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Witt D, Faust U, Strobl-Wildemann G, Sturm M, Buchert R, Zuleger T, Admard J, Casadei N, Ossowski S, Haack TB, Rieß O, Schroeder C. Genome sequencing identifies complex structural MLH1 variant in unsolved Lynch syndrome. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2023:e2151. [PMID: 36760167 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.2151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lynch syndrome is one of the most common cancer predisposition syndromes. It is caused by inherited changes in the mismatch repair pathway. With current diagnostic approaches, a causative genetic variant can be found in less than 50% of cases. A correct diagnosis is important for ensuring that an appropriate surveillance program is used and that additional high-risk family members are identified. METHODS We used clinical genome sequencing on DNA from blood and subsequent transcriptome sequencing for confirmation. Data were analyzed using the megSAP pipeline and classified according to basic criteria in diagnostic laboratories. Segregation analyses in family members were conducted via breakpoint PCR. RESULTS We present a family with the clinical diagnosis of Lynch syndrome in which standard diagnostic tests, such as panel or exome sequencing, were unable to detect the underlying genetic variant. Genome sequencing in the index patient confirmed the previous diagnostic results and identified an additional complex rearrangement with intronic breakpoints involving MLH1 and its neighboring gene LRRFIP2. The previously undetected structural variant was classified as medically relevant. Segregation analysis in the family identified additional at-risk individuals which were offered intensified cancer screening. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS This case illustrates the advantages of clinical genome sequencing in detecting structural variants compared with current diagnostic approaches. Although structural variants are rare in Lynch syndrome families, they seem to be underreported, in part because of technical challenges. Clinical genome sequencing offers a comprehensive genetic characterization detecting a wide range of genetic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Witt
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Faust
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Marc Sturm
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rebecca Buchert
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Theresia Zuleger
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jakob Admard
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nicolas Casadei
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,NGS Competence Center Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stephan Ossowski
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tobias B Haack
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Olaf Rieß
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christopher Schroeder
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Hereditary Colorectal Cancer: State of the Art in Lynch Syndrome. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 15:cancers15010075. [PMID: 36612072 PMCID: PMC9817772 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer is also known as Lynch syndrome. Lynch syndrome is associated with pathogenetic variants in one of the mismatch repair (MMR) genes. In addition to colorectal cancer, the inefficiency of the MMR system leads to a greater predisposition to cancer of the endometrium and other cancers of the abdominal sphere. Molecular diagnosis is performed to identify pathogenetic variants in MMR genes. However, for many patients with clinically suspected Lynch syndrome, it is not possible to identify a pathogenic variant in MMR genes. Molecular diagnosis is essential for referring patients to specific surveillance to prevent the development of tumors related to Lynch syndrome. This review summarizes the main aspects of Lynch syndrome and recent advances in the field and, in particular, emphasizes the factors that can lead to the loss of expression of MMR genes.
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Prevalence of DNA Mismatch Repair Deficiency in Endometrial Cancer Using Immunohistochemistry. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER MANAGEMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.5812/ijcm-119065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background: Endometrial cancer (EC) is known as the most common malignancy of the female reproductive system, suggested to be associated with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) or Lynch syndrome (LS). Objectives: Therefore, the aim of the present study was to screen for LS in patients with EC using immunohistochemistry (IHC). Methods: In this retrospective cross-sectional study, the patients with EC, referred to Qaem Hospital, Mashhad, Iran, from 2015 - 2019, were enrolled. Paraffin-embedded tissue blocks were then examined via IHC for the expression of four mismatch repair (MMR) proteins, including MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2. The demographic and tumor-related data were also extracted from medical records and pathology reports. The data were consequently analyzed at the significance level of P < 0.05. Results: A total number of 100 patients with EC were evaluated using IHC, and 12 (12%) cases were found suspected. As well, no significant relationship was observed between LS and age, tumor site, tumor histology, tumor size, tumor grade, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), and a family/personal history of malignancies. Conclusions: The prevalence of LS based on the IHC expression of the MMR proteins (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2) was 12% in the patients with EC. There was also no significant relationship between the cases suspected and the demographic and tumor-related data.
