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Sedivy P, Dezortova M, Rydlo J, Moravec P, Krizek I, Setinova B, Pajuelo D, Burian M, Hajek M. Technical note: MR-compatible pedal ergometer with electromechanical pedal resistance and exercise triggering enhanced by visual feedback via video display. Med Phys 2023; 50:8063-8068. [PMID: 37665757 DOI: 10.1002/mp.16682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During and after exercise, dynamic 31 P MR parameters are typically measured using an MR-compatible ergometer. Self-built equipment for local condition can be constructed where possible. PURPOSE To develop a pedal resistance ergometer with rocker arm based on a system that combines electric weight displacement, visual self-monitoring, and exercise triggering. The repeatability and reproducibility were tested. METHODS The hardware and software for the ergometer were constructed from commercial components in a home laboratory. Twelve volunteers participated in the testing of the ergometer. RESULTS A fully automated ergometer system was developed, allowing the pedal resistance to be adjusted during the examination. The system includes a self-monitoring and triggering mechanism that enables both the operator and subject to monitor pedal frequency and force. The operator can modify the pedal resistance as desired during the exercise. This self-monitoring solution is simple and cost-effective, requiring only a commercial potentiometer, an Arduino converter, and a conventional video projector with a personal computer (PC). Additionally, all system components are located outside the magnetic resonance (MR) room, avoiding interference with the MR system. Results of several test of the reproducibility/repeatability of power at three pedal resistance values (15%, 24%, 25% maximal voluntary force) were expressed both as a coefficient of variation ranging from 6% to 3.1% and as an intraclass correlation of coefficient ranging from 0.96 to 0.99. Similar values were also found for other dynamic parameters of 31 P MR spectroscopy. These findings are similar to published data obtained on different types of ergometers. CONCLUSIONS Based on more than 1 year of usage, the ergometer proved successful in handling stationary and variable loads, and can be easily operated by a single user.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Sedivy
- MR Unit, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Dezortova
- MR Unit, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Rydlo
- Information Technology Division, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Moravec
- Department of Medical Technology and Investments, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Bara Setinova
- MR Unit, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dita Pajuelo
- MR Unit, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Burian
- MR Unit, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Hajek
- MR Unit, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
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Wang ZZ, Xu HC, Zhou HX, Zhang CK, Li BM, He JH, Ni PS, Yu XM, Liu YQ, Li FH. Long-term detraining reverses the improvement of lifelong exercise on skeletal muscle ferroptosis and inflammation in aging rats: fiber-type dependence of the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway. Biogerontology 2023; 24:753-769. [PMID: 37289374 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-023-10042-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of lifelong aerobic exercise and 8 months of detraining after 10 months of aerobic training on circulation, skeletal muscle oxidative stress, and inflammation in aging rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to the control (CON), detraining (DET), and lifelong aerobic training (LAT) groups. The DET and LAT groups began aerobic treadmill exercise at the age of 8 months and stopped training at the 18th and 26th month, respectively; all rats were sacrificed when aged 26 months. Compared with CON, LAT remarkably decreased serum and aged skeletal muscle 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels. Superoxide dismutase 2(SOD2) levels were higher in the LAT group than in the CON group in skeletal muscle. However, DET remarkably decreased SOD2 protein expression and content in the skeletal muscle and increased malondialdehyde (MDA) level compared with LAT. Compared with LAT, DET remarkably downregulated adiponectin and upregulated tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) expression, while phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (AKT), and 70-kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase (P70S6K) protein expression decreased, and that of FoxO1 and muscle atrophy F-box (MAFbX) proteins increased in the quadriceps femoris. Adiponectin and TNF-α expression in the soleus muscle did not change between groups, whereas that of AKT, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and P70S6K was lower in the soleus in the DET group than in that in the LAT group. Compared with that in the LAT group, sestrin1 (SES1) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) protein expression in the DET group was lower, whereas Keap1 mRNA expression was remarkably upregulated in the quadriceps femoris. Interestingly, the protein and mRNA levels of SES1, Nrf2, and Keap1 in soleus muscle did not differ between groups. LAT remarkably upregulated ferritin heavy polypeptide 1(FTH), glutathione peroxidase 4(GPX4), and solute carrier family 7member 11 (SLC7A11) protein expression in the quadriceps femoris and soleus muscles, compared with CON. However, compared with LAT, DET downregulated FTH, GPX4, and SLC7A11 protein expression in the quadriceps femoris and soleus muscles. Long-term detraining during the aging phase reverses the improvement effect of lifelong exercise on oxidative stress, inflammation, ferroptosis, and muscle atrophy in aging skeletal muscle. The quadriceps femoris is more evident than the soleus, which may be related to the different changes in the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway in different skeletal muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang-Zhi Wang
