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Wu KM, Chi CW, Lai JCY, Chen YJ, Kou YR. TLC388 Induces DNA Damage and G2 Phase Cell Cycle Arrest in Human Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells. Cancer Control 2020; 27:1073274819897975. [PMID: 32281394 PMCID: PMC7154561 DOI: 10.1177/1073274819897975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
TLC388, a camptothecin-derivative targeting topoisomerase I, is a potential anticancer drug. In this study, its effect on A549 and H838 human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells was investigated. Cell viability and proliferation were determined by thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide and clonogenic assays, respectively, and cell cycle analysis and detection of phosphorylated histone H3 (Ser10) were performed by flow cytometry. γ-H2AX protein; G2/M phase-associated molecules ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM), CHK1, CHK2, CDC25C, CDC2, and cyclin B1; and apoptosis were assessed with immunofluorescence staining, immunoblotting, and an annexin V assay, respectively. The effect of co-treatment with CHIR124 (a checkpoint kinase 1 [CHK1] inhibitor) was also studied. TLC388 decreased the viability and proliferation of cells of both NSCLC lines in a dose-dependent manner. TLC388 inhibited the viability of NSCLC cell lines with an estimated concentration of 50% inhibition (IC50), which was 4.4 and 4.1 μM for A549 and H838 cells, respectively, after 24 hours. Moreover, it resulted in the accumulation of cells at the G2/M phase and increased γ-H2AX levels in A549 cells. Levels of the G2 phase-related molecules phosphorylated ATM, CHK1, CHK2, CDC25C, and cyclin B1 were increased in TLC388-treated cells. CHIR124 enhanced the cytotoxicity of TLC388 toward A549 and H838 cells and induced apoptosis of the former. TLC388 inhibits NSCLC cell growth by inflicting DNA damage and activating G2/M checkpoint proteins that trigger G2 phase cell cycle arrest to enable DNA repair. CHIR124 enhanced the cytotoxic effect of TLC388 and induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Ming Wu
- Institute of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei.,Chest Division, Department of Internal Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei.,Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing, and Management, Taipei
| | - Chih-Wen Chi
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, New Taipei.,Department of Nursing, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei
| | | | - Yu-Jen Chen
- Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing, and Management, Taipei.,Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, New Taipei.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung.,Department of Radiation Oncology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei
| | - Yu Ru Kou
- Institute of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei
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2
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Que Y, He H. Advances in N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Catalysis for Natural Product Synthesis. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yonglei Que
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University 3663 North Zhongshan Road 200062 Shanghai China
| | - Haibing He
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development East China Normal University 3663 North Zhongshan Road 200062 Shanghai China
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3
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Chen WK, Chen CA, Chi CW, Li LH, Lin CP, Shieh HR, Hsu ML, Ko CC, Hwang JJ, Chen YJ. Moscatilin Inhibits Growth of Human Esophageal Cancer Xenograft and Sensitizes Cancer Cells to Radiotherapy. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8020187. [PMID: 30764514 PMCID: PMC6406854 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8020187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer prognosis remains poor in current clinical practice. We previously reported that moscatilin can induce apoptosis and mitotic catastrophe in esophageal cancer cells, accompanied by upregulation of polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) expression. We aimed to validate in vitro activity and Plk1 expression in vivo following moscatilin treatment and to examine the treatment's radiosensitizing effect. Human esophageal cancer cells were implanted in nude mice. Moscatilin was intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected into the mice. Tumor size, body weight, white blood cell counts, and liver and renal function were measured. Aberrant mitosis and Plk1 expression were assessed. Colony formation was used to measure survival fraction after radiation. Moscatilin significantly suppressed tumor growth in mice bearing human esophageal xenografts without affecting body weight, white blood cell counts, or liver and renal function. Moscatilin also induced aberrant mitosis and apoptosis. Plk1 expression was markedly upregulated in vivo. Moreover, moscatilin pretreatment enhanced CE81T/VGH and BE3 cell radioresponse in vitro. Moscatilin may inhibit growth of human esophageal tumors and sensitize esophageal cancer cells to radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wun-Ke Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hsinchu MacKay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu 30071, Taiwan.
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-An Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology in Zhongxing Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei 10341, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Wen Chi
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 25160, Taiwan.
- Department of Nursing, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City 25245, Taiwan.
| | - Li-Hui Li
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 25160, Taiwan.
| | - Chin-Ping Lin
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 25160, Taiwan.
| | - Hui-Ru Shieh
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 25160, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Ling Hsu
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 25160, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Chuan Ko
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 25160, Taiwan.
| | - Jeng-Jong Hwang
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Jen Chen
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 25160, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan.
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Lee MJ, Tseng WS, Lai JCY, Shieh HR, Chi CW, Chen YJ. Differential Pharmacological Activities of Oxygen Numbers on the Sulfoxide Moiety of Wasabi Compound 6-(Methylsulfinyl) Hexyl Isothiocyanate in Human Oral Cancer Cells. Molecules 2018; 23:E2427. [PMID: 30248933 PMCID: PMC6222327 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
6-(methylsulfinyl) hexyl isothiocyanate (6-MITC) is a naturally occurring compound isolated from Wasabia japonica (wasabi). The synthetic derivatives, 6-(methylsulfenyl) hexyl isothiocyanate (I7447) and 6-(methylsulfonyl) hexyl isothiocyanate (I7557), were derived from 6-MITC with the deletion and addition of oxygen, respectively. We aimed to evaluate the effect of these synthetic compounds on human oral cancer cells, SAS and OECM-1. All three compounds (I7447, 6-MITC, and I7557) inhibited the viability of SAS and OECM-1 cells using MTT assay. Morphological observations showed various proportions of mitotic