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Effect of a strength or hypertrophy training protocol, each performed using two different modes of resistance, on biomechanical, biochemical and anthropometric parameters. Biol Sport 2020; 37:85-91. [PMID: 32205914 PMCID: PMC7075227 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2020.92517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to analyse the effectiveness of two variants of 8-week strength training (hypertrophy, strength) with different modes of resistance. Healthy male subjects (n=75) were allocated to five groups of equal size: hypertrophy training with a variable cam (Hyp-Cam), hypertrophy training with disc plates (Hyp-Disc), maximal strength training with a variable cam (Str-Cam), maximal strength training with disc plates (Str-Disc), and a control group (CG). The Hyp-Cam and Str-Cam groups trained with a machine where the load was adjusted to the strength capabilities of the elbow flexors. The Hyp-Disc and Str-Disc groups trained on a separate machine in which a load was applied with disc plates. The CG did not train. All groups were assessed for changes and differences in one-repetition (1RM) lifts, isokinetic muscle torque, arm circumference and arm skinfold thickness, and plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity. Within the 8-week training period the 1RM increased (p<.001) in all groups by over 20%, without significant between-group differences. Muscle torque increased significantly (p<.001) only in the Hyp-Cam group (by 13.7%). Arm circumference at rest increased by 1.7 cm (p<.001) and 1.1 cm (p<.001) in the Hyp-Cam and Hyp-Disc groups, respectively, but not in the Str-Cam (0.3 cm; p>.05) or Str-Disc (0.2 cm; p>.05) group. Skinfold thickness of the biceps and triceps decreased more within the 8-week period in Str-Cam (by 1.1 and 2.1 cm; p<.001 and p<.001 respectively) and Str-Disc (0.7 and 1.5 cm; p<.001 and p<.01 respectively) than in Hyp-Cam (by 0.4 and 1.8 cm; p>.05 and p<.01 respectively) and Hyp-Disc groups (by 0.2 and 1.4 cm; p>.05 and p<.05 respectively). CK activity was significantly (p<.05) elevated in each training group except Hyp-Cam (p>.05). The 8-week hypertrophy training with a variable cam results in greater peak muscle torque improvement than in the other examined protocols, with an insignificant increase in training-induced muscle damage indices.
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Cui S, Sun B, Yin X, Guo X, Chao D, Zhang C, Zhang CY, Chen X, Ma J. Time-course responses of circulating microRNAs to three resistance training protocols in healthy young men. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2203. [PMID: 28526870 PMCID: PMC5438360 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02294-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating microRNAs (c-miRNAs) in human plasma have been described as a potential marker of exercise. The present study investigated the effects of three acute resistance training (RT) protocols on the time-course changes of the c-miRNAs profiles in young males. The subjects (n = 45) were randomly divided into three groups: muscular strength endurance (SE), muscular hypertrophy (MH) and maximum strength (MS). Venous blood samples were obtained before exercise and immediately, 1 h and 24 h after each RT protocol to assess the following biological parameters: c-miRNAs, anabolic and catabolic hormones, inflammatory cytokines and muscle damage markers. The results revealed that the levels of two c-miRNAs (miR-208b and miR-532), six c-miRNAs (miR-133a, miR-133b, miR-206, miR-181a, miR-21 and miR-221) and two c-miRNAs (miR-133a and miR-133b) changed significantly in response to the SE, MH and MS protocols (p < 0.05), respectively. The nature and dynamic processes of the c-miRNAs response were likely influenced by the RT modality and intensity. Moreover, miR-532 was negatively correlated with insulin-like growth factor-1 and positively correlated with interleukin-10, whereas miR-133a was negatively correlated with cortisol and positively correlated with testosterone/cortisol. These findings suggest that these c-miRNAs may serve as markers for monitoring the RT responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of life sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210046, China
| | - Biao Sun
- Department of Exercise and Heath, Nanjing sports Institute, 8 Linggusi Road Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210014, China
| | - Xin Yin
- Department of Exercise and Heath, Nanjing sports Institute, 8 Linggusi Road Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210014, China
| | - Xia Guo
- The Lab of Military Conditioning and Motor Function Assessment, the PLA University of Science and Technology, 60 Shuang Long Jie Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211101, China
| | - Dingming Chao
- The Lab of Military Conditioning and Motor Function Assessment, the PLA University of Science and Technology, 60 Shuang Long Jie Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211101, China
| | - Chunni Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of life sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210046, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210002, China
| | - Chen-Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of life sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210046, China.
| | - Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of life sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210046, China.
| | - Jizheng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of life sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210046, China. .,The Lab of Military Conditioning and Motor Function Assessment, the PLA University of Science and Technology, 60 Shuang Long Jie Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211101, China.