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Leite Rocha D, Ashton-Prolla P, Rosset C. Reviewing the occurrence of large genomic rearrangements in patients with inherited cancer predisposing syndromes: importance of a comprehensive molecular diagnosis. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2022; 22:319-346. [PMID: 35234551 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2022.2049247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hereditary cancer predisposition syndromes are caused by germline pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in cancer predisposition genes (CPG). The majority of pathogenic variants in CPGs are point mutations, but large gene rearrangements (LGRs) are present in several CPGs. LGRs can be much more difficult to characterize and perhaps they may have been neglected in molecular diagnoses. AREAS COVERED We aimed to evaluate the frequencies of germline LGRs in studies conducted in different populations worldwide through a qualitative systematic review based on an online literature research in PubMed. Two reviewers independently extracted data from published studies between 2009 and 2020. In total, 126 studies from 37 countries and 5 continents were included in the analysis. The number of studies in different continents ranged from 3 to 48 and for several countries there was an absolute lack of information. Asia and Europe represented most of the studies, and LGR frequencies varied from 3.04 to 15.06% in different continents. MLPA was one of the methods of choice in most studies (93%). EXPERT OPINION The LGR frequencies found in this review reinforce the need for comprehensive molecular testing regardless of the population of origin and should be considered by genetic counseling providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Leite Rocha
- Laboratório de Medicina Genômica, Serviço de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, CEP: 90035-930, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Ashton-Prolla
- Laboratório de Medicina Genômica, Serviço de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, CEP: 90035-930, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500 - Prédio 43312 M, CEP: 91501-970, Caixa Postal 1505, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Serviço de Genética Médica, HCPA, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, CEP: 90035-930, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Clévia Rosset
- Laboratório de Medicina Genômica, Serviço de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, CEP: 90035-930, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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MiR-137 Targets the 3' Untranslated Region of MSH2: Potential Implications in Lynch Syndrome-Related Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13184662. [PMID: 34572889 PMCID: PMC8470766 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mismatch Repair (MMR) gene dysregulation plays a fundamental role in Lynch Syndrome (LS) pathogenesis, a form of hereditary colorectal cancer. Loss or overexpression of key MMR genes leads to genome instability and tumorigenesis; however, the mechanisms controlling MMR gene expression are unknown. One such gene, MSH2, exerts an important role, not only in MMR, but also in cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cell cycle control. In this study, we explored the functions and underlying molecular mechanisms of increased MSH2 expression related to a c.*226A>G variant in the 3'untranslated (UTR) region of MSH2 that had been previously identified in a subject clinically suspected of LS. Bioinformatics identified a putative binding site for miR-137 in this region. To verify miRNA targeting specificity, we performed luciferase gene reporter assays using a MSH2 3'UTR psiCHECK-2 vector in human SW480 cells over-expressing miR-137, which showed a drastic reduction in luciferase activity (p > 0.0001). This effect was abolished by site-directed mutagenesis of the putative miR-137 seed site. Moreover, in these cells we observed that miR-137 levels were inversely correlated with MSH2 expression levels. These results were confirmed by results in normal and tumoral tissues from the patient carrying the 3'UTR c.*226A>G variant in MSH2. Finally, miR-137 overexpression in SW480 cells significantly suppressed cell proliferation in a time- and dose-dependent manner (p < 0.0001), supporting a role for MSH2 in apoptosis and cell proliferation processes. Our findings suggest miR-137 helps control MSH2 expression via its 3'UTR and that dysregulation of this mechanism appears to promote tumorigenesis in colon cells.
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Song H, Dicks EM, Tyrer J, Intermaggio M, Chenevix-Trench G, Bowtell DD, Traficante N, Group A, Brenton J, Goranova T, Hosking K, Piskorz A, van Oudenhove E, Doherty J, Harris HR, Rossing MA, Duerst M, Dork T, Bogdanova NV, Modugno F, Moysich K, Odunsi K, Ness R, Karlan BY, Lester J, Jensen A, Krüger Kjaer S, Høgdall E, Campbell IG, Lázaro C, Pujara MA, Cunningham J, Vierkant R, Winham SJ, Hildebrandt M, Huff C, Li D, Wu X, Yu Y, Permuth JB, Levine DA, Schildkraut JM, Riggan MJ, Berchuck A, Webb PM, Group OS, Cybulski C, Gronwald J, Jakubowska A, Lubinski J, Alsop J, Harrington P, Chan I, Menon U, Pearce CL, Wu AH, de Fazio A, Kennedy CJ, Goode E, Ramus S, Gayther S, Pharoah P. Population-based targeted sequencing of 54 candidate genes identifies PALB2 as a susceptibility gene for high-grade serous ovarian cancer. J Med Genet 2021; 58:305-313. [PMID: 32546565 PMCID: PMC8086250 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2019-106739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The known epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) susceptibility genes account for less than 50% of the heritable risk of ovarian cancer suggesting that other susceptibility genes exist. The aim of this study was to evaluate the contribution to ovarian cancer susceptibility of rare deleterious germline variants in a set of candidate genes. METHODS We sequenced the coding region of 54 candidate genes in 6385 invasive EOC cases and 6115 controls of broad European ancestry. Genes with an increased frequency of putative deleterious variants in cases versus controls were further examined in an independent set of 14 135 EOC cases and 28 655 controls from the Ovarian Cancer Association Consortium and the UK Biobank. For each gene, we estimated the EOC risks and evaluated associations between germline variant status and clinical characteristics. RESULTS The ORs associated for high-grade serous ovarian cancer were 3.01 for PALB2 (95% CI 1.59 to 5.68; p=0.00068), 1.99 for POLK (95% CI 1.15 to 3.43; p=0.014) and 4.07 for SLX4 (95% CI 1.34 to 12.4; p=0.013). Deleterious mutations in FBXO10 were associated with a reduced risk of disease (OR 0.27, 95% CI 0.07 to 1.00, p=0.049). However, based on the Bayes false discovery probability, only the association for PALB2 in high-grade serous ovarian cancer is likely to represent a true positive. CONCLUSIONS We have found strong evidence that carriers of PALB2 deleterious mutations are at increased risk of high-grade serous ovarian cancer. Whether the magnitude of risk is sufficiently high to warrant the inclusion of PALB2 in cancer gene panels for ovarian cancer risk testing is unclear; much larger sample sizes will be needed to provide sufficiently precise estimates for clinical counselling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglin Song
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Ed M Dicks
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Jonathan Tyrer
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Maria Intermaggio
- School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Georgia Chenevix-Trench
- Cancer Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research-QIMR, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - David D Bowtell
- Cancer Genomics and Genetics and Women's Cancer Programs, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nadia Traficante
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aocs Group
- QIMR Berghofer Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, Herston, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - James Brenton
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Teodora Goranova
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Karen Hosking
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Anna Piskorz
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Elke van Oudenhove
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jen Doherty
- Huntsman Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Holly R Harris
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Mary Anne Rossing
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Matthias Duerst
- Department of Gynaecology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Thüringen, Germany
| | - Thilo Dork
- Gynaecology Research Unit, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Niedersachsen, Germany
| | - Natalia V Bogdanova
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Niedersachsen, Germany
- Department of Gynaecology, NN Alexandrov National Cancer Centre, Minsk, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Francesmary Modugno
- Womens Cancer Research Center, Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kirsten Moysich
