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Corado HPR, Moura de Souza Soraes F, Barbosa DM, Lima AM, Elias CN. Titanium Coated with Graphene and Niobium Pentoxide for Biomaterial Applications. Int J Biomater 2022; 2022:2786101. [PMID: 36506263 PMCID: PMC9729051 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2786101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene and niobium oxide are used in biomaterial coatings. In this work, commercially pure titanium (cp Ti) was coated with graphene oxide (GO), niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5), and a mixture of both materials (NbGO) by the electrochemical deposition method. The surface morphology, roughness, wettability, and degradation of coated and uncoated samples were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, interferometry, and contact angle. The results showed that the specimens coated with NbGO (cp Ti-NbGO) showed the highest surface roughness (Ra = 0.64 μm) and were hydrophobic. The contact (θ) angle between water and the surface of uncoated specimens (cp Ti), coated with GO (cp Ti-GO), coated with a mixture with GO and Nb2O5) (cp Ti-NbGO), and coated with Nb2O5 were 50.74°, 44.35°, 55.86°, and 100.35°, respectively. The electrochemical corrosion tests showed that coating with graphene oxide increased the corrosion resistance and coating with Nb2O5 decreased the corrosion resistance. The negative effect of the effect of Nb2O5 coating in corrosion resistance compensated for the release of Nb2O5, which helps osseointegration, increasing cell viability, and proliferation of osteoblasts. The NbGO coating may be a good way to combine the bactericidal effect of graphene oxide with the osseointegration effect of Nb2O5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel Paloma Reis Corado
- Instituto Militar de Engenharia—IME, Department of Materials Science, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Praia Vermelha, Urca, CEP 22290-270, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Francielly Moura de Souza Soraes
- Instituto Militar de Engenharia—IME, Department of Materials Science, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Praia Vermelha, Urca, CEP 22290-270, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Dyanni Manhães Barbosa
- Instituto Militar de Engenharia—IME, Department of Materials Science, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Praia Vermelha, Urca, CEP 22290-270, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Andreza Menezes Lima
- Instituto Militar de Engenharia—IME, Department of Materials Science, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Praia Vermelha, Urca, CEP 22290-270, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carlos Nelson Elias
- Instituto Militar de Engenharia—IME, Department of Materials Science, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Praia Vermelha, Urca, CEP 22290-270, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Effect of titanium dioxide intermediate layer on scratch and corrosion resistance of sol-gel-derived HA coating applied on Ti-6Al-4V substrate. Prog Biomater 2021; 10:259-269. [PMID: 34741278 DOI: 10.1007/s40204-021-00169-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Modification of dental and orthopedic implants' surface by coating them with bioactive materials, such as hydroxyapatite (HA), diminishes the implants' fixation time. Appropriate adhesion to the substrate and stability in biological conditions are essential requirements for these coatings. In this study, sol-gel-derived HA coating was applied on the Ti-6Al-4 V substrate, which is a high-performance alloy for manufacturing bone implants. Also, titanium dioxide (TiO2) which was prepared by the sol-gel method was used as an intermediate layer between HA coating and the substrate. The nano-scratch and potentiodynamic polarization tests were employed to evaluate the effectiveness of TiO2 intermediate layer on improving the scratch resistance, as an indicator of coating adhesion strength, and the corrosion resistance of the coated samples. The quality of the coating bonded to the substrate was studied by cross-sectional SEM images. The XRD tests indicated that HA and TiO2 coatings were formed with predetermined phase compositions. The biocompatibility of sol-gel-derived HA coating was established by simulated body fluid (SBF) immersion tests. The SEM images, along with the results of electrochemical and nano-scratch tests, proved the significant effect of a TiO2 intermediate layer on improving the scratch resistance and stability of HA coating on titanium alloy substrate.
