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Liu LY, Su Y, Wang RR, Lai YY, Huang L, Li YT, Tao XY, Su MH, Zheng XY, Huang SC, Wu YN, Yu SY, Liang FR, Yang J. Transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation benefits postoperative pain relief of oocyte retrieval: A randomized controlled trial. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2024; 22:32-38. [PMID: 38310025 DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2024.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transvaginal oocyte retrieval is frequently followed by adverse events related to anesthesia and the procedure. Some research showed that transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation (TEAS) can relieve intraoperative pain and postoperative nausea. OBJECTIVE This study examined whether TEAS can alleviate pain and relieve adverse symptoms after oocyte retrieval. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS AND INTERVENTIONS Altogether 128 patients were randomly divided into the TEAS group and the mock TEAS group. The two groups received a 30-minute-long TEAS or mock TEAS treatment that began 30 min after oocyte retrieval. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome was the visual analog scale (VAS) pain score. Secondary outcomes were pressure pain threshold, McGill score, pain rating index (PRI), present pain intensity (PPI), VAS stress score, VAS anxiety score, and postoperative adverse symptoms. RESULTS The baseline characteristics of the two groups were comparable (P > 0.05). The VAS pain scores of the TEAS group were lower than those of the mock TEAS group at 60 and 90 min after oocyte retrieval (P < 0.05). The McGill score, PRI and PPI in the TEAS group were significantly lower than those in the control group at 60 min after oocyte retrieval (P < 0.05). However, the two groups had equivalent beneficial effects regarding the negative emotions, such as nervousness and anxiety (P > 0.05). The TEAS group was superior to the mock TEAS group for relieving postoperative adverse symptoms (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION TEAS treatment can relieve postoperative pain and postoperative adverse symptoms for patients undergoing oocyte retrieval. Please cite this article as: Liu LY, Su Y, Wang RR, Lai YY, Huang L, Li YT, Tao XY, Su MH, Zheng XY, Huang SC, Wu YN, Yu SY, Liang FR, Yang J. Transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation benefits postoperative pain relief of oocyte retrieval: A randomized controlled trial. J Integr Med. 2024; 22(1): 32-38.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ying Liu
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yang Su
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Rong-Rong Wang
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Lai
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yi-Ting Li
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xin-Yue Tao
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Meng-Hua Su
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Zheng
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Shi-Chen Huang
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Department, Sichuan Jinxin Xi'nan Women's and Children's Hospital, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yong-Na Wu
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Si-Yi Yu
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Fan-Rong Liang
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan Province, China.
| | - Jie Yang
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan Province, China; Traditional Chinese Medicine Department, Sichuan Jinxin Xi'nan Women's and Children's Hospital, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan Province, China.
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Ma X, Chen W, Yang NN, Wang L, Hao XW, Tan CX, Li HP, Liu CZ. Potential mechanisms of acupuncture for neuropathic pain based on somatosensory system. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:940343. [PMID: 36203799 PMCID: PMC9530146 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.940343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain, caused by a lesion or disease of the somatosensory system, is common and distressing. In view of the high human and economic burden, more effective treatment strategies were urgently needed. Acupuncture has been increasingly used as an adjuvant or complementary therapy for neuropathic pain. Although the therapeutic effects of acupuncture have been demonstrated in various high-quality randomized controlled trials, there is significant heterogeneity in the underlying mechanisms. This review aimed to summarize the potential mechanisms of acupuncture on neuropathic pain based on the somatosensory system, and guided for future both foundational and clinical studies. Here, we argued that acupuncture may have the potential to inhibit neuronal activity caused by neuropathic pain, through reducing the activation of pain-related ion channels and suppressing glial cells (including microglia and astrocytes) to release inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, amongst others. Meanwhile, acupuncture as a non-pharmacologic treatment, may have potential to activate descending pain control system via increasing the level of spinal or brain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE), and opioid peptides. And the types of endogenously opioid peptides was influenced by electroacupuncture-frequency. The cumulative evidence demonstrated that acupuncture provided an alternative or adjunctive therapy for neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ma
