No Difference in Sleep and RBD between Different Types of Patients with Multiple System Atrophy: A Pilot Video-Polysomnographical Study

A Systematic Review of the Spectrum and Prevalence of Non-motor Symptoms in Multiple System Atrophy

BACKGROUND

Patients with Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) frequently report non-motor symptoms, and several research groups have highlighted this.

OBJECTIVE

We systematically searched for and reviewed papers assessing prevalence of non-motor symptoms (NMS) in MSA patients as reported in the scientific literature.

METHODS

We performed a systematic review of studies of subjects with MSA (involving > 10 patients) who were assessed for NMS, published in the English literature in PUBMED and EMBASE databases from 1947-2022.

RESULTS

23 research papers, with data from 2648 clinically diagnosed and 171 pathologically verified cases of MSA were included, along with 238 controls. Mean age for MSA cases was 61.3 (9.2) years, mean disease duration 3.6 (2.7) years. 57.9% were male. Our analysis showed that the prevalence of cognitive issues in MSA varied widely (between 15-100%); dementia per se was uncommon, but assessment in advanced stages of MSA is impacted by unintelligible speech (which may be noted in a quarter of cases). The prevalence of depressive symptoms in MSA was between 44-88%. Sleep disturbances were reported by 17-89%, with REM-sleep behaviour disorder (RBD) rates as high as 75%. Pain was reported by 40-47% of patients: rheumatic or musculoskeletal sources of pain being commonest. Fatigue was reported by 29-60% of patients. Symptoms of autonomic failure in MSA were seen in 34-96.5% patients at baseline.

CONCLUSION

In routine clinical practice, NMS in MSA are under-recognised by clinicians. These impact hugely on patient quality of life and contribute to their overall morbidity. A methodical ascertainment of these complaints will address an unmet need, and lead to a more holistic approach of care for individuals with MSA.

Sleep-related hypoventilation and hypercapnia in multiple system atrophy detected by polysomnography with transcutaneous carbon dioxide monitoring

Purpose

We aimed to evaluate sleep-related hypoventilation in multiple system atrophy (MSA) using polysomnography (PSG) with transcutaneous partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PtcCO₂) monitoring.

Methods

This prospective study included 34 patients with MSA. Motor and autonomic function, neuropsychological tests, PSG with PtcCO₂ monitoring, and pulmonary function tests were performed. Sleep-related hypoventilation disorder (SRHD) was defined according to the International Classification of Sleep Disorders, third edition.

Results

Nine (27%) of the 34 patients met the diagnostic criteria of SRHD. Twenty-nine (85%) patients had sleep-related breathing disorders based on an Apnea–Hypopnea Index of ≥ 5/h. The patients with MSA and SRHD had a higher arousal index (p = 0.017) and obstructive apnea index (p = 0.041) than those without SRHD. There was no difference in the daytime partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood or respiratory function between MSA patients with and without SRHD.

Conclusion

Sleep-related hypoventilation may occur in patients with MSA even with a normal daytime partial pressure of carbon dioxide. This can be noninvasively detected by PSG with PtcCO₂ monitoring. SRBD and sleep-related hypoventilation are common among patients with MSA, and clinicians should take this into consideration while evaluating and treating this population.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11325-022-02568-4.

A Questionnaire-Based Study on Clinical REM Sleep Behavior Disorder and Subtypes in Multiple System Atrophy

OBJECTIVES

Studies documenting the association between rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) and subtypes of multiple system atrophy (MSA) are rare. In this study, we investigated the presence of clinical RBD in MSA patients and compared the prevalence and severity of RBD in patients with MSA-P and MSA-C subtypes.

METHODS

We evaluated 54 consecutive patients presenting with MSA and hospitalized in the neurology ward of Beijing Hospital from February 2012 to June 2020. The healthy control (HC) group consisted of 100 healthy individuals who came to our hospital for physical examination. The clinical diagnosis of RBD was based on the minimal diagnostic criteria of International Classification of Sleep Disorders, revised. The severity of clinical RBD was rated on a digital scale from 0 to 3. The patients were divided into 2 subgroups: MSA-P and MSA-C. The MSA and HC groups were compared in terms of frequency of clinical RBD. The MSA-P and MSA-C subgroups were compared with each other for age, sex, onset age, disease duration, and features of clinical RBD. The correlation between severity of clinical RBD and clinical characteristics of MSA was analyzed in the patient groups.