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Scarano A, Postiglione F, Khater AGA, Al-Hamed FS, Lorusso F. A Novel Technique to Increase the Thickness of TiO₂ of Dental Implants by Nd: DPSS Q-sw Laser Treatment. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:ma13184178. [PMID: 32962189 PMCID: PMC7560357 DOI: 10.3390/ma13184178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
High bone-implant contact is a crucial factor in the achievement of osseointegration and long time clinical success of dental implants. Micro, nano, microtopography, and oxide layer of dental implants influence tissue response. The lasers were used for achieving an implant surface with homogeneous micro texturing and uncontaminated surface. The present study aimed to characterize the implant surfaces treated by Nd: DPSS Q-sw Laser treatment compared to machined implants. A total of 10 machined implants and 10 lasered surface implants were evaluated in this study. The implant surfaces were evaluated by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES), and metallography to characterize and measure the thickness of the oxide layer on the implant titanium surface. The machined surfaces showed a non-homogeneous oxide layer ranging between 20 and 30 nm. The lasered implant surfaces showed a homogeneous oxide layer ranging between 400 nm and 460 nm in the area of the laser holes, while outside the layer, thickness ranged between 200 nm and 400 nm without microcracks or evidence of damage. Another exciting result after this laser treatment is a topographically controlled, repeatable, homogeneous, and clean surface. This technique can obtain the implant surface without leaving residues of foreign substances on it. The study results indicate that the use of Nd: DPSS Q-sw laser produces a predictable and reproducible treatment able to improve the titanium oxide layer on the dental implant surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Scarano
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences and CeSi-MeT, University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Francesca Postiglione
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences and CasT, University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Ahmad G. A. Khater
- Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Ahram Canadian University, Giza 12511, Egypt;
| | | | - Felice Lorusso
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences and CeSi-MeT, University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
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Wang F, Li C, Zhang S, Liu H. Role of TiO
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Nanotubes on the Surface of Implants in Osseointegration in Animal Models: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis. J Prosthodont 2020; 29:501-510. [DOI: 10.1111/jopr.13163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Feifan Wang
- Medical College of Nankai University Tianjin P.R. China
- Chinese PLA General HospitalInstitute of Stomatological Research Beijing P.R. China
| | - Chuanjie Li
- Medical College of Nankai University Tianjin P.R. China
- Chinese PLA General HospitalInstitute of Stomatological Research Beijing P.R. China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Medical College of Nankai University Tianjin P.R. China
- Chinese PLA General HospitalInstitute of Stomatological Research Beijing P.R. China
| | - Hongchen Liu
- Medical College of Nankai University Tianjin P.R. China
- Chinese PLA General HospitalInstitute of Stomatological Research Beijing P.R. China
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Alves-Rezende MCR, Capalbo LC, De Oliveira Limírio JPJ, Capalbo BC, Limírio PHJO, Rosa JL. The role of TiO 2 nanotube surface on osseointegration of titanium implants: Biomechanical and histological study in rats. Microsc Res Tech 2020; 83:817-823. [PMID: 32227674 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The nanoscale surface of titanium has been studied to improve the cellular recognition of the biological microenvironment and to increase bone-implant interaction. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of a titanium oxide (TiO2 ) nanotube surface with a machined surface on osseointegration tibia implants without primary stability. This study used an experimental design, divided into two groups (n = 16): commercially pure titanium machined implants (Cp-Ti Ma) and commercially pure titanium anodized implants (Cp-Ti An). Titanium nanotubes were produced by anodic oxidation, and the topography of surface was analyzed using field emission scanning microscope (FE-SEM). The implants (2.1 × 2.8 mm Ø) were surgically placed in the right tibia (defects with milling drill 2.5 × 3.2 mm Ø) of 32 Wistar male rats (250-300 g). The animals were euthanized at 7 weeks postoperatively. The maximum value of removal torque was measured (N/cm) in the right tibia half of each group (8 animals/8 tibiae); the other half of each group underwent a nondecalcified protocol, stained with Stevenel blue/Alizarin red, and the formation of bone tissue in close contact to the implant was measured. The obtained data were analyzed statistically (t test). Differences were considered statistically significant for α < 0.05. Cp-Ti An implants were significantly higher in removal torque and peri-implant bone healing compared with Cp-Ti Ma implants (p < .01). Within the limitations of this study, it was observed that the surface modification of titanium by anodization (TiO2 nanotubes) can improve osseointegration, and this may be very useful to reduce the time required for peri-implant bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C R Alves-Rezende
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Letícia C Capalbo
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | | | - Bruna C Capalbo
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Pedro H J O Limírio
- Integrated Dental Clinic Program, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Jorge L Rosa
- Lorena School of Engineering, Sao Paulo University, USP, Lorena, Brazil
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Influence of the Thermal Treatment to Address a Better Osseointegration of Ti6Al4V Dental Implants: Histological and Histomorphometrical Study in a Rabbit Model. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:2349698. [PMID: 30050922 PMCID: PMC6040305 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2349698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Pure titanium continues to be the first choice for dental implants and represents the gold standard for their biocompatibility and physical and mechanical characteristics, while the titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) has good mechanical properties. The surface structure of the titanium oxide layer formation on the surface influences and improves the bone response around dental implants. Purpose The purpose of this study is to evaluate the influence of a thermal treatment of Ti6Al4V implant surfaces and the bone healing response in a rabbit model. Methods Altogether sixteen implants with same design were inserted into the distal femoral metaphysis. A screw (13 mm long, 4 mm in diameter) was inserted in an implant bed. Each rabbit received two implants, one in the left femur and one in the right femur. The samples were histologically and histomorphometrically evaluated at 8 weeks. Results A statistically significant difference (p = 0.000034) was present histologically in the percentages of bone-implant contact (BIC) between the test group (BIC = 69.25±4.49%.) and control group (BIC = 56.25 ± 4.8%) by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. Conclusions The outcome of the present study indicates a novel approach to improving bone healing around titanium implants.