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, International Acupuncture and Moxibustion Innovation Institute, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Chen
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, International Acupuncture and Moxibustion Innovation Institute, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Na-Na Yang
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, International Acupuncture and Moxibustion Innovation Institute, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Wang
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, International Acupuncture and Moxibustion Innovation Institute, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Wan Hao
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, International Acupuncture and Moxibustion Innovation Institute, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chun-Xia Tan
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, International Acupuncture and Moxibustion Innovation Institute, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Ping Li
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, International Acupuncture and Moxibustion Innovation Institute, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Hong-Ping Li,
| | - Cun-Zhi Liu
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, International Acupuncture and Moxibustion Innovation Institute, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Cun-Zhi Liu,
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Efficacy and Safety of Electroacupuncture for Pain Control in Herpes Zoster: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:4478444. [PMID: 35832527 PMCID: PMC9273388 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4478444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Herpes zoster is caused by the reactivation of the latent varicella-zoster virus, which leads to acute pain that may disturb routine activities and affect patients' quality of life. Electroacupuncture (EA) has been commonly used for treating herpetic pain in clinical treatment. However, no relevant studies have been performed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of EA for acute control in herpetic neuralgia patients. The purpose of the current study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to address the deficiencies of the current research. Methods Three English (PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science) and four Chinese (China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Chinese Biomedical Literature database (CBM), Wan-fang database, and the Chinese Scientific Journals Full-text Database (VIP)) were comprehensively searched from inception to 31 December 2021. Two independent reviewers evaluated the retrieved data based on the eligibility criteria in advance. In addition, the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool was used to assess the methodological quality of the included studies. Outcome indexes in this study included the visual analog scale, the time to cessation of pustules, the time to scabs, the time to rash healing, adverse reactions, and the incidence of postherpetic neuralgia. Sensitivity and subgroup analyses were also performed to evaluate the intervention effect specifically. In addition, publication bias was analyzed. Results Six randomized controlled trials (167 participants in the experimental groups and 174 participants in the control groups) were identified as reporting the application of EA for acute herpes zoster pain and were included in this study. The results from our meta-analysis revealed that EA was superior to control treatment according to visual analog scale, the time of rash healing, and the incidence of postherpetic neuralgia. However, in terms of the time to cessation of pustules, scabs, and adverse reactions, the results showed that EA compared with the control group showed no significant difference. In addition, subgroup analyses indicated that 2/100 Hz-EA has more significant effects on herpetic pain. Sensitivity analyses revealed that the results of EA for acute pain control and the rash healing time in herpetic neuralgia patients were stable. However, a publication bias was observed. Conclusion Our meta-analysis results showed that EA could offer certain advantages in treating acute pain in herpetic neuralgia patients. However, small sample sizes, heterogeneity in study design, and variable methodological quality weaken these inferences. In addition, weak evidence was found for the safety of EA.