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Kunle Odunsi
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Roberta Ness
- School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Beth Y Karlan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Women's Cancer Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jenny Lester
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Women's Cancer Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Allan Jensen
- Department of Virus, Lifestyle and Genes, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Kobenhavn, Denmark
| | - Susanne Krüger Kjaer
- Department of Gynaecology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Kobenhavn, Denmark
| | - Estrid Høgdall
- Department of Virus, Lifestyle and Genes, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Kobenhavn, Denmark
- Department of Pathology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Kobenhavn, Denmark
| | - Ian G Campbell
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Research, Cancer Genomics and Genetics, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Conxi Lázaro
- Hereditary Cancer Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Miguel Angel Pujara
- Translational Research Laboratory, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Julie Cunningham
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Robert Vierkant
- Department of Health Science Research, Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Stacey J Winham
- Department of Health Science Research, Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Michelle Hildebrandt
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Chad Huff
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Donghui Li
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xifeng Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yao Yu
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jennifer B Permuth
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Douglas A Levine
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
- Gynecologic Oncology, Laura and Isaac Pearlmutter Cancer Center, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Joellen M Schildkraut
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Marjorie J Riggan
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Andrew Berchuck
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Penelope M Webb
- Population Health Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Opal Study Group
- Population Health Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Cezary Cybulski
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Zachodniopomorskie, Poland
| | - Jacek Gronwald
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Zachodniopomorskie, Poland
| | - Anna Jakubowska
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Zachodniopomorskie, Poland
- Independent Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Diagnostics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Zachodniopomorskie, Poland
| | - Jan Lubinski
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Zachodniopomorskie, Poland
| | - Jennifer Alsop
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Patricia Harrington
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Isaac Chan
- School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Usha Menon
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit, Institute of Clinical Trials & Methodology, University College London, London, London, UK
| | - Celeste L Pearce
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Anna H Wu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Anna de Fazio
- Centre for Cancer Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Catherine J Kennedy
- Centre for Cancer Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ellen Goode
- Department of Health Science Research, Division of Epidemiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Susan Ramus
- School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Simon Gayther
- Center for Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics and the Cedars Sinai Genomics Core, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Paul Pharoah
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Kumar A, Paramasivam N, Bandapalli OR, Schlesner M, Chen T, Sijmons R, Dymerska D, Golebiewska K, Kuswik M, Lubinski J, Hemminki K, Försti A. A rare large duplication of MLH1 identified in Lynch syndrome. Hered Cancer Clin Pract 2021; 19:10. [PMID: 33468175 PMCID: PMC7814444 DOI: 10.1186/s13053-021-00167-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The most frequently identified strong cancer predisposition mutations for colorectal cancer (CRC) are those in the mismatch repair (MMR) genes in Lynch syndrome. Laboratory diagnostics include testing tumors for immunohistochemical staining (IHC) of the Lynch syndrome-associated DNA MMR proteins and/or for microsatellite instability (MSI) followed by sequencing or other techniques, such as denaturing high performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC), to identify the mutation. Methods In an ongoing project focusing on finding Mendelian cancer syndromes we applied whole-exome/whole-genome sequencing (WES/WGS) to 19 CRC families. Results Three families were identified with a pathogenic/likely pathogenic germline variant in a MMR gene that had previously tested negative in DHPLC gene variant screening. All families had a history of CRC in several family members across multiple generations. Tumor analysis showed loss of the MMR protein IHC staining corresponding to the mutated genes, as well as MSI. In family A, a structural variant, a duplication of exons 4 to 13, was identified in MLH1. The duplication was predicted to lead to a frameshift at amino acid 520 and a premature stop codon at amino acid 539. In family B, a 1 base pair deletion was found in MLH1, resulting in a frameshift and a stop codon at amino acid 491. In family C, we identified a splice site variant in MSH2, which was predicted to lead loss of a splice donor site. Conclusions We identified altogether three pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants in the MMR genes in three of the 19 sequenced families. The MLH1 variants, a duplication of exons 4 to 13 and a frameshift variant, were novel, based on the InSiGHT and ClinVar databases; the MSH2 splice site variant was reported by a single submitter in ClinVar. As a variant class, duplications have rarely been reported in the MMR gene literature, particularly those covering several exons. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13053-021-00167-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Kumar
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Nagarajan Paramasivam
- Computational Oncology, Molecular Diagnostics Program, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Obul Reddy Bandapalli
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Schlesner
- Bioinformatics and Omics Data Analytics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tianhui Chen
- Department of Cancer Prevention, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rolf Sijmons
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dagmara Dymerska
- Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Golebiewska
- Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kuswik
- Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jan Lubinski
- Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Kari Hemminki
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Center in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, 30605, Pilsen, Czech Republic.,Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Asta Försti
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany. .,Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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MSH2 Overexpression Due to an Unclassified Variant in 3'-Untranslated Region in a Patient with Colon Cancer. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8060167. [PMID: 32575404 PMCID: PMC7345785 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8060167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The loss or low expression of DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes can result in genomic instability and tumorigenesis. One such gene, MSH2, is mutated or rearranged in Lynch syndrome (LS), which is characterized by a high risk of tumor development, including colorectal cancer. However, many variants identified in this gene are often defined as variants of uncertain significance (VUS). In this study, we selected a variant in the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of MSH2 (c*226A > G), identified in three affected members of a LS family and already reported in the literature as a VUS. Methods: The effect of this variant on the activity of the MMR complex was examined using a set of functional assays to evaluate MSH2 expression. Results: We found MSH2 was overexpressed compared to healthy controls, as determined by RTqPCR and Western blot analyses of total RNA and proteins, respectively, extracted from peripheral blood samples. These results were confirmed by luciferase reporter gene assays. Conclusions: We therefore speculated that, in addition to canonical inactivation via a gene mutation, MMR activity may also be modulated by changes in MMR gene expression.