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Tozaki T, Kikuchi M, Kakoi H, Hirota KI, Mukai K, Aida H, Nakamura S, Nagata SI. Profiling of exercise-induced transcripts in the peripheral blood cells of Thoroughbred horses. J Equine Sci 2016; 27:157-164. [PMID: 27974875 PMCID: PMC5155134 DOI: 10.1294/jes.27.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptome analyses based on DNA microarray technology have been used to investigate gene expression profiles in horses. In this study, we aimed to identify
exercise-induced changes in the expression profiles of genes in the peripheral blood of Thoroughbred horses using DNA microarray technology (15,429 genes on
43,603 probes). Blood samples from the jugular vein were collected from six horses before and 1 min, 4 hr, and 24 hr after all-out running on a treadmill. After
the normalization of microarray data, a total of 26,830 probes were clustered into four groups and 11 subgroups showing similar expression changes based on
k-mean clustering. The expression level of inflammation-related genes, including interleukin-1 receptor type II (IL-1R2), matrix metallopeptidase 8 (MMP8),
protein S100-A8 (S100-A8), and serum amyloid A (SAA), increased at 4 hr after exercise, whereas that of c-Fos (FOS) increased at 1 min after exercise. These
results indicated that the inflammatory response increased in the peripheral blood cells after exercise. Our study also revealed the presence of genes that may
not be affected by all-out exercise. In conclusion, transcriptome analysis of peripheral blood cells could be used to monitor physiological changes induced by
various external stress factors, including exercise, in Thoroughbred racehorses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruaki Tozaki
- Genetic Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Tochigi 320-0851, Japan
| | - Mio Kikuchi
- Genetic Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Tochigi 320-0851, Japan
| | - Hironaga Kakoi
- Genetic Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Tochigi 320-0851, Japan
| | - Kei-Ichi Hirota
- Genetic Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Tochigi 320-0851, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Mukai
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Hiroko Aida
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | | | - Shun-Ichi Nagata
- Genetic Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Tochigi 320-0851, Japan
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Acute metabolic, hormonal, and psychological responses to strength training with superimposed EMS at the beginning and the end of a 6 week training period. JOURNAL OF MUSCULOSKELETAL & NEURONAL INTERACTIONS 2015; 15:325-32. [PMID: 26636278 PMCID: PMC5628592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim was to determine metabolic and hormonal responses to strength training with or without superimposed electromyostimulation (EMS) at the beginning and the end of a 6 week training period. METHODS 20 strength trained subjects were randomly assigned to two groups. The first group (S) performed 4 sets of back squats with a constantly adjusted additional load of their individual 10 repetition maximum (10 RM) twice a week over 6 weeks. The second group (S+E) did the same training program with superimposed EMS on leg and trunk muscles. Physiological responses were determined before and after the first (TS 1) and the last training session (TS 12). RESULTS No significant differences of hormonal responses could be observed between groups and TSs. However, small to large effects on metabolism occurred between groups and TSs. Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) was significantly higher 48h after TS 1 for S+E. CONCLUSIONS Despite a higher DOMS after S+E, there is no acute effect of superimposed EMS on hormonal response to exhaustive resistance exercise. We suggest that, because of the high resistance during 10 RM bouts, most of the muscle fibers are already activated and superimposed EMS only activates few additional muscle fibers.
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Fernandez-Gonzalo R, Lundberg TR, Alvarez-Alvarez L, de Paz JA. Muscle damage responses and adaptations to eccentric-overload resistance exercise in men and women. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 114:1075-84. [PMID: 24519446 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-014-2836-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study assessed markers of muscle damage and training adaptations to eccentric-overload flywheel resistance exercise (RE) in men and women. METHODS Dynamic strength (1 RM), jump performance, maximal power at different percentages of 1 RM, and muscle mass in three different portions of the thigh were assessed in 16 men and 16 women before and after 6 weeks (15 sessions) of flywheel supine squat RE training. Plasma creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) concentrations were measured before, 24, 48 and 72 h after the first and the last training session. RESULTS After training, increases in 1 RM were somewhat greater (interaction P < 0.001) in men (25 %) than in women (20 %). Squat and drop jump height and power performance at 50, 60, 70 and 80 % of 1 RM increased after training in both sexes (P < 0.05). Power improvement at 80 % of 1 RM was greater (interaction P < 0.02) in men than women. Muscle mass increased ~5 % in both groups (P < 0.05). CK increased in men after the first training session (P < 0.001), whereas the response in women was unaltered. In both sexes, LDH concentration was greater after the first training session compared with basal values (P < 0.05). After the last session, CK and LDH remained at baseline in both groups. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that although improvements in maximal strength and power at high loads may be slightly greater for men, eccentric-overload RE training induces comparable and favorable gains in strength, power, and muscle mass in both men and women. Equally important, it appears muscle damage does not interfere with the adaptations triggered by this training paradigm.
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