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Infralimbic medial prefrontal cortex alters electroacupuncture effect in animals with neuropathic chronic pain. Behav Brain Res 2022; 424:113803. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Chen KB, Chang MM, Wang SL, Li YX, Wang YX, Xu ZG, Wang H, Zhao BC, Ma WY. High mobility group box-1 serves a pathogenic role in spinal cord injury via the promotion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 110:1131-1142. [PMID: 34402106 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ma0721-007r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition marked by permanent motor, sensory, and autonomic dysfunction, in which the inflammatory response serves an important and preventable role. High mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) is a potent regulator of inflammation in numerous acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.; however, the role of HMGB1 in SCI remains unclear. The present study aimed to characterize the temporal dynamics of HMGB1 release after SCI, to investigate the role of spinal microglia activation in mediating the effects of HMGB1 on SCI, and to explore the therapeutic potential of intrathecal anti-HMGB1 polyclonal antibody on alleviating SCI. The present study demonstrated that HMGB1 expression was increased immediately after traumatic injury of a primary spinal neuron culture. It was found that neutralizing HMGB1 significantly ameliorated SCI pathogenesis and hind limb paralysis. Moreover, the levels of a number of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the SCI lesion were reduced when local HMGB1 was blocked by anti-HMGB1 antibody. In addition, the injured neuron-derived conditioned medium increased TNF-α secretion and the NF-κB pathway in the BV2 microglia cell line via HMGB1. Collectively, these results indicated that HMGB1 served an important role in SCI inflammation and suggested the therapeutic potential of an anti-HMGB1 antibody for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Bing Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, Center for Orthopaedic Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Min-Min Chang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Sheng-Li Wang
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, P.R. China.,The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Xin Li
- Vascular Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Xi Wang
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Guang Xu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Center for Orthopaedic Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Hong Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Disease, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Bing-Cheng Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Ying Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
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Vieira JS, de Souza GR, Kalil-Cutti B, Giusti-Paiva A, Vilela FC. Post-traumatic stress disorder increases pain sensitivity by reducing descending noradrenergic and serotoninergic modulation. Behav Brain Res 2021; 411:113367. [PMID: 34000338 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to stress might influence pain sensitivity; however, little is known about whether post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)-like symptoms alter pain sensitivity and how it can happen. Male rats were exposed to the inescapable footshock paired with either social isolation or a control condition (not exposed to footshock but subjected to social isolation). After 7, 14, or 21 days, memory retention was evaluated. In the following three days, animals underwent the following tests: open-field, social interaction and formalin tests. Another group of animals were subjected to the object recognition test and to von Frey filaments. In other cohorts of animals, saline, fluoxetine, or desipramine were injected intrathecally and immunohistochemistry was performed to investigate whether PTSD-like symptoms alter the expression of c-Fos in serotonergic and noradrenergic neurons. Inescapable footshock induced the development of PTSD-like symptoms. Animals with PTSD-like symptoms showed an increase in the number of flinches in the formalin test and a reduction in mechanical threshold in the von Frey test at both retention intervals. The social interaction was negatively correlated with the nociceptive response in the formalin test. Fluoxetine or desipramine prevented the nociceptive response to chemical stimulus in the formalin test. In addition, in animals with PTSD-like symptoms, there was a reduction in c-Fos expression in serotonergic and noradrenergic neurons. Our results are important for the association of increased sensitivity to pain as one of the clinical manifestations that are present in the development of PTSD, and a possible treatment for increased pain sensitivity in male individuals with PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jádina S Vieira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências Aplicadas à Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alfenas (Unifal-MG), Alfenas, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas (Unifal-MG), Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Guilherme R de Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências Aplicadas à Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alfenas (Unifal-MG), Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Bruna Kalil-Cutti
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas (Unifal-MG), Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Giusti-Paiva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências Aplicadas à Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alfenas (Unifal-MG), Alfenas, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas (Unifal-MG), Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Fabiana C Vilela
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências Aplicadas à Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alfenas (Unifal-MG), Alfenas, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas (Unifal-MG), Alfenas, Brazil.
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Vilela FC, Vieira JS, Vitor-Vieira F, Kalil-Cutti B, da Silva JRT, Giusti-Paiva A, da Silva ML. Maternal separation increases pain sensitivity by reducing the activity of serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus and noradrenergic neurons in locus coeruleus. Neurosci Lett 2021; 748:135734. [PMID: 33596470 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Animals subjected to early life maternal separation exhibit increased sensitivity to chemical, thermal, and mechanical stimuli during adulthood. However, the mechanism by which maternal separation can alter pain sensitivity in adulthood has not yet been investigated. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the activity of serotonergic and noradrenergic neurons and the effect of serotonin (5-HT) and noradrenaline (NA) reuptake inhibitors in male and female Wistar rats subjected to maternal separation. This study consisted of two experiments: 1) to confirm whether maternal separation increased pain sensitivity (n = 8 per group) and to evaluate the activity of serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus and noradrenergic neurons in locus coeruleus in animals subjected to maternal separation in comparison to controls (n = 6 per group); and 2) to evaluate the effect of fluoxetine (a selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitor) and desipramine (a NA reuptake inhibitor) on sensitivity to chemical stimulation using formalin in animals subjected to maternal separation (n = 8 per group). Our findings indicated that maternal separation increases an animal's sensitivity to painful chemical stimulation and reduces the activity of 5-HT and NA neurons. In addition, acute pretreatment with a 5-HT or NA reuptake inhibitor prevented the increased response to painful stimulation induced by maternal separation. In conclusion, maternal separation increases pain sensitivity by reducing the activity of serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus and noradrenergic neurons in locus coeruleus. This study contributes to possible treatments for pain in individuals exposed to early life stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana C Vilela
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas (Unifal-MG), Alfenas, Brazil.