RESULTS

The frequency of clinical RBD in MSA and HC groups was 70.4% (38/54) and 5% (5/100), respectively. The difference between 2 groups was significant (χ2 = 74.453, p = 0.000). Among the patients, 57.4% (31/54) had the MSA-P subtype. There were no significant differences between MSA-P and MSA-C subtypes in the prevalence (χ2 = 1.734, p = 0.188) and severity (χ2 = 1.776, p = 0.412) of clinical RBD. The onset of clinical RBD during the premotor period was not different between the subtypes of MSA, either in patients' number of preceding the onset of motor symptoms (χ2 = 0.581, p = 0.446) or the preceding time (Z = -0.550, p = 0.582). For the MSA-C patients, there was a negative correlation between the score of severity of the RBD scale and RBD preceding motor symptoms (r = -0.482, p = 0.020).

CONCLUSION

In our study, the prevalence of clinical RBD is unrelated to the subtypes of MSA. The onset of clinical RBD during the premotor period was not different between subtypes of MSA. However, we found that the severity of RBD occurring before the motor symptoms was more than that occurring after the motor symptoms in MSA-C patients. Our results showed that MSA-P and MSA-C patients may have a probable indicator for the similar pathologic mechanism of the disease and its sleep problems.

REM Sleep Behaviour Disorder in Multiple System Atrophy: From Prodromal to Progression of Disease

A higher frequency of motor and breathing sleep-related disorders in multiple system atrophy (MSA) populations is reported. REM sleep behaviour disorder (RBD) is one of the most robust markers of an underlying alpha-synucleinopathy. Although a large corpus of literature documented the higher prevalence of RBD in MSA, few studies have systematically investigated the prevalence of RBD as mode of disease onset and its role in disease progression. Moreover, there has been increasing interest in phenoconversion into synucleinopathies of cohorts of patients with isolated RBD (iRBD). Finally, some studies investigated RBD as predictive factor of conversion in isolated autonomic failure, a synucleinopathy presenting with autonomic failure as the sole clinical manifestation that could convert to a manifest central nervous system synucleinopathy. As the field of neurodegenerative disorders moves increasingly towards developing disease-modifying therapies, detecting individuals in the prodromal stage of these synucleinopathies becomes crucial. The aims of this review are to summarise (1) the prevalence of RBD during the course of MSA and as presenting feature of MSA (iRBD), (2) the RBD features in MSA, (3) MSA progression and prognosis in the subgroup of patients with RBD predating disease onset, and (4) the prevalence of MSA conversion in iRBD cohorts. Moreover, we summarise previous results on the role of RBD in the context of isolated autonomic failure as marker of phenoconversion to other synucleinopathies and, in particular, to MSA.

Sleep-related symptoms in multiple system atrophy: determinants and impact on disease severity

Background:

Sleep disorders are common but under-researched symptoms in patients with multiple system atrophy (MSA). We investigated the frequency and factors associated with sleep-related symptoms in patients with MSA and the impact of sleep disturbances on disease severity.

Methods:

This cross-sectional study involved 165 patients with MSA. Three sleep-related symptoms, namely Parkinson's disease (PD)-related sleep problems (PD-SP), excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), and rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD), were evaluated using the PD Sleep Scale-2 (PDSS-2), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and RBD Screening Questionnaire (RBDSQ), respectively. Disease severity was evaluated using the Unified MSA Rating Scale (UMSARS).

Results:

The frequency of PD-SP (PDSS-2 score of ≥18), EDS (ESS score of ≥10), and RBD (RBDSQ score of ≥5) in patients with MSA was 18.8%, 27.3%, and 49.7%, respectively. The frequency of coexistence of all three sleep-related symptoms was 7.3%. Compared with the cerebellar subtype of MSA (MSA-C), the parkinsonism subtype of MSA (MSA-P) was associated with a higher frequency of PD-SP and EDS, but not of RBD. Binary logistic regression revealed that the MSA-P subtype, a higher total UMSARS score, and anxiety were associated with PD-SP; that male sex, a higher total UMSARS score, the MSA-P subtype, and fatigue were associated with EDS; and that male sex, a higher total UMSARS score, and autonomic onset were associated with RBD in patients with MSA. Stepwise linear regression showed that the number of sleep-related symptoms (PD-SP, EDS, and RBD), disease duration, depression, fatigue, and total Montreal Cognitive Assessment score were predictors of disease severity in patients with MSA.