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Somsanith N, Kim YK, Jang YS, Lee YH, Yi HK, Jang JH, Kim KA, Bae TS, Lee MH. Enhancing of Osseointegration with Propolis-Loaded TiO₂ Nanotubes in Rat Mandible for Dental Implants. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11010061. [PMID: 29301269 PMCID: PMC5793559 DOI: 10.3390/ma11010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
TiO2 nanotubes (TNT) formation is beneficial for improving bone cell–material interaction and drug delivery for Ti dental implants. Among the natural drugs to be installed in TNT, selected propolis has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. It is a resinous natural product which is collected by the honeybees from the various types of plants with their salivary enzymes. This study concludes that TNT loaded with a propolis (PL-TNT-Ti) dental implant has the ability to improve osseointegration. The propolis particles were embedded within the TNT or adhered to the top. In a cytotoxicity test using osteoblast, PL-TNT-Ti group exhibited an increased cell proliferation and differentiation. A Sprague Dawley rat mandibular model was used to evaluate the osseointegration and bone bonding of TNT or PL-TNT-Ti. From the µ-CT and hematoxylin and eosin (HE) histological results after implantation at 1 and 4 weeks to rat mandibular, an increase in the extent of new bone formation and mineral density around the PL-TNT-Ti implant was confirmed. The Masson’s trichrome staining showed the expression of well-formed collagenous for bone formation on the PL-TNT-Ti. Immunohistochemistry staining indicate that bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP-2 and BMP-7) around the PL-TNT-Ti increased the expression of collagen fibers and of osteogenic differentiation whereas the expression of inflammatory cytokine such as interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nithideth Somsanith
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, Institute of Biodegradable Materials, BK21 plus Program, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, JeonJu 54896, Korea.
- Department of Prosthodontics, University of Health Sciences, Vientiane 7444, Laos.
| | - Yu-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, Institute of Biodegradable Materials, BK21 plus Program, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, JeonJu 54896, Korea.
| | - Young-Seok Jang
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, Institute of Biodegradable Materials, BK21 plus Program, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, JeonJu 54896, Korea.
| | - Young-Hee Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology and the Institute for Molecular biology and Gemetics, Chonbuk National University, JeonJu 54896, Korea.
| | - Ho-Keun Yi
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Institute of Oral Bioscience, BK21 plus Program, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, JeonJu 54896, Korea.
| | - Jong-Hwa Jang
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Hanseo University, Seosan 31962, Korea.
| | - Kyoung-A Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry and Institute of Oral Bio Science, Chonbuk National University, JeonJu 54896, Korea.
| | - Tae-Sung Bae
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, Institute of Biodegradable Materials, BK21 plus Program, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, JeonJu 54896, Korea.
| | - Min-Ho Lee
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, Institute of Biodegradable Materials, BK21 plus Program, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, JeonJu 54896, Korea.
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García-Gareta E, Hua J, Orera A, Kohli N, Knowles JC, Blunn GW. Biomimetic surface functionalization of clinically relevant metals used as orthopaedic and dental implants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 13:015008. [PMID: 28832345 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/aa87e6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Titanium and its alloys or tantalum (Ta) are materials used in orthopaedic and dental implants due to their excellent mechanical properties and biocompatibility. However, their bioactivity and osteoconductivity is low. With a view to improving the bioactivity of these materials we hypothesised that the surface of Ta and TiAl6V4 can be functionalised with biomimetic, amorphous nano-sized calcium phosphate (CaP) apatite-like deposits, instead of creating uniform coatings, which can lead to flaking, delamination and poor adherence. We used Ta and TiAl6V4 metal discs with smooth and rough surfaces. Amorphous CaP apatite-like particles were deposited on the different surfaces by a biomimetic rapid two-step soaking method using concentrated simulated body fluid (SBF) solutions without a pre-treatment of the metal surfaces to induce CaP deposition. Immersion times in the second SBF solution of 48 and 18 h for Ta and TiAl6V4 respectively produced CaP deposits composed of amorphous globular nano-sized particles that also contained Mg, C and O. Longer immersion times produced more uniform coatings as well as an undesired calcite mineral phase. Prediction of in vivo behaviour by immersion in regular SBF showed that the obtained CaP deposits would act as a catalyst to rapidly form a Ca deficient CaP layer that also incorporates Mg. The amorphous CaP apatite-like deposits promoted initial attachment, proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells. Finally, we used our method to functionalise 3D porous structures of titanium alloy made by selective laser sintering. Our study uses a novel and cost-effective approach to functionalise clinically relevant metal surfaces in order to increase the bioactivity of these materials, which could improve their clinical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena García-Gareta