| | - Jádina S Vieira
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas (Unifal-MG), Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Fernando Vitor-Vieira
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas (Unifal-MG), Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Bruna Kalil-Cutti
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas (Unifal-MG), Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Josie R T da Silva
- Instituto de Ciências da Motricidade, Universidade Federal de Alfenas (Unifal-MG), Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Giusti-Paiva
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas (Unifal-MG), Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Marcelo L da Silva
- Instituto de Ciências da Motricidade, Universidade Federal de Alfenas (Unifal-MG), Alfenas, Brazil
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MicroRNA-129-5p alleviates spinal cord injury in mice via suppressing the apoptosis and inflammatory response through HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB pathway. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:222205. [PMID: 32096822 PMCID: PMC7069919 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20193315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary injury after spinal cord injury (SCI) is one reversible pathological change mainly involving excessive inflammatory response and neuro-apoptosis. Since in recent years, microRNAs (miRNAs) have been proposed as novel regulators of inflammation in different disease conditions. However, the role of miRNAs in the inflammatory response and apoptosis of secondary injury after SCI remains to be fully elucidated. Here, we tried to explore the influence and mechanism of miRNAs on the neuron inflammatory response and apoptosis after SCI. The expression profiles of miRNA were examined using miRNA microarray, and among the candidate miRNAs, miR-129-5p was found to be the most down-regulated miRNA in spinal tissues. Overexpression of miR-129-5p using agomir-miR-129-5p promoted injury mice functional recovery, suppressed the apoptosis and alleviated inflammatory response in spinal tissues. Using LPS-induced BV-2 cell model, we found miR-129-5p was also proved in protecting inflammatory response and cell apoptosis in vitro. High-mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1), a well-known inflammatory mediator, was found to be directly targeted by miR-129-5p and it was associated with the inhibitory effect of miR-129-5p on the activation of toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 (TLR4)/ nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway in vitro and in vivo. Further experiments revealed that the anti-apoptosis and anti-inflammatory effects of miR-129-5p were reversed by HMGB1 overexpression in BV-2 cells. Collectively, these data revealed that miR-129-5p alleviated SCI in mice via suppressing the apoptosis and inflammatory response through HMGB1//TLR4/NF-κB pathway. Our data suggest that up-regulation of miR-129-5p may be a novel therapeutic target for SCI.
