural products to inhibit the growth and biofilm formation activity of S. mutans. Thymus essential oils exhibit good inhibition on the growth and pathogenesis of S. mutans. However, details about the active compounds in Thymus essential oil and the inhibition mechanism still remain unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of 6 Thymus species (Three samples of Thymus vulgaris, two samples of Thymus zygis, and one sample of Thymus satureioides essential oils) on S. mutans, to identify the potential active components, and to reveal the underlying mechanism. METHODS The composition of Thymus essential oils was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. And its antibacterial effect was evaluated based on the bacterial growth, acid production, biofilm formation and genetic expression of virulence factors by S. mutans. Potential active components of the Thymus essential oil were identified using molecular docking and correlation analysis. RESULTS GC-MS analysis showed that the major components in the 6 Spain Thymus essential oils were linalool, α-terpineol, p-cymene, thymol and carvacrol. MIC and MBC analysis showed that 3 Thymus essential oils showed very sensitive antimicrobial activity, and were chosen for further analysis. The 3 Thymus essential oil exhibited a significant inhibitory effect on acid production, adherence and biofilm formation of S. mutans and the expression of virulence genes, such as brpA, gbpB, gtfB, gtfC, gtfD, vicR, spaP and relA. Correlation analysis showed that phenolic components, such as carvacrol and thymol, were positively related to DIZ value, which suggests that they are the potential antimicrobial components. Molecular docking between the Thymus essential oil components and virulence proteins also found that carvacrol and thymol exhibited strong binding affinity with functional domains of virulence genes. CONCLUSIONS Thymus essential oil showed significant inhibition against the growth and pathogenesis of S. mutans depending on their composition and concentration. And phenolic compounds, such as carvacrol and thymol, are the major active components. Thymus essential oil could be used in oral healthcare products as a potential anti-caries ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Yeon Park
- College of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Building No.1, Fucheng Road 11#, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Rifat Nowshin Raka
- College of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Building No.1, Fucheng Road 11#, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Xiu-Li Hui
- Department of Stomatology, General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Song
- College of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Building No.1, Fucheng Road 11#, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Jin-Long Sun
- Department of Stomatology, General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Xiang
- College of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Building No.1, Fucheng Road 11#, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Juan Wang
- College of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Building No.1, Fucheng Road 11#, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Jian-Ming Jin
- College of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Building No.1, Fucheng Road 11#, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Xu-Kai Li
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Minor Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Jun-Song Xiao
- College of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Building No.1, Fucheng Road 11#, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Hua Wu
- College of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Building No.1, Fucheng Road 11#, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China.
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Moon K, Hwang S, Lee HJ, Jo E, Kim JN, Cha J. Identification of the antibacterial action mechanism of diterpenoids through transcriptome profiling. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:945023. [PMID: 35958135 PMCID: PMC9360744 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.945023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective antibacterial substances of Aralia continentalis have anti-biofilm and bactericidal activity to the oral pathogen Streptococcus mutans. In this study, three compounds extracted from A. continentalis were identified as acanthoic acid, continentalic acid, and kaurenoic acid by NMR and were further investigated how these diterpenoids affect the physiology of the S. mutans. When S. mutans was exposed to individual or mixed fraction of diterpenoids, severe growth defects and unique morphology were observed. The proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in the cell membrane was increased compared to that of saturated fatty acids in the presence of diterpenoids. Genome-wide gene expression profiles with RNA-seq were compared to reveal the mode of action of diterpenoids. Streptococcus mutans commonly enhanced the expression of 176 genes in the presence of the individual diterpenoids, whereas the expression of 232 genes was considerably reduced. The diterpenoid treatment modulated the expression of genes or operon(s) involved in cell membrane synthesis, cell division, and carbohydrate metabolism of S. mutans. Collectively, these findings provide novel insights into the antibacterial effect of diterpenoids to control S. mutans infection, which causes human dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keumok Moon
- Microbiological Resource Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Sungmin Hwang
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyeon-Jeong Lee
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Eunhye Jo
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Jeong Nam Kim
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Jeong Nam Kim,
| | - Jaeho Cha
- Microbiological Resource Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
- Jaeho Cha,