- School of Sport Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hai-Chen Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Shanghai Seventh People's Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200137, China
| | - Huan-Xia Zhou
- Department of Rehabilitation, Shanghai Seventh People's Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200137, China
| | - Chen-Kai Zhang
- School of Sport Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Bo-Ming Li
- School of Sport Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jia-Han He
- School of Sport Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Pin-Shi Ni
- School of Sport Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Yu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Shanghai Seventh People's Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200137, China
| | - Yun-Qing Liu
- Changzhou Sports Hospital, Changzhou, 213022, China
| | - Fang-Hui Li
- School of Sport Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- School of Sport Sciences, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, 222023, China.
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Dietary beta-hydroxy-beta-methyl butyrate supplementation improves meat quality of Bama Xiang mini-pigs through manipulation of muscle fiber characteristics. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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4
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Arakawa M, Kitahara T, Inadomi D, Iikubo M, Hyakutake H, Yuasa K, Takahashi I. Molecular imaging in masseter muscle observed by muscle function magnetic resonance imaging and 31 P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy in patients with a jaw deformity. Clin Exp Dent Res 2021; 8:231-238. [PMID: 34623750 PMCID: PMC8874048 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Skeletal mandibular protrusion would influence to the muscle fatigue of the masticatory muscles. Establishing a diagnostic procedures combining physiological and biochemical information is necessary for quantitative evaluation of masticatory muscle fatigue. Objective The transverse relaxation time (T2 time) of muscle functional magnetic resonance imaging (mfMRI), and 31P‐magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) were used to investigate the reliability as parameters for measuring the masseter muscle in patients with skeletal mandibular prognathism. Method The subjects were 19 patients diagnosed as skeletal mandibular protrusions and 19 healthy subjects as a control group. Transverse relaxation time (T2 value) determined by mfMRI along with creatine phosphate (PCr) and inorganic phosphorus (Pi) determined by 31P‐MRS before, during, and after clenching were used for molecular imaging of muscle fatigue. Results The average T2 value of the patient group was significantly higher than that of the healthy control group at rest. Furthermore, the average T2 value transiently increased in both groups during experimental clenching. The PCr and Pi showed a tendency toward a transient decrease and increases, respectively. The pH in the masseter muscle showed a transient decrease in both groups prior to and following experimental clenching. The pH in the masseter muscle of the patient group was significantly lower than that in the healthy control group at rest and recovery. Conclusion We showed mfMRI and 31P‐MRS are useful for evaluating masseter fatigue during clenching, and the masseter muscle in the prognathic patients showed more severe fatigue than the healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Arakawa
- Section of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toru Kitahara
- Section of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Inadomi
- Radiology Center, Fukuoka Dental College Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Iikubo
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroto Hyakutake
- Graduate School of Information Sciences, Hiroshima City University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kenji Yuasa
- Section of Image Diagnosis, Department of Diagnostics and General Care, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ichiro Takahashi