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Azevedo de M Oliveira LF, Teles da Silva LVDA, do Nascimento TG, de Almeida LM, Calumby RJN, Nunes ÁM, de Magalhães Oliveira LMT, da Silva Fonseca EJ. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of red propolis embedded mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2021; 46:1199-1208. [PMID: 32552084 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2020.1782423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This work brings the promise of MCM-41 mesoporous silica as a vehicle for red propolis for the development of controlled release drugs and delivery to a specific target site. The synthesis of MCM-41 by the sol-gel method with a pore size of approximately 3.6 nm and the incorporation of red propolis extract by the physical adsorption method in ethanolic medium were easily accomplished with around 15% encapsulation. MCM-41 and MCM-41 with red propolis (MCM-41/Pr) were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, N2 adsorption-desorption, scanning electron microscopy, and an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (UPLC-DAD). In vitro release of encapsulated red propolis was analyzed in phosphate buffer at pH 7.2, 7.4, and 7.6. An in vitro test for MCM-41/Pr antioxidant activity was performed using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl as well as analysis of antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus by the well diffusion method. UPLC-DAD analysis showed that the integrity of the red propolis constituents was maintained after the embed process, and the antioxidant and antibacterial activities were preserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laís F Azevedo de M Oliveira
- Laboratory of Characterization and Microscopy of Materials, Institute of Physics, Postgraduate Program in Materials Sciences, Center of Technology, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceió, Brazil
| | | | - Ticiano G do Nascimento
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Quality Control Laboratory of Drugs and Medicines, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceió, Brazil
| | - Lara Mendes de Almeida
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Quality Control Laboratory of Drugs and Medicines, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceió, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo José Nunes Calumby
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Quality Control Laboratory of Drugs and Medicines, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceió, Brazil
| | - Ábner Magalhães Nunes
- Catalysis and Chemical Reactivity Group, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology (IQB), Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceió, Brazil
| | | | - Eduardo J da Silva Fonseca
- Laboratory of Characterization and Microscopy of Materials, Institute of Physics, Postgraduate Program in Materials Sciences, Center of Technology, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceió, Brazil
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The Role of Neuroglial Crosstalk and Synaptic Plasticity-Mediated Central Sensitization in Acupuncture Analgesia. Neural Plast 2021; 2021:8881557. [PMID: 33531894 PMCID: PMC7834789 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8881557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although pain is regarded as a global public health priority, analgesic therapy remains a significant challenge. Pain is a hypersensitivity state caused by peripheral and central sensitization, with the latter considered the culprit for chronic pain. This study summarizes the pathogenesis of central sensitization from the perspective of neuroglial crosstalk and synaptic plasticity and underlines the related analgesic mechanisms of acupuncture. Central sensitization is modulated by the neurotransmitters and neuropeptides involved in the ascending excitatory pathway and the descending pain modulatory system. Acupuncture analgesia is associated with downregulating glutamate in the ascending excitatory pathway and upregulating opioids, 𝛾-aminobutyric acid, norepinephrine, and 5-hydroxytryptamine in the descending pain modulatory system. Furthermore, it is increasingly appreciated that neurotransmitters, cytokines, and chemokines are implicated in neuroglial crosstalk and associated plasticity, thus contributing to central sensitization. Acupuncture produces its analgesic action by inhibiting cytokines, such as interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α, and upregulating interleukin-10, as well as modulating chemokines and their receptors such as CX3CL1/CX3CR1, CXCL12/CXCR4, CCL2/CCR2, and CXCL1/CXCR2. These factors are regulated by acupuncture through the activation of multiple signaling pathways, including mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling (e.g., the p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinases, and c-Jun-N-terminal kinase pathways), which contribute to the activation of nociceptive neurons. However, the responses of chemokines to acupuncture vary among the types of pain models, acupuncture methods, and stimulation parameters. Thus, the exact mechanisms require future clarification. Taken together, inhibition of central sensitization modulated by neuroglial plasticity is central in acupuncture analgesia, providing a novel insight for the clinical application of acupuncture analgesia.