Conclusions:

Sleep-related disorders were associated with both MSA subtypes and the severity of disease in patients with MSA, indicating that sleep disorders may reflect the distribution and degree of dopaminergic/non-dopaminergic neuron degeneration in MSA.

An update on MSA: premotor and non-motor features open a window of opportunities for early diagnosis and intervention

In this review, we describe the wide clinical spectrum of features that can be seen in multiple system atrophy (MSA) with a focus on the premotor phase and the non-motor symptoms providing an up-to-date overview of the current understanding in this fast-growing field. First, we highlight the non-motor features at disease onset when MSA can be indistinguishable from pure autonomic failure or other chronic neurodegenerative conditions. We describe the progression of clinical features to aid the diagnosis of MSA early in the disease course. We go on to describe the levels of diagnostic certainty and we discuss MSA subtypes that do not fit into the current diagnostic criteria, highlighting the complexity of the disease as well as the need for revised diagnostic tools. Second, we describe the pathology, clinical description, and investigations of cardiovascular autonomic failure, urogenital and sexual dysfunction, orthostatic hypotension, and respiratory and REM-sleep behavior disorders, which may precede the motor presentation by months or years. Their presence at presentation, even in the absence of ataxia and parkinsonism, should be regarded as highly suggestive of the premotor phase of MSA. Finally, we discuss how the recognition of the broader spectrum of clinical features of MSA and especially the non-motor features at disease onset represent a window of opportunity for disease-modifying interventions.

Clinical features of multiple system atrophy with or without rapid eye movement behavior disorder: a cross-sectional study in southwest China

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of rapid eye movement behavior disorder (RBD) in Chinese patients with multiple system atrophy (MSA) and to compare motor and non-motor symptoms and sleep disturbance of MSA patients with and without RBD.

METHODS

A total of 55 patients who were consecutively admitted to West China Hospital of Sichuan University from 2016 to 2019 and subsequently diagnosed with probable MSA were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. The diagnosis of RBD was based on the results of video polysomnography (PSG) and a history of abnormal sleep-related behaviors. The patients were divided into two groups: those with RBD and those without. These two groups were then compared in terms of severity of motor symptoms (Unified Multiple System Arophy Rating Scale) and non-motor symptoms (Non-Motor Symptoms Scale, Mini-Mental State Examination score, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Fatigue Severity Scale, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, REM Sleep Behavior Disorder Screening Questionnaire, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale) and sleep parameters as recorded on PSG.

RESULTS

Of the 55 patients (35 males), 18 (33%, 13 males) were diagnosed with RBD. Patients with or without RBD did not differ in demographic characteristics, clinical features, or sleep parameters based on PSG.

CONCLUSION

There was no difference in motor and non-motor symptoms between MSA patients with or without RBD, indicating that the presence of RBD may not be significantly associated with the severity of motor or non-motor dysfunction in MSA.

Impact of sleep-related breathing disorder on motor and non-motor symptoms in multiple system atrophy

INTRODUCTION

Although several studies suggested that sleep-related breathing disorder (SRBD) is a frequent symptom of multiple system atrophy (MSA), whether SRBD has influence on the motor and non-motor symptoms of MSA is unknown.

METHODS

A total of 40 MSA patients and 40 healthy volunteers (HVs) underwent video-polysomnography (PSG) in the current study. All the MSA individuals were assessed using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Unified Multiple-System Atrophy Rating Scale (UMSARS), Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD), Hamilton Anxiety Scale, Frontal assessment battery (FAB), Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire-39 (PDQ-39), and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA).