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Mohd Yunos RI, Ab Mutalib NS, Tieng FYF, Abu N, Jamal R. Actionable Potentials of Less Frequently Mutated Genes in Colorectal Cancer and Their Roles in Precision Medicine. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10030476. [PMID: 32245111 PMCID: PMC7175115 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Global statistics have placed colorectal cancer (CRC) as the third most frequently diagnosed cancer and the fourth principal cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Improving survival for CRC is as important as early detection. Personalized medicine is important in maximizing an individual's treatment success and minimizing the risk of adverse reactions. Approaches in achieving personalized therapy in CRC have included analyses of specific genes with its clinical implications. Tumour genotyping via next-generation sequencing has become a standard practice to guide clinicians into predicting tumor behaviour, disease prognosis, and treatment response. Nevertheless, better prognostic markers are necessary to further stratify patients for personalized treatment plans. The discovery of new markers remains indispensable in providing the most effective chemotherapy in order to improve the outcomes of treatment and survival in CRC patients. This review aims to compile and discuss newly discovered, less frequently mutated genes in CRC. We also discuss how these mutations are being used to assist therapeutic decisions and their potential prospective clinical utilities. In addition, we will summarize the importance of profiling the large genomic rearrangements, gene amplification, and large deletions and how these alterations may assist in determining the best treatment option for CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Rahman Jamal
- Correspondence: (N.S.A.M.); (R.J.); Tel.: +60-3-91459073 (N.S.A.M.); +60-3-91459000 (R.J.)
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10
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Shao WH, Wang CY, Wang LY, Xiao F, Xiao DS, Yang H, Long XY, Zhang L, Luo HG, Yin JY, Wu W. A Hereditable Mutation of MSH2 Gene Associated with Lynch Syndrome in a Five Generation Chinese Family. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:1469-1482. [PMID: 32161499 PMCID: PMC7051253 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s222572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose In order to clarify which variants of the MMR gene could provide current "healthy" members in affected families a more accurate risk assessment or predictive testing. Patients and Methods One family, which meets the criteria according to both Amsterdam I/II and Bethesda guidelines, is reported in this study. The proband and some relatives of the patient have been investigated for whole genome sequencing, microsatellite instability, immunohistochemical MMR protein staining and verified by Sanger sequencing. Results A heterozygous insertion of uncertain significance (c.420dup, p.Met141Tyrfs) in MSH2 gene was found in proband (III-16) and part of His relatives. The variant was associated with a lack of expression of MSH2 protein (MMR deficient) and high microsatellite instability analysis (MSI) status in tumor tissues of LS patients. In addition, we found that the variant could affect the expression of MSH2 and the response to chemotherapy drugs in vitro. Conclusion We identified an insertion mutation (rs1114167810, c.420dup, p.Met141Tyrfs) in MSH2 in LS using whole genome-wide sequencing (WGS). We further confirmed that this mutation plays an important role in LS patients of this pedigree based on in vivo and vitro study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hua Shao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University; Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, People's Republic of China.,Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410078, People's Republic of China.,Department of Geratic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Yu Wang
- Department of Geratic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, Hunan 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei-Yun Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University; Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, People's Republic of China.,Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410078, People's Republic of China.,Department of Geratic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Xiao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University; Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, People's Republic of China.,Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410078, People's Republic of China.,Department of Geratic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - De-Sheng Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital/School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Yang
- Department of Geratic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, Hunan 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Ying Long
- Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Le Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng-Gui Luo
- Department of General Surgery, The Central Hospital of Xiangtan City, Xiangtan, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji-Ye Yin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University; Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, People's Republic of China.,Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410078, People's Republic of China.,Department of Geratic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Geratic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, Hunan 410008, People's Republic of China
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11
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Rasool M, Pushparaj PN, Mirza Z, Imran Naseer M, Abusamra H, Alquaiti M, Shaabad M, Sibiany AMS, Gauthaman K, Al-Qahtani MH, Karim S. Array comparative genomic hybridization based identification of key genetic alterations at 2p21-p16.3 (MSH2, MSH6, EPCAM), 3p23-p14.2 (MLH1), 7p22.1 (PMS2) and 1p34.1-p33 (MUTYH) regions in hereditary non polyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Saudi J Biol Sci 2020; 27:157-162. [PMID: 31889830 PMCID: PMC6933242 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2019.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lynch syndrome is inherited in an autosomal dominant mode. Lynch syndrome is caused by impairment of one or more of the various genes (most frequently MLH1 and MSH2) involved in mismatch repair. In this study, whole genome comparative genomic hybridization array (array CGH) based genomic analysis was performed on twelve Saudi Lynch syndrome patients. A total of 124 chromosomal alterations (structural loss) were identified at mean log2 ratio cut off value of ±0.25. We also found structural loss in 2p21-p16.3, 3p23-p14.2, 7p22.1 and 1p34.1-p33 regions. These findings were subsequently validated by real time quantitative PCR showing downregulation of MSH2, MSH6, EPCAM, MLH1, PMS2 and MUTYH genes. These findings shall help in establishing database for alterations in mismatch repair genes underlying Lynch syndrome in Saudi population as well as to determine the incidence ratio of these disorders. Guided counselling will subsequently lead to the prevention and eradication of Lynch Syndrome in the local population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Rasool
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Peter Natesan Pushparaj
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zeenat Mirza
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Imran Naseer
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Heba Abusamra
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Alquaiti
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal Shaabad
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Kalamegam Gauthaman
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Hussein Al-Qahtani
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sajjad Karim
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Corresponding author at: CEGMR, KAU, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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12