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Pain Relief during Oocyte Retrieval by Transcutaneous Electrical Acupoint Stimulation: A Single-Blinded, Randomized, Controlled Multicenter Trial. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:3285648. [PMID: 33029163 PMCID: PMC7530499 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3285648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Acupuncture has pain-relief effects, but no data were available on the use of transcutaneous electric acupoint stimulation (TEAS) in pain relief during oocyte retrieval. This study was designed to examine the effect of TEAS for pain relief in women undergoing transvaginal ultrasound-guided oocyte aspiration. This single-blinded, multicenter, randomized controlled trial was performed in China between May 2013 and May 2015. The subjects were randomized to mock TEAS and TEAS. TEAS or mock TEAS was administered 30 min before oocyte retrieval until the end of the operation. The primary and secondary endpoints were the pain measured using the visual analog scale (VAS) within 1 min and 1 hour after oocyte retrieval, respectively. Serum β-endorphin levels were tested in the first 50 patients/group. 390 women were undergoing oocyte retrieval. Pain levels evaluated using VAS within 1 min (18.6 ± 1.3 vs. 24.4 ± 1.7, P < 0.01) and 1 h after oocyte aspiration (4.6 ± 0.7 vs. 6.8 ± 0.8, P < 0.05) were lower in the TEAS group than in the mock TEAS group. Nausea assessment revealed a significantly lower VAS score in the TEAS group within 1 min (1.2 ± 0.4 vs. 2.9 ± 0.7, P < 0.033). Serum β-endorphin levels were significantly higher in the TEAS group than in the mock TEAS group (11.4 ± 0.5 vs. 9.1 ± 0.4, P < 0.001) after retrieval. Serum β-endorphin levels were higher in the TEAS group after the procedure than baseline (11.4 ± 0.5 vs. 9.1 ± 0.3, P < 0.001). Oocyte retrieval causes pain and discomfort, but TEAS is effective and safe for suppressing the pain and alleviating nausea associated with the operation.
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Chen T, Zhang WW, Chu YX, Wang YQ. Acupuncture for Pain Management: Molecular Mechanisms of Action. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2020; 48:793-811. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x20500408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Acupuncture reduces pain by activating specific areas called acupoints on the patient’s body. When these acupoints are fully activated, sensations of soreness, numbness, fullness, or heaviness called De qi or Te qi are felt by clinicians and patients. There are two kinds of acupuncture, manual acupuncture and electroacupuncture (EA). Compared with non-acupoints, acupoints are easily activated on the basis of their special composition of blood vessels, mast cells, and nerve fibers that mediate the acupuncture signals. In the spinal cord, EA can inhibit glial cell activation by down-regulating the chemokine CX3CL1 and increasing the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10. This inhibits P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathways, which are associated with microglial activation of the C-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling pathway and subsequent astrocyte activation. The inactivation of spinal microglia and astrocytes mediates the immediate and long-term analgesic effects of EA, respectively. A variety of pain-related substances released by glial cells such as the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor [Formula: see text], interleukin-1[Formula: see text], interleukin-6, and prostaglandins such as prostaglandins E2 can also be reduced. The descending pain modulation system in the brain, including the anterior cingulated cortex, the periaqueductal gray, and the rostral ventromedial medulla, plays an important role in EA analgesia. Multiple transmitters and modulators, including endogenous opioids, cholecystokinin octapeptide, 5-hydroxytryptamine, glutamate, noradrenalin, dopamine, [Formula: see text]-aminobutyric acid, acetylcholine, and orexin A, are involved in acupuncture analgesia. Finally, the “Acupuncture [Formula: see text]” strategy is introduced to help clinicians achieve better analgesic effects, and a newly reported acupuncture method called acupoint catgut embedding, which injects sutures made of absorbable materials at acupoints to achieve long-term effects, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Chen
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, Institutes of Integrative Medicine School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Wen Wen Zhang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, Institutes of Integrative Medicine School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Xia Chu
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, Institutes of Integrative Medicine School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Qing Wang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, Institutes of Integrative Medicine School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University Shanghai, P. R. China