- Section of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Ross TT, Overton JD, Houmard KF, Kinsey ST. β-GPA treatment leads to elevated basal metabolic rate and enhanced hypoxic exercise tolerance in mice. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:5/5/e13192. [PMID: 28292879 PMCID: PMC5350188 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatments that increase basal metabolic rate (BMR) and enhance exercise capacity may be useful therapeutic approaches for treating conditions such as type 2 diabetes, obesity, and associated circulatory problems. β‐guanidinopropionic acid (β‐GPA) supplementation decreases high‐energy phosphate concentrations, such as ATP and phosphocreatine (PCr) resulting in an energetic challenge that is similar to both exercise programs and hypoxic conditions. In this study, we administered β‐GPA to mice for 2 or 6 weeks, and investigated the effect on muscle energetic status, body and muscle mass, muscle capillarity, BMR, and normoxic and hypoxic exercise tolerance (NET and HET, respectively). Relative [PCr] and PCr/ATP ratios significantly decreased during both treatment times in the β‐GPA fed mice compared to control mice. Body mass, muscle mass, and muscle fiber size significantly decreased after β‐GPA treatment, whereas muscle capillarity and BMR were significantly increased in β‐GPA fed mice. NET significantly decreased in the 2‐week treatment, but was not significantly different in the 6‐week treatment. HET significantly decreased in 2‐week treatment, but in contrast to NET, significantly increased in the 6‐week‐treated mice compared to control mice. We conclude that β‐GPA induces a cellular energetic response in skeletal muscle similar to that of chronic environmental hypoxia, and this energetic perturbation leads to elevated BMR and increased hypoxic exercise capacity in the absence of hypoxic acclimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trenton T Ross
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina
| | - Jeffrey D Overton
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina
| | - Katelyn F Houmard
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina
| | - Stephen T Kinsey
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina
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Haan YC, Oudman I, Diemer FS, Karamat FA, van Valkengoed IG, van Montfrans GA, Brewster LM. Creatine kinase as a marker of obesity in a multi-ethnic population. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 442:24-31. [PMID: 27894867 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Creatine kinase (CK), the central regulatory enzyme of energy metabolism, is particularly high in type II skeletal muscle fibers, which are associated with insulin resistance and obesity. As resting plasma CK is mainly derived from skeletal muscle, we assessed whether plasma CK is associated with markers of obesity. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, we analyzed a random sample of the multi-ethnic population of Amsterdam, the Netherlands, consisting of 1444 subjects aged 34-60 years. The primary outcome was the independent association between plasma CK after rest and waist circumference. Other outcomes included waist-to-hip ratio and body mass index. RESULTS Mean waist circumference increased from the first through the third CK tertile, respectively 90.3 (SD 13.4), 93.2 (SD 14.3), and 94.4 (SD 13.3) cm (p < 0.001 for differences between tertiles). The increase in waist circumference was 8.91 (95% CI 5.35 to 12.47) cm per log CK increase after adjustment for age, sex, African ethnicity, educational level, physical activity and plasma creatinine. Similarly, CK was independently associated with waist-to-hip ratio and body mass index, with an increase of respectively 0.05 (95% CI 0.03 to 0.07) and 3.6 (95% CI 2.3 to 5.0) kg/m2 per log CK increase. CONCLUSIONS Plasma CK is independently associated with measures of obesity in a multi-ethnic population. This is in line with the central role of type II skeletal muscle fibers in energy metabolism and obesity. Prospective studies should assess whether resting plasma CK could be an easy accessible marker of CK rich type II fiber predominance that helps identify individuals at risk for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yentl C Haan
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Inge Oudman
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frederieke S Diemer
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, Academic Hospital Paramaribo, Flustraat 1, Paramaribo, Suriname
| | - Fares A Karamat
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Irene G van Valkengoed
- Department of Social Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gert A van Montfrans
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lizzy M Brewster
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Social Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Public Health, Anton de Kom University of Suriname, Paramaribo, Suriname
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7
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Rzanny R, Stutzig N, Hiepe P, Gussew A, Thorhauer HA, Reichenbach JR. The reproducibility of different metabolic markers for muscle fiber type distributions investigated by functional 31P-MRS during dynamic exercise. Z Med Phys 2016; 26:323-338. [PMID: 27527556 DOI: 10.1016/j.zemedi.