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Cai S, Meng K, Liu P, Cao X, Wang G. Suppressive effects of gecko cathelicidin on biofilm formation and cariogenic virulence factors of Streptococcus mutans. Arch Oral Biol 2021; 129:105205. [PMID: 34237581 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2021.105205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aims of this study were to investigate the effectivity of gecko cathelicidin Gj-CATH2 on biofilm formation and cariogenic virulence factors of S. mutans, and preliminary explore its function mechanisms. DESIGN Minimum inhibitory concentration and bacterial killing kinetics assays were performed to assess the antimicrobial effect of Gj-CATH2.The influence of Gj-CATH2 on S. mutans biofilm formation was determined by crystal violet staining method and observed by SEM. The effects of Gj-CATH2 on exopolysaccharides (EPS) synthesis, bacterial aggregation, acidogenicity and aciduricity of S. mutans were also investigated. Quantitative real-time PCR was conducted to acquire the expression profile of related genes. RESULTS Gj-CATH2 showed strong bactericidal and anti-biofilm effects on S. mutans. SEM confirmed the reduction of the dense structure in S. mutans biofilm in Gj-CATH2-treated groups. Gj-CATH2 significantly inhibited EPS synthesis, cell aggregation, acid production of S. mutans, but showed no influence on its acid proof. Furthermore, the expression of genes related to biofilm formation (gtfB/C/D, gbpB/D), quorum sensing system (luxS and comD/E) and acidogenicity (ldh) was significantly suppressed by Gj-CATH2. Gj-CATH2 also displayed advantageous resistance in human saliva and exhibited negligible toxicity against mammalian cells. CONCLUSIONS Gj-CATH2 inhibited S. mutans biofilm formation by targeting the bacterial adhesion and the biofilm maturation stages. Gj-CATH2 significantly suppressed virulence factors production of S. mutans, resulting in decreased EPS synthesis and reduced acidogenicity of bacteria. These findings suggest Gj-CATH2 might be a promising agent for clinical application in prevention of dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Cai
- College of Medical Engineering & the Key Laboratory for Medical Functional Nanomaterials, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067, China.
| | - Kai Meng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Birth Defect Research and Transformation of Shandong Province, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067, China
| | - Peng Liu
- College of Medical Engineering & the Key Laboratory for Medical Functional Nanomaterials, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067, China
| | - Xianting Cao
- College of Medical Engineering & the Key Laboratory for Medical Functional Nanomaterials, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067, China
| | - Guannan Wang
- College of Medical Engineering & the Key Laboratory for Medical Functional Nanomaterials, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067, China.
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Liu Y, Han L, Yang H, Liu S, Huang C. Effect of apigenin on surface-associated characteristics and adherence of Streptococcus mutans. Dent Mater J 2020; 39:933-940. [PMID: 33028784 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2019-255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Apigenin is a type of flavonols that exhibits anti-caries properties. Bacterial adherence is the initial step in the forming of a stable biofilm that leads to caries. Bacterial adherence is affected by surface characteristics, including hydrophobicity and bacterial aggregation. However, the effect of apigenin on surface characteristics of cariogenic bacteria has not been reported. We aimed to examine the effects of apigenin on adherence and biofilm formation of Streptococcus mutans UA159. Hydrophobicity and bacterial aggregation, pac and gbpC gene expressions, and cytotoxicity on human dental pulp cells were also determined. Apigenin significantly inhibited the adherence and biofilm formation of S. mutans. Hydrophobicity decreased, whereas the aggregation rate was significantly increased compared with the control. Apigenin significantly suppressed pac and gbpC gene expressions. Apigenin exhibited acceptable biocompatibility on hDPCs. Thus, apigeinin may affect adherence and biofilm formation by altering the surface properties of S. mutans without obvious adverse effect on hDPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinchen Liu
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University
| | - Lin Han
- Department of Dermatology, CR and WISCO General Hospital
| | - Hongye Yang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University
| | - Siying Liu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University
| | - Cui Huang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University
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Chen X, Daliri EBM, Kim N, Kim JR, Yoo D, Oh DH. Microbial Etiology and Prevention of Dental Caries: Exploiting Natural Products to Inhibit Cariogenic Biofilms. Pathogens 2020; 9:E569. [PMID: 32674310 PMCID: PMC7400585 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9070569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental caries is one of the most common microbe-mediated oral diseases in human beings. At present, the accepted etiology of caries is based on a four-factor theory that includes oral microorganisms, oral environment, host, and time. Excessive exposure to dietary carbohydrates leads to the accumulation of acid-producing and acid-resistant microorganisms in the mouth. Dental caries is driven by dysbiosis of the dental biofilm adherent to the enamel surface. Effective preventive methods include inhibiting the cariogenic microorganisms, treatment with an anti-biofilm agent, and sugar intake control. The goal is to reduce the total amount of biofilm or the levels of specific pathogens. Natural products could be recommended for preventing dental caries, since they may possess fewer side effects in comparison with synthetic antimicrobials. Herein, the mechanisms of oral microbial community development and functional specialization are discussed. We highlight the application of widely explored natural products in the last five years for their ability to inhibit cariogenic microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuqin Chen
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea; (X.C.); (E.B.-M.D.); (N.K.)