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Xia YY, Xue M, Wang Y, Huang ZH, Huang C. Electroacupuncture Alleviates Spared Nerve Injury-Induced Neuropathic Pain And Modulates HMGB1/NF-κB Signaling Pathway In The Spinal Cord. J Pain Res 2019; 12:2851-2863. [PMID: 31695479 PMCID: PMC6805246 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s220201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neuropathic pain with complications greatly affects patients worldwide. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) has been shown to contribute to the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain; thus, suppression of HMGB1 may provide a novel therapeutic option for neuropathic pain. Electroacupuncture (EA) has been indicated to be effective in attenuating neuropathic pain, but the underlying mechanism remains to be fully clarified. We aim to explore whether 2Hz EA stimulation regulates the spinal HMGB1/NF-κB signaling in neuropathic pain induced by spared nerve injury (SNI). Materials and methods Paw withdrawal threshold and CatWalk gait analysis were used to assess the effect of 2Hz EA on pain-related behaviors in SNI rats. Administration of 2Hz EA to SNI rats once every other day lasting for 21 days. Expression of spinal protein molecules were detected using Western blot and immunofluorescence staining. Results It was found that SNI significantly induced mechanical hypersensitivity and decrease of gait parameters, and subsequently increased the levels of HMGB1, TLR4, MyD88, and NF-κB p65 protein expression. 2Hz EA stimulation led to remarkable attenuation of mechanical hypersensitivity, upregulation of spinal HMGB1, TLR4, MyD88, and NF-κB p65 protein expressions induced by SNI, and significant improvement in gait parameters. Furthermore, immunofluorescence staining also confirmed that 2Hz EA obviously suppressed the co-expression of microglia activation marker CD11b and TLR4 or MyD88, as well as the activation of NF-κB p65 in SNI rats. Conclusion This study suggested that blockade of HMGB1/NF-κB signaling in the spinal cord may be a promising therapeutic approach for 2Hz EA management of SNI-induced neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Yang Xia
- Department of Physiology, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Xue
- Department of Physiology, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Physiology, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Hua Huang
- Department of Physiology, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, People's Republic of China.,Pain Medicine Research Institute, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Huang
- Department of Physiology, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, People's Republic of China.,Pain Medicine Research Institute, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, People's Republic of China
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Qiao LN, Yang YS, Liu JL, Zhu J, Tan LH, Shi YN, Zhu B, Rong PJ. Contribution of GABAergic modulation in DRGs to electroacupuncture analgesia in incisional neck pain rats. J Pain Res 2019; 12:405-416. [PMID: 30705606 PMCID: PMC6342219 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s180165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Acupuncture therapy is effective for relieving postoperative pain. Our previous study showed that electroacupuncture (EA) at Futu (LI18) and Hegu (LI4)–Neiguan (PC6) could alleviate incisional neck pain, which was related with its effect in upregulating γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) expression in cervical (C3–6) dorsal root ganglions (DRGs); but whether its receptor subsets GABAAα2R and GABABR1 in C3–6 DRGs are involved in EA analgesia or not, it remains unknown. Materials and methods Seventy-five male Sprague Dawley rats were randomized to normal control, model, LI18, LI4–PC6, and Zusanli (ST36)–Yanglingquan (GB34) groups. The incisional neck pain model was established by making a longitudinal incision along the midline of the rats’ neck, followed by repeated mechanical stimulation. EA was applied to bilateral LI18, LI4–PC6, or ST36–GB34 for 30 minutes at 4, 24, and 48 hours after operation. The thermal pain threshold of the neck was detected by a tail-flick unit, and the C3–6 DRGs were removed for assaying the immunoactivity of substance P (SP), GABAAα2R, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP; a marker of satellite glial cells [SGCs]), and GABABR1 and the expression of GABAAα2R and GABABR1 mRNA and proteins using immunofluorescence, real-time PCR, and Western blotting, respectively. Results The cervical thermal pain threshold was significantly lower in the model group than the normal group (P<0.001), indicating hyperalgesia after neck incision, and was considerably increased in both EA-LI18 and LI4–PC6 groups (P<0.001), but not in ST36–GB34 group compared with model group (P>0.05). Immunofluorescence staining showed that GABAAα2 R expressed on SP+ neurons, and GABABR1 on SGCs. EA of LI18 and LI4–PC6 markedly suppressed the modeling-induced upregulation of the immunoactivity of SP (P<0.001 and P<0.01, respectively) and GFAP (P<0.01 and P<0.001, respectively) and significantly reversed neck incision–induced downregulation of the expression of GABAAα2R and GABABR1 mRNAs and proteins (P<0.05). Conclusion EA of LI18 and LI4–PC6 has an analgesic effect in incisional neck pain rats, which is related to its effects in upregulating GABAergic inhibitory modulation on nociceptive peptidergic neurons and SGCs in cervical DRGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Na Qiao
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China, ;