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of the study was to investigate the reproducibility of exercise induced pH-heterogeneity by splitting of the inorganic phosphate (Pi) signal in the corresponding 31P-MRS spectra and to compare results of this approach with other fiber-type related markers, like phosphocreatine/adenosine triphosphate (PCr/ATP) ratio, and PCr-recovery parameters. MATERIAL AND METHODS Subjects (N=3) with different sportive background were tested in 10 test sessions separated by at least 3 days. A MR-compatible pedal ergometer was used to perform the exercise and to induce a pH-based splitting of the Pi-signal in 31P-MR spectra of the medial gastrocnemius muscle. The PCr recovery was analyzed using a non-negative least square algorithm (NNLS) and multi-exponential regression analysis to estimate the number of non-exponential components as well as their amplitude and time constant. The reproducibility of the estimated metabolic marker and the resulting fiber-type distributions between the 10 test sessions were compared. RESULTS The reproducibility (standard deviation between measurements) based on (1) Pi components varied from 2% to 4%, (2) PCr recovery time components varied from 10% to 12% and (3) phosphate concentrations at rest varied from 8% to 11% between test sessions. Due to the sportive activity differences between the 3 subjects were expected in view of fiber type distribution. All estimated markers indicate the highest type I percentage for volunteer 3 medium for volunteer 2 and the lowest for volunteer 1. CONCLUSIONS The relative high reproducibility of pH dependent Pi components during exercise indicates a high potential of this method to estimate muscle fiber-type distributions in vivo. To make this method usable not only to detect differences in muscle fiber distributions but also to determine individual fiber-type volume contents it is therefore recommended to validate this marker by histological methods and to reveal the effects of muscle fiber recruitments and fiber-type specific Pi concentrations on the intensity ratios between the splitted Pi-components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Rzanny
- Medical Physics Group, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Jena, Germany.
| | - Norman Stutzig
- Exercise Science, Institute of Sport and Movement Science, University of Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Patrick Hiepe
- Medical Physics Group, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander Gussew
- Medical Physics Group, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Jena, Germany
| | | | - Jürgen R Reichenbach
- Medical Physics Group, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Jena, Germany
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8
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Fiedler GB, Meyerspeer M, Schmid AI, Goluch S, Schewzow K, Laistler E, Mirzahosseini A, Niess F, Unger E, Wolzt M, Moser E. Localized semi-LASER dynamic (31)P magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the soleus during and following exercise at 7 T. MAGNETIC RESONANCE MATERIALS IN PHYSICS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2015; 28:493-501. [PMID: 25894813 DOI: 10.1007/s10334-015-0484-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study demonstrates the applicability of semi-LASER localized dynamic (31)P MRS to deeper lying areas of the exercising human soleus muscle (SOL). The effect of accurate localization and high temporal resolution on data specificity is investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS To achieve high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at a temporal resolution of 6 s, a custom-built human calf coil array was used at 7T. The kinetics of phosphocreatine (PCr) and intracellular pH were quantified separately in SOL and gastrocnemius medialis (GM) muscle of nine volunteers, during rest, plantar flexion exercise, and recovery. RESULTS The average SNR of PCr at rest was [Formula: see text] in SOL ([Formula: see text] in GM). End exercise PCr depletion in SOL ([Formula: see text] %) was far lower than in GM ([Formula: see text] %). The pH in SOL increased rapidly and, in contrast to GM, remained elevated until the end of exercise. CONCLUSION (31)P MRS in single-shots every 6 s localized in the deeper-lying SOL enabled quantification of PCr recovery times at low depletions and of fast pH changes, like the initial rise. Both high temporal resolution and accurate spatial localization improve specificity of Pi and, thus, pH quantification by avoiding multiple, and potentially indistinguishable sources for changing the Pi peak shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg B Fiedler
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.,MR Centre of Excellence, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Meyerspeer
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.,MR Centre of Excellence, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Albrecht I Schmid
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.,MR Centre of Excellence, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Sigrun Goluch
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.,MR Centre of Excellence, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Kiril Schewzow
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.,MR Centre of Excellence, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Elmar Laistler
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.,MR Centre of Excellence, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Arash Mirzahosseini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Research Group of Drugs of Abuse and Doping Agents, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Fabian Niess
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.,MR Centre of Excellence, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.,Graz University of Technology, Institute of Medical Engineering, Austria
| | - Ewald Unger
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Wolzt
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Ewald Moser
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.,MR Centre of Excellence, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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