| | - Eric Banan-Mwine Daliri
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea; (X.C.); (E.B.-M.D.); (N.K.)
| | - Namhyeon Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea; (X.C.); (E.B.-M.D.); (N.K.)
| | - Jong-Rae Kim
- Hanmi Natural Nutrition Co., LTD 44-20, Tongil-ro 1888 beon-gil, Munsan, Paju, Gyeonggi 10808, Korea;
| | - Daesang Yoo
- H-FOOD, 108-66, 390 gil, Jingun Oh Nam-Ro, Nam Yang, Ju-Shi, Gyung Gi-Do 12041, Korea;
| | - Deog-Hwan Oh
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea; (X.C.); (E.B.-M.D.); (N.K.)
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Zhang L, Xu Q, Zhan D, Zhang H, Xia G, Zhu J, Zang H. Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Essential Oil from Roots of Aralia continentalis. Chem Nat Compd 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-020-03087-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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The ethanolic extract of Aralia continentalis ameliorates cognitive deficits via modifications of BDNF expression and anti-inflammatory effects in a rat model of post-traumatic stress disorder. Altern Ther Health Med 2019; 19:11. [PMID: 30621666 PMCID: PMC6323859 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-018-2417-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Background Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a disease associated with that the experience of traumatic stress. The traumatic experience results in the development of a prolonged stress response that causes impaired memory function and increased inflammation in the hippocampus. Currently, antidepressants are the only approved therapy for PTSD. However, the efficacy of antidepressants in the treatment of PTSD is marginal. The ethanol extract of Aralia continentalis (AC) is traditionally used in oriental medicine, and has been showed to possess pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-atherosclerotic, and anti-diabetic effects. Nevertheless, the effects of AC on cognitive memory and its mechanism of action in PTSD remain unclear. Given the necessity of further treatment options for PTSD, we investigated the effect of AC on the spatial cognitive impairment caused by single prolonged stress (SPS) in a rat model of PTSD. Methods Male rats were treated with various intraperitoneal (i.p.) doses of AC for 21 consecutive days after inducing chronic stress with the SPS procedure. Results Cognitive impairment caused by SPS were inhibited after treatment with 100 mg/kg AC, as measured by the Morris water maze test and an object recognition test. Additionally, AC treatment significantly alleviated memory-related decreases in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA and protein levels in the hippocampus. Our results suggest that AC significantly inhibited the cognitive deficits caused by SPS via increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6, in the rat brain. Conclusions AC reversed the behavioral impairments and inflammation triggered by SPS-derived traumatic stress and should be further evaluated as a potential therapeutic drug for PTSD.
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Influence of naringenin on the biofilm formation of Streptococcus mutans. J Dent 2018; 76:24-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Silva LN, Zimmer KR, Macedo AJ, Trentin DS. Plant Natural Products Targeting Bacterial Virulence Factors. Chem Rev 2016; 116:9162-236. [PMID: 27437994 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Decreased antimicrobial efficiency has become a global public health issue. The paucity of new antibacterial drugs is evident, and the arsenal against infectious diseases needs to be improved urgently. The selection of plants as a source of prototype compounds is appropriate, since plant species naturally produce a wide range of secondary metabolites that act as a chemical line of defense against microorganisms in the environment. Although traditional approaches to combat microbial infections remain effective, targeting microbial virulence rather than survival seems to be an exciting strategy, since the modulation of virulence factors might lead to a milder evolutionary pressure for the development of resistance. Additionally, anti-infective chemotherapies may be successfully achieved by combining antivirulence and conventional antimicrobials, extending the lifespan of these drugs. This review presents an updated discussion of natural compounds isolated from plants with chemically characterized structures and activity against the major bacterial virulence factors: quorum sensing, bacterial biofilms, bacterial motility, bacterial toxins, bacterial pigments, bacterial enzymes, and bacterial surfactants. Moreover, a critical analysis of the most promising virulence factors is presented, highlighting their potential as targets to attenuate bacterial virulence. The ongoing progress in the field of antivirulence therapy may therefore help to translate this promising concept into real intervention strategies in clinical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Nunes Silva
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90610-000, Brazil.,Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Karine Rigon Zimmer
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre , Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Alexandre José Macedo
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90610-000, Brazil.,Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 91501-970, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional do Semiárido , Campina Grande, Paraı́ba 58429-970, Brazil
| | - Danielle Silva Trentin