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Jaballah-Gabteni A, Tounsi H, Kabbage M, Hamdi Y, Elouej S, Ben Ayed I, Medhioub M, Mahmoudi M, Dallali H, Yaiche H, Ben Jemii N, Maaloul A, Mezghani N, Abdelhak S, Hamzaoui L, Azzouz M, Boubaker S. Identification of novel pathogenic MSH2 mutation and new DNA repair genes variants: investigation of a Tunisian Lynch syndrome family with discordant twins. J Transl Med 2019; 17:212. [PMID: 31248416 PMCID: PMC6598283 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-1961-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lynch syndrome (LS) is a highly penetrant inherited cancer predisposition syndrome, characterized by autosomal dominant inheritance and germline mutations in DNA mismatch repair genes. Despite several genetic variations that have been identified in various populations, the penetrance is highly variable and the reasons for this have not been fully elucidated. This study investigates whether, besides pathogenic mutations, environment and low penetrance genetic risk factors may result in phenotype modification in a Tunisian LS family. Patients and methods A Tunisian family with strong colorectal cancer (CRC) history that fulfill the Amsterdam I criteria for the diagnosis of Lynch syndrome was proposed for oncogenetic counseling. The index case was a man, diagnosed at the age of 33 years with CRC. He has a monozygotic twin diagnosed at the age of 35 years with crohn disease. Forty-seven years-old was the onset age of his paternal uncle withCRC. An immunohistochemical (IHC) labeling for the four proteins (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 and PMS2) of the MisMatchRepair (MMR) system was performed for the index case. A targeted sequencing of MSH2, MLH1 and a panel of 85 DNA repair genes was performed for the index case and for his unaffected father. Results The IHC results showed a loss of MSH2 but not MLH1, MSH6 and PMS2 proteins expression. Genomic DNA screening, by targeted DNA repair genes sequencing, revealed an MSH2 pathogenic mutation (c.1552C>T; p.Q518X), confirmed by Sanger sequencing. This mutation was suspected to be a causal mutation associated to the loss of MSH2 expression and it was found in first and second degree relatives. The index case has smoking and alcohol consumption habits. Moreover, he harbors extensive genetic variations in other DNA-repair genes not shared with his unaffected father. Conclusion In our investigated Tunisian family, we confirmed the LS by IHC, molecular and in silico investigations. We identified a novel pathogenic mutation described for the first time in Tunisia. These results come enriching the previously reported pathogenic mutations in LS families. Our study brings new arguments to the interpretation of MMR expression pattern and highlights new risk modifiers genes eventually implicated in CRC. Twins discordance reported in this work underscore that disease penetrance could be influenced by both genetic background and environmental factors. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12967-019-1961-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Jaballah-Gabteni
- Laboratory of Human and Experimental Pathology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia. .,Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis EL Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Haifa Tounsi
- Laboratory of Human and Experimental Pathology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia.,Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis EL Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Maria Kabbage
- Laboratory of Human and Experimental Pathology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia.,Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis EL Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Yosr Hamdi
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis EL Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Sahar Elouej
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis EL Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia.,Marseille Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, INSERM, Marseille, France
| | - Ines Ben Ayed
- Laboratory of Human and Experimental Pathology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia.,Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis EL Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mouna Medhioub
- Gastroenterology Department, Mohamed Tahar Maamouri Hospital, 8000, Nabeul, Tunisia
| | - Moufida Mahmoudi
- Gastroenterology Department, Mohamed Tahar Maamouri Hospital, 8000, Nabeul, Tunisia
| | - Hamza Dallali
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis EL Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hamza Yaiche
- Laboratory of Human and Experimental Pathology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia.,Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis EL Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Nadia Ben Jemii
- Laboratory of Human and Experimental Pathology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia.,Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis EL Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Afifa Maaloul
- Laboratory of Human and Experimental Pathology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Najla Mezghani
- Laboratory of Human and Experimental Pathology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia.,Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis EL Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Sonia Abdelhak
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis EL Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Lamine Hamzaoui
- Gastroenterology Department, Mohamed Tahar Maamouri Hospital, 8000, Nabeul, Tunisia
| | - Mousaddak Azzouz
- Gastroenterology Department, Mohamed Tahar Maamouri Hospital, 8000, Nabeul, Tunisia
| | - Samir Boubaker
- Laboratory of Human and Experimental Pathology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia.,Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis EL Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
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13
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Duraturo F, Liccardo R, De Rosa M, Izzo P. Genetics, diagnosis and treatment of Lynch syndrome: Old lessons and current challenges. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:3048-3054. [PMID: 30867733 PMCID: PMC6396136 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.9945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lynch syndrome (LS) is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder associated with germline mutations in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes. The carriers of pathogenic mutations in these genes have an increased risk of developing a colorectal cancer and/or LS-associated cancer. The LS-associated cancer types include carcinomas of the endometrium, small intestine, stomach, pancreas and biliary tract, ovary, brain, upper urinary tract and skin. The criteria for the clinical diagnosis of LS and the procedures of the genetic testing for identification of pathogenetic mutations carriers in MMR genes have long been known. A crucial point in the mutation detection analysis is the correct definition of the pathogenecity associated with MMR genetic variants, especially in order to include the mutation carriers in the endoscopy surveillance programs more suited to them. Therefore, this may help to improve the LS-associated cancer prevention programs. In the present review, we also report the recent discoveries in molecular genetics of LS, such as the new roles of MMR protein and immune response of MMR repair deficiency in colorectal cancer. Finally, we discuss the main therapeutic approaches, including immunotherapy, which represent a valid alternative to traditional therapeutic methods and extend the life expectancy of patients that have already developed LS-associated colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Duraturo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples 'Federico II', Naples I-80131, Italy
| | - Raffaella Liccardo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples 'Federico II', Naples I-80131, Italy
| | - Marina De Rosa
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples 'Federico II', Naples I-80131, Italy
| | - Paola Izzo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples 'Federico II', Naples I-80131, Italy.,CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, University of Naples 'Federico II', Naples I-80131, Italy
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14
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Liccardo R, De Rosa M, Izzo P, Duraturo F. Novel MSH2 splice-site mutation in a young patient with Lynch syndrome. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:6942-6946. [PMID: 29568967 PMCID: PMC5928652 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lynch Syndrome (LS) is associated with germline mutations in one of the mismatch repair (MMR) genes, including MutL homolog 1 (MLH1), MutS homolog 2 (MSH2), MSH6, PMS1 homolog 2, mismatch repair system component (PMS2), MLH3 and MSH3. The mutations identified in MMR genes are point mutations or large rearrangements. The point mutations are certainly pathogenetic whether they determine formation of truncated protein. The mutations that arise in splice sites are classified as ‘likely pathogenic’ variants. In the present study, a novel splicing mutation was identified, (named c.212-1g>a), in the MSH2 gene. This novel mutation in the consensus splice site of MSH2 exon 2 leads to the loss of the canonical splice site, without skipping in-frame of exon 2; also with the formation of 2 aberrant transcripts, due to the activation of novel splice sites in exon 2. This mutation was identified in a young patient who developed colon cancer at the age of 26 years and their belongs to family that met the ‘Revised Amsterdam Criteria’. The present study provided insight into the molecular mechanism determining the pathogenicity of this novel MSH2 mutation and it reaffirms the importance of genetic testing in LS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Liccardo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples 'Federico II', Naples, Italy