RESULTS

We found apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) of the MSA patients recorded by PSG was 16.4 ± 20.2. SRBD was found in 65% of the MSA patients (26/40), which was significantly higher than HVs (8/40, 20%) (p = 0.0001). Compared to the MSA patients without SRBD, MSA individuals with SRBD showed higher total UMSARS, UMSARS-II, FAB, and HAMD scores, more frequent occurrence of excessive daytime sleepiness, hypopneas, longer mean times for hypopneas, and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), as well as longer time for OSA. This study suggested that SRBD is frequently seen in MSA patients.

CONCLUSION

MSA individuals with SRBD are prone to be severe motor deficits, depression, frontal lobe dysfunction, and excessive daytime sleepiness.

The Diagnosis and Natural History of Multiple System Atrophy, Cerebellar Type

The objective of this study was to identify key features differentiating multiple system atrophy cerebellar type (MSA-C) from idiopathic late-onset cerebellar ataxia (ILOCA). We reviewed records of patients seen in the Massachusetts General Hospital Ataxia Unit between 1992 and 2013 with consensus criteria diagnoses of MSA-C or ILOCA. Twelve patients had definite MSA-C, 53 had possible/probable MSA-C, and 12 had ILOCA. Autonomic features, specifically urinary urgency, frequency, and incontinence with erectile dysfunction in males, differentiated MSA-C from ILOCA throughout the disease course (p = 0.005). Orthostatic hypotension developed later and differentiated MSA-C from ILOCA (p < 0.01). REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) occurred early in possible/probable MSA-C (p < 0.01). Late MSA-C included pathologic laughing and crying (PLC, p < 0.01), bradykinesia (p = 0.01), and corticospinal findings (p = 0.01). MRI distinguished MSA-C from ILOCA by atrophy of the brainstem (p < 0.01) and middle cerebellar peduncles (MCP, p = 0.02). MSA-C progressed faster than ILOCA: by 6 years, MSA-C walker dependency was 100 % and ILOCA 33 %. MSA-C survival was 8.4 ± 2.5 years. Mean length of ILOCA illness to date is 15.9 ± 6.4 years. A sporadic onset, insidiously developing cerebellar syndrome in midlife, with autonomic features of otherwise unexplained bladder dysfunction with or without erectile dysfunction in males, and atrophy of the cerebellum, brainstem, and MCP points strongly to MSA-C. RBD and postural hypotension confirm the diagnosis. Extrapyramidal findings, corticospinal tract signs, and PLC are helpful but not necessary for diagnosis. Clarity in early MSA-C diagnosis can prevent unnecessary investigations and facilitate therapeutic trials.

RBD and Neurodegenerative Diseases

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is a sleep disorder characterized by enacting one's dreams during the REM sleep, with most of the dreams being violent or aggressive, so that patients often come to see the doctor complaining hurting themselves or bed partners during sleep. Prevalence of RBD, based on population, is 0.38-2.01 %, but much higher in patients with neurodegenerative diseases, especially synucleinopathies. RBD may herald the emergence of synucleinopathies by decades, such that it may be used as an effective early marker of neurodegenerative diseases. Pharmaceutical treatment of RBD includes clonazepam, melatonin, pramipexole, and some newly reported medications. In this review, we summarized the clinical and PSG features of RBD, the pathophysiology and the therapy of it, focusing on the correlation between neurodegenerative diseases and RBD, in order to emphasize the significance of RBD as an early marker of neurodegenerative diseases.

Interactions of visual hallucinations, rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder and cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease: A review

Patients with Parkinson's disease may develop various non-motor symptoms during the course of the illness. Visual hallucinations (VH) and cognitive impairment (CI) are two common non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Studies have reported association of both VH and CI with presence of rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD). Presence of visual hallucinations and cognitive impairment has been described as risk factors for emergence of each other. There is marked overlap in the risk factors for development of RBD, VH and CI in patients with PD. Results of clinical and epidemiological studies as well as studies based on neuroimaging, electrophysiology especially transcranial magnetic stimulation and neuropsycholgical evaluations in PD patients have suggested presence of certain common neurobiological process leading to emergence of RBD, VH and CI. Structural neuroimaging studies using voxel-based morphometry have often reported grey matter atrophy of hippocampus and parahippocampal cortices in PD patients with RBD, VH and CI. Cholinergic dysfunction is common in PD patients with RBD, VH and CI. This review explores the complex interactions of RBD, VH and CI in patients with PD and their potential implications.