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90610-000, Brazil.,Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 91501-970, Brazil
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Composition Analysis and Inhibitory Effect of Sterculia lychnophora against Biofilm Formation by Streptococcus mutans. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:8163150. [PMID: 27190540 PMCID: PMC4852106 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8163150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pangdahai is a traditional Chinese drug, specifically described in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia as the seeds of Sterculia lychnophora Hance. Here, we separated S. lychnophora husk and kernel, analyzed the nutrient contents, and investigated the inhibitory effects of S. lychnophora ethanol extracts on cariogenic properties of Streptococcus mutans, important bacteria in dental caries and plaque formation. Ethanol extracts of S. lychnophora showed dose-dependent antibacterial activity against S. mutans with significant inhibition at concentrations higher than 0.01 mg/mL compared with the control group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, biofilm formation was decreased by S. lychnophora at concentrations > 0.03 mg/mL, while bacterial viability was decreased dose-dependently at high concentrations (0.04, 0.08, 0.16, and 0.32 mg/mL). Preliminary phytochemical analysis of the ethanol extract revealed a strong presence of alkaloid, phenolics, glycosides, and peptides while the presence of steroids, terpenoids, flavonoids, and organic acids was low. The S. lychnophora husk had higher moisture and ash content than the kernel, while the protein and fat content of the husk were lower (p < 0.05) than those of the kernel. These results indicate that S. lychnophora may have antibacterial effects against S. mutans, which are likely related to the alkaloid, phenolics, glycosides, and peptides, the major components of S. lychnophora.
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Kaffir lime leaves extract inhibits biofilm formation by Streptococcus mutans. Nutrition 2015; 32:486-90. [PMID: 26743975 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although kaffir lime has been reported to exhibit antioxidant and antileukemic activity, little is known about the antimicrobial effect of kaffir lime extract. Because Streptococcus mutans has been known to cause biofilm formation, it has been considered the most important causative pathogen of dental caries. Thus, the effective control of its effects on the oral biofilm is the key to the prevention of dental caries. The aims of the present study were to investigate the effect of kaffir lime leaves extract on biofilm formation and its antibacterial activity on S. mutans. METHODS We examined the effect of kaffir lime leaves extract on growth and biofilm formation of S. mutans. For the investigation we used a kaffir lime extract with high phenolic content. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the extract was determined by broth microdilution assay. The inhibitory effect of the test substances on biofilm formation was also investigated by biofilm formation assay and qRT-PCR of biofilm formation-associated genes. RESULTS Kaffir lime leaves extract inhibits the growth of S. mutans, corresponding to the activity of an antibiotic, ampicillin. Formation of biofilm by S. mutans was also inhibited by the extract. These results were confirmed by the down-regulation of genes associated with the biofilm formation. CONCLUSIONS The findings highlight the ability of kaffir lime leaves extract to inhibit S. mutans activity, which may be beneficial in the prevention of biofilm formation on dental surface, reducing dental plaque and decreasing the chance of dental carries.
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Inhibitory Effects of Chrysanthemum boreale Essential Oil on Biofilm Formation and Virulence Factor Expression of Streptococcus mutans. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:616309. [PMID: 25763094 PMCID: PMC4339706 DOI: 10.1155/2015/616309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of essential oil extracted from Chrysanthemum boreale (C. boreale) on Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans). To investigate anticariogenic properties, and bacterial growth, acid production, biofilm formation, bacterial adherence of S. mutans were evaluated. Then gene expression of several virulence factors was also evaluated. C. boreale essential oil exhibited significant inhibition of bacterial growth, adherence capacity, and acid production of S. mutans at concentrations 0.1-0.5 mg/mL and 0.25-0.5 mg/mL, respectively. The safranin staining and scanning electron microscopy results showed that the biofilm formation was also inhibited. The result of live/dead staining showed the bactericidal effect. Furthermore, real-time PCR analysis showed that the gene expression of some virulence factors such as gtfB, gtfC, gtfD, gbpB, spaP, brpA, relA, and vicR of S. mutans was significantly decreased in a dose dependent manner. In GC and GC-MS analysis, seventy-two compounds were identified in the oil, representing 85.42% of the total oil. The major components were camphor (20.89%), β-caryophyllene (5.71%), α-thujone (5.46%), piperitone (5.27%), epi-sesquiphellandrene (5.16%), α-pinene (4.97%), 1,8-cineole (4.52%), β-pinene (4.45%), and camphene (4.19%). These results suggest that C. boreale essential oil may inhibit growth, adhesion, acid tolerance, and biofilm formation of S. mutans through the partial inhibition of several of these virulence factors.
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