- John Scales Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore HA7 4LP, United Kingdom. Regenerative Biomaterials Group, RAFT Institute of Plastic Surgery, Mount Vernon Hospital, Northwood HA6 2RN, United Kingdom
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Behjati M, Moradi I, Kazemi M. Application of novel anodized titanium for enhanced recruitment of H9C2 cardiac myoblast. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2015; 18:873-7. [PMID: 26526098 PMCID: PMC4620186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Anodized treated titanium surfaces, have been proposed as potential surfaces with better cell attachment capacities. We have investigated the adhesion and proliferation properties of H9C2 cardiac myoblasts on anodized treated titanium surface. MATERIALS AND METHODS Surface topography and anodized tubules were examined by high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Control and test substrates were inserted to the bottom of 24-well tissue culture plates. Culture media including H9C2 cells were loaded on the surface of substrate and control wells at the second passage. Evaluation of cell growth, proliferation, viability and surface cytotoxicity was performed using MTT test. After 48 hr, some samples were inspected by SEM. DAPI-staining was used to count attached cells. RESULTS MTT results for cells cultured on anodized titanium and unanodized titanium surfaces was equal to 1.56 and 0.55 fold change compared to tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS). The surface had no cytotoxic effects on cells. The average cell attachment to TCPS, unanodized and anodized titanium surface was 2497±40.16, 1250±20.11 and 4859.5±54.173, respectively. Cell adhesion to anodized titanium was showed 1.95 and 3.89 fold increase compared to TCPS and unanodized titanium, respectively (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Anodized titanium surfaces can be potentially applied for enhanced recruitment of H9C2 cells. This unique property makes these inexpensive anodized surfaces as a candidate surface for attachment of cardiac cells and consequently for cardiac regeneration purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohaddeseh Behjati
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran,Heart failure Research Center, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran,Corresponding author: Mohaddeseh Behjati. Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. Tel: +98-311-3359090, 3359191, 3359292; Fax: +98-311-3373435;
| | - Iman Moradi
- Nanotechnology Consultancy and Development Center (NCDC), Padova, Italy
| | - Mohammad Kazemi
- Department of Genetics, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Oh EJ, Nguyen TDT, Lee SY, Jeon YM, Bae TS, Kim JG. Enhanced compatibility and initial stability of Ti6Al4V alloy orthodontic miniscrews subjected to anodization, cyclic precalcification, and heat treatment. Korean J Orthod 2014; 44:246-53. [PMID: 25309864 PMCID: PMC4192526 DOI: 10.4041/kjod.2014.44.5.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the bioactivity, and the biomechanical and bone-regenerative properties of Ti6Al4V miniscrews subjected to anodization, cyclic precalcification, and heat treatment (APH treatment) and their potential clinical use. Methods The surfaces of Ti6Al4V alloys were modified by APH treatment. Bioactivity was assessed after immersion in simulated body fluid for 3 days. The hydrophilicity and the roughness of APH-treated surfaces were compared with those of untreated (UT) and anodized and heat-treated (AH) samples. For in vivo tests, 32 miniscrews (16 UT and 16 APH) were inserted into 16 Wistar rats, one UT and one APH-treated miniscrew in either tibia. The miniscrews were extracted after 3 and 6 weeks and their osseointegration (n = 8 for each time point and group) was investigated by surface and histological analyses and removal torque measurements. Results APH treatment formed a dense surface array of nanotubular TiO2 layer covered with a compact apatite-like film. APH-treated samples showed better bioactivity and biocompatibility compared with UT and AH samples. In vivo, APH-treated miniscrews showed higher removal torque and bone-to-implant contact than did UT miniscrews, after both 3 and 6 weeks (p < 0.05). Also, early deposition of densely mineralized bone around APH-treated miniscrews was observed, implying good bonding to the treated surface. Conclusions APH treatment enhanced the bioactivity, and the biomechanical and bone regenerative properties of the Ti6Al4V alloy miniscrews. The enhanced initial stability afforded should be valuable in orthodontic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thuy-Duong T Nguyen
- Department of Dental Biomaterials and Institute of Oral Bioscience, Brain Korea 21 Project, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Seung-Youp Lee
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Young-Mi Jeon
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Tae-Sung Bae
- Department of Dental Biomaterials and Institute of Oral Bioscience, Brain Korea 21 Project, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Jong-Gee Kim
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
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