| | - Yong Sheng Yang
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China, ;
| | - Jun Ling Liu
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China, ;
| | - Jiang Zhu
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lian Hong Tan
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China, ;
| | - Yi Nan Shi
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China, ;
| | - Bing Zhu
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China, ;
| | - Pei Jing Rong
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China, ;
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Vieira JS, Toreti JA, de Carvalho RC, de Araújo JE, Silva ML, Silva JR. Analgesic Effects Elicited by Neuroactive Mediators Injected into the ST 36 Acupuncture Point on Inflammatory and Neuropathic Pain in Mice. J Acupunct Meridian Stud 2018; 11:280-289. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jams.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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Thomazelli APFDS, Tomiotto-Pellissier F, Miranda-Sapla MM, da Silva SS, Alvarenga DS, Panis C, Cataneo AHD, Bordignon J, Silveira GF, Yamauchi LM, de Sá JPSR, Felipe I, Pavanelli WR, Conchon-Costa I. Concanavalin-A displays leishmanicidal activity by inducing ROS production in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2018; 40:387-392. [DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2018.1510960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fernanda Tomiotto-Pellissier
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brasil
| | - Milena Menegazzo Miranda-Sapla
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brasil
| | - Suelen Santos da Silva
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brasil
| | - Daniele Sapede Alvarenga
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brasil
| | - Carolina Panis
- Laboratory of Inflammatory Mediators, University of Western Paraná, UNIOESTE, Francisco Beltrão, Paraná, Brasil
| | - Allan Henrique Depieri Cataneo
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brasil
| | | | | | - Lucy Megumi Yamauchi
- Department of Microbiology, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brasil
| | | | - Ionice Felipe
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brasil
| | - Wander Rogério Pavanelli
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brasil
| | - Ivete Conchon-Costa
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brasil
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Gao R, Gao S, Feng J, Cui H, Cui Y, Fu J, Zhang G. Effect of Electroacupuncture on 99mTc-Sodium Pertechnetate Uptake and Extracellular Fluid Free Molecules in the Stomach in Acupoint ST36 and ST39. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6739. [PMID: 29712933 PMCID: PMC5928125 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24835-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Electroacupuncture (EA) is a therapeutic modality in which the electrical stimulation is integrated with concepts of acupuncture to treat diseases. This study was designed to evaluate the connection between the electro-acupuncture induced increase in Na99mTcO4 uptake in the stomach wall, and the ionic molecule levels in the extracellular fluid in the acupoints. Wistar rats were treated by 2 or 100 Hz EA at Zusanli (ST 36) and Xiajuxu (ST 39) bilaterally for 60 minutes. The accumulation of Na99mTcO4 in the gastric wall and the free ions, including Ca2+, K+, Na+, and Cl−, in the acupoints were measured every 60 minutes. The radioactivity uptake in the stomach was significantly increased during EA, reaching peak at 180 minutes after the EA. The concentration of extracellular ions was also significantly increased during EA. The Ca2+ level continued to rise until 60 minutes after EA, then started to decrease at 120 minutes post-EA. The results suggest this up-regulatory effect of EA on gastric activity might be triggered by the increase of the extracellular ion levels, this effect lasts longer than stimulating the release of transmembrane Ca2+ flow alone. This might aid in providing a better understanding of the long-lasting effect claimed in acupuncture treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Gao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China, 710061
| | - Shan Gao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China, 710061
| | - Jinteng Feng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China, 710061
| | - Hongying Cui
- Department of Traditional Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China, 710061
| | - Yanchao Cui
- Department of Traditional Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China, 710061
| | - Junke Fu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China, 710061
| | - Guangjian Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China, 710061.
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dos Santos NM, Pereira NC, de Albuquerque AP, Dias Viegas FP, Veloso C, Vilela FC, Giusti-Paiva A, da Silva ML, da Silva JR, Viegas Jr. C. 3-Hydroxy-piperidinyl-N-benzyl-acyl-arylhydrazone derivatives reduce neuropathic pain and increase thermal threshold mediated by opioid system. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 99:492-498. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.01.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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