| | - Marina De Rosa
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples 'Federico II', Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Izzo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples 'Federico II', Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Duraturo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples 'Federico II', Naples, Italy
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15
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Liccardo R, De Rosa M, Duraturo F. Same MSH2 Gene Mutation But Variable Phenotypes in 2 Families With Lynch Syndrome: Two Case Reports and Review of Genotype-Phenotype Correlation. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-CASE REPORTS 2018; 11:1179547617753943. [PMID: 29383008 PMCID: PMC5784535 DOI: 10.1177/1179547617753943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Lynch syndrome is an autosomal dominant syndrome that can be subdivided into Lynch syndrome I, or site-specific colonic cancer, and Lynch syndrome II, or extracolonic cancers, particularly carcinomas of the stomach, endometrium, biliary and pancreatic systems, and urinary tract. Lynch syndrome is associated with point mutations and large rearrangements in DNA MisMatch Repair (MMR) genes. This syndrome shows a variable phenotypic expression in people who carry pathogenetic mutations. So far, a correlation in genotype-phenotype has not been definitely established. In this study, we describe 2 Lynch syndrome cases presenting with the same genotype but different phenotypes and discuss possible reasons for this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Liccardo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Marina De Rosa
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Duraturo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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16
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Liccardo R, De Rosa M, Rossi GB, Rigler G, Izzo P, Duraturo F. Characterization of novel, large duplications in the MSH2 gene of three unrelated Lynch syndrome patients. Cancer Genet 2017; 221:19-24. [PMID: 29405992 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Lynch syndrome (LS) is associated with germ-line mutations in the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes, mainly MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2. Most of genetic variants in the MMR genes predisposing to LS are point mutations, small deletions and insertions but large genomic rearrangements in the MMR genes also predisposing to Lynch syndrome. In this study, we report a novel, large rearrangement of the MSH2 gene, manifested by a duplication spanning a 14,846-bps region from intron 7 through intron 9. The breakpoints of this rearrangement were characterized by sequencing. Further analysis of the breakpoints revealed that this rearrangement was a product of Alu-mediated recombination. Finally, this large duplication was identified in three unrelated patients. Breakpoint analysis revealed the same junction fragments of introns 7 and 8 in the three index cases, suggesting a recurrent duplication or, alternatively, identity of the respective alleles by descent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Liccardo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Marina De Rosa
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Battista Rossi
- Endoscopy Unit, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, "Fondazione Giovanni Pascale" IRCCS, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriele Rigler
- Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Izzo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy; CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Duraturo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy.
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17
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Liccardo R, De Rosa M, Rossi GB, Carlomagno N, Izzo P, Duraturo F. Incomplete Segregation of MSH6 Frameshift Variants with Phenotype of Lynch Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18050999. [PMID: 28481244 PMCID: PMC5454912 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18050999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lynch syndrome (LS), the most frequent form of hereditary colorectal cancer, involves mutations in mismatch repair genes. The aim of this study was to identify mutations in MSH6 from 97 subjects negative for mutations in MLH1 and MSH2. By direct sequencing, we identified 27 MSH6 variants, of which, nine were novel. To verify the pathogenicity of these novel variants, we performed in silico and segregation analyses. Three novel variants were predicted by in silico analysis as damaging mutations and segregated with the disease phenotype; while a novel frameshift deletion variant that was predicted to yield a premature stop codon did not segregate with the LS phenotype in three of four cases in the family. Interestingly, another frame-shift variant identified in this study, already described in the literature, also did not segregate with the LS phenotype in one of two affected subjects in the family. In all affected subjects of both families, no mutation was detected in other MMR genes. Therefore, it is expected that within these families, other genetic factors contribute to the disease either alone or in combination with MSH6 variants. We conclude that caution should be exercised in counseling for MSH6-associated LS family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Liccardo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University Medical School, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Marina De Rosa
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University Medical School, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Battista Rossi
- Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione Pascale National Institute for Study and Care of Tumors, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Nicola Carlomagno
- General Surgery Unit-Advanced Biomedical Science Department, Federico II University Medical School, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Paola Izzo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University Medical School, 80131 Naples, Italy.
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80145 Naples, Italy.
| | - Francesca Duraturo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University Medical School, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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18
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Novel Implications in Molecular Diagnosis of Lynch Syndrome. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2017; 2017:2595098. [PMID: 28250766 PMCID: PMC5303590 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2595098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
About 10% of total colorectal cancers are associated with known Mendelian inheritance, as Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP) and Lynch syndrome (LS). In these cancer types the clinical manifestations of disease are due to mutations in high-risk alleles, with a penetrance at least of 70%. The LS is associated with germline mutations in the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes. However, the mutation detection analysis of these genes does not always provide informative results for genetic counseling of LS patients. Very often, the molecular analysis reveals the presence of variants of unknown significance (VUSs) whose interpretation is not easy and requires the combination of different analytical strategies to get a proper assessment of their pathogenicity. In some cases, these VUSs may make a more substantial overall contribution to cancer risk than the well-assessed severe Mendelian variants. Moreover, it could also be possible that the simultaneous presence of these genetic variants in several MMR genes that behave as low risk alleles might contribute in a cooperative manner to increase the risk of hereditary cancer. In this paper, through a review of the recent literature, we have speculated a novel inheritance model in the Lynch syndrome; this could pave the way toward new diagnostic perspectives.
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19
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Pensabene M, Condello C, Carlomagno C, De Placido S, Liccardo R, Duraturo F. Two novel sequence variants in MSH2 gene in a patient who underwent cancer genetic counseling for a very early-onset epithelial ovarian cancer. Hered Cancer Clin Pract 2016; 14:18. [PMID: 27602174 PMCID: PMC5011803 DOI: 10.1186/s13053-016-0054-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Early-onset or hereditary ovarian cancer is mostly associated with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. Mismatch repair genes sequence alteration frequently cause colorectal cancer, and, in less extent, other tumors, such as ovarian cancer. Subjects with personal and/or family history suggestive for hereditary cancer should be addressed to cancer genetic counseling, aimed to the identification, definition and management of hereditary cancer syndrome, by a multidisciplinary approach. Case presentation A woman with a very early onset epithelial ovarian cancer underwent to cancer genetic counseling and genetic testing. Pedigree analysis suggested a clinical diagnosis of Lynch II syndrome, according to the Amsterdam criteria. The MMRpro model showed a cumulative risk of mutation of 50.3 %, thus, genetic testing was offered to the patient. Two germ-line mutations have been identified in exon 11 of MSH2 gene: c.1706A > T (p.Glu569Val) and c.1711G > T (p.Glu571*). Both DNA alterations were novel mutations not yet described in literature. The first is a missense mutation that is to be considered an unclassified variant; the second is nonsense mutation that created a premature stop codon resulting in a truncated not functioning protein. Both genetic alterations were found in the patients’ father DNA. Conclusions The present report finds out two unpublished sequence alterations in exon 11 of the MSH2 gene, one on which can be considered causative of Lynch phenotype. Moreover, it stresses the importance of the multidisciplinary onco-genetic counselling in order to correctly frame the hereditary syndrome, suggest the right genetic test, and offer the most appropriate management of the cancer risk for the patients and her family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Pensabene
- Department of Clinical Medicine - Clinical Unit of Oncology, University Hospital Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Caterina Condello
- Department of Clinical Medicine - Clinical Unit of Oncology, University Hospital Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Carlomagno
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Sabino De Placido
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaella Liccardo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Duraturo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
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20
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Ribi S, Baumhoer D, Lee K, Edison, Teo ASM, Madan B, Zhang K, Kohlmann WK, Yao F, Lee WH, Hoi Q, Cai S, Woo XY, Tan P, Jundt G, Smida J, Nathrath M, Sung WK, Schiffman JD, Virshup DM, Hillmer AM. TP53 intron 1 hotspot rearrangements are specific to sporadic osteosarcoma and can cause Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Oncotarget 2016; 6:7727-40. [PMID: 25762628 PMCID: PMC4480712 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic mutations of TP53 are among the most common in cancer and germline mutations of TP53 (usually missense) can cause Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS). Recently, recurrent genomic rearrangements in intron 1 of TP53 have been described in osteosarcoma (OS), a highly malignant neoplasm of bone belonging to the spectrum of LFS tumors. Using whole-genome sequencing of OS, we found features of TP53 intron 1 rearrangements suggesting a unique mechanism correlated with transcription. Screening of 288 OS and 1,090 tumors of other types revealed evidence for TP53 rearrangements in 46 (16%) OS, while none were detected in other tumor types, indicating this rearrangement to be highly specific to OS. We revisited a four-generation LFS family where no TP53 mutation had been identified and found a 445 kb inversion spanning from the TP53 intron 1 towards the centromere. The inversion segregated with tumors in the LFS family. Cancers in this family had loss of heterozygosity, retaining the rearranged allele and resulting in TP53 expression loss. In conclusion, intron 1 rearrangements cause p53-driven malignancies by both germline and somatic mechanisms and provide an important mechanism of TP53 inactivation in LFS, which might in part explain the diagnostic gap of formerly classified “TP53 wild-type” LFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Ribi
- Cancer Therapeutics & Stratified Oncology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Daniel Baumhoer
- Bone Tumor Reference Center at The Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland.,Clinical Cooperation Group Osteosarcoma, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kristy Lee
- Department of Pediatrics and Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Edison
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Audrey S M Teo
- Cancer Therapeutics & Stratified Oncology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Babita Madan
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Kang Zhang
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92830, USA
| | - Wendy K Kohlmann
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health Care, Utah, UT 84112, USA
| | - Fei Yao
- Cancer Therapeutics & Stratified Oncology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Wah Heng Lee
- Computational & Systems Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Qiangze Hoi
- Computational & Systems Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Shaojiang Cai
- Computational & Systems Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Xing Yi Woo
- Personal Genomics Solutions, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Patrick Tan
- Cancer Therapeutics & Stratified Oncology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore 138672, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore 169857, Singapore.,Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Gernot Jundt
- Bone Tumor Reference Center at The Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jan Smida
- Clinical Cooperation Group Osteosarcoma, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,Department of Pediatrics and Wilhelm Sander Sarcoma Treatment Unit, Technische Universität München and Pediatric Oncology Center, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Michaela Nathrath
- Clinical Cooperation Group Osteosarcoma, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,Department of Pediatrics and Wilhelm Sander Sarcoma Treatment Unit, Technische Universität München and Pediatric Oncology Center, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Wing-Kin Sung
- Computational & Systems Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore 138672, Singapore.,School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117417, Singapore
| | - Joshua D Schiffman
- Department of Pediatrics and Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - David M Virshup
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Axel M Hillmer
- Cancer Therapeutics & Stratified Oncology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore 138672, Singapore
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21
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DURATURO FRANCESCA, LICCARDO RAFFAELLA, CAVALLO ANGELA, DE ROSA MARINA, ROSSI GIOVANNIBATTISTA, IZZO PAOLA. Multivariate analysis as a method for evaluating the pathogenicity of novel genetic MLH1 variants in patients with colorectal cancer and microsatellite instability. Int J Mol Med 2015; 36:511-7. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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22
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Costabile V, Duraturo F, Delrio P, Rega D, Pace U, Liccardo R, Rossi GB, Genesio R, Nitsch L, Izzo P, De Rosa M. Lithium chloride induces mesenchymal‑to‑epithelial reverting transition in primary colon cancer cell cultures. Int J Oncol 2015; 46:1913-23. [PMID: 25738332 PMCID: PMC4383027 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.2911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) confers stem cell-like phenotype and more motile properties to carcinoma cells. During EMT, the expression of E-cadherin decreases, resulting in loss of cell-cell adhesion and increased migration. Expression of Twist1 and other pleiotropic transcription factors, such as Snail, is known to activate EMT. We established primary colon cancer cell cultures from samples of operated patients and validated cultures by cytogenetic and molecular biology approaches. Western blot assay, quantitative real-time PCR and immunofluorescence were performed to investigate the expression of E-cadherin, vimentin, β-catenin, cytokeratin-20 and -18, Twist1, Snail, CD44, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), Sox2, Oct4 and Nanog. Moreover, cell differentiation was induced by incubation with LiCl-containing medium for 10 days. We observed that these primary colorectal cancer (CRC) cells lost expression of the E-cadherin epithelial marker, which was instead expressed in cancer and normal colon mucosa of the same patient, while overexpressed vimentin (mesenchymal marker), Twist1, Snail (EMT markers) and COX2. Cytokeratin-18 was expressed both in tissues and cell cultures. Expression of stem cell markers, such as CD44, Oct4 and Nanog, were also observed. Following differentiation with the glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) inhibitor LiCl, the cells began to express E-cadherin and, at once, Twist1 and Snail expression was strongly downregulated, suggesting a MET-reverting process. In conclusion, we established primary colon mesenchymal cancer cell cultures expressing mesenchymal and epithelial biomarkers together with high level of EMT transcription factors. We propose that they could represent a good model for studying EMT and its reverting mechanism, the mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET). Our observation indicates that LiCl, a GSK3β inhibitor, induces MET in vitro, suggesting that LiCl and GSK3β could represent, respectively, interesting drug, and target for CRC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Costabile
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico Ⅱ, I‑80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Duraturo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico Ⅱ, I‑80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Delrio
- Colorectal Surgical Oncology, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, ̔Fondazione Giovanni Pascale̓ IRCCS, I‑80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Rega
- Colorectal Surgical Oncology, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, ̔Fondazione Giovanni Pascale̓ IRCCS, I‑80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Ugo Pace
- Colorectal Surgical Oncology, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, ̔Fondazione Giovanni Pascale̓ IRCCS, I‑80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaella Liccardo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico Ⅱ, I‑80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Battista Rossi
- Endoscopy Unit, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, ̔Fondazione Giovanni Pascale̓ IRCCS, I‑80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Rita Genesio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico Ⅱ, I‑80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Lucio Nitsch
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico Ⅱ, I‑80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Izzo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico Ⅱ, I‑80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Marina De Rosa
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico Ⅱ, I‑80131 Naples, Italy
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23
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Song H, Cicek MS, Dicks E, Harrington P, Ramus SJ, Cunningham JM, Fridley BL, Tyrer JP, Alsop J, Jimenez-Linan M, Gayther SA, Goode EL, Pharoah PDP. The contribution of deleterious germline mutations in BRCA1, BRCA2 and the mismatch repair genes to ovarian cancer in the population. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:4703-9. [PMID: 24728189 PMCID: PMC4119409 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to estimate the contribution of deleterious mutations in BRCA1, BRCA2, MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 and PMS2 to invasive epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) in the population. The coding sequence and splice site boundaries of all six genes were amplified in germline DNA from 2240 invasive EOC cases and 1535 controls. Barcoded fragment libraries were sequenced using the Illumina GAII or HiSeq and sequence data for each subject de-multiplexed prior to interpretation. GATK and Annovar were used for variant detection and annotation. After quality control 2222 cases (99.2%) and 1528 controls (99.5%) were included in the final analysis. We identified 193 EOC cases (8.7%) carrying a deleterious mutation in at least one gene compared with 10 controls (0.65%). Mutations were most frequent in BRCA1 and BRCA2, with 84 EOC cases (3.8%) carrying a BRCA1 mutation and 94 EOC cases (4.2%) carrying a BRCA2 mutation. The combined BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation prevalence was 11% in high-grade serous disease. Seventeen EOC cases carried a mutation in a mismatch repair gene, including 10 MSH6 mutation carriers (0.45%) and 4 MSH2 mutation carriers (0.18%). At least 1 in 10 women with high-grade serous EOC has a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation. The development of next generation sequencing technologies enables rapid mutation screening for multiple susceptibility genes at once, suggesting that routine clinical testing of all incidence cases should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglin Song
- CR-UK Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK,
| | - Mine S Cicek
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ed Dicks
- CR-UK Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Patricia Harrington
- CR-UK Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Susan J Ramus
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, CA, USA
| | | | - Brooke L Fridley
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas, USA and
| | - Jonathan P Tyrer
- CR-UK Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jennifer Alsop
- CR-UK Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Simon A Gayther
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, CA, USA
| | - Ellen L Goode
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Paul D P Pharoah
- CR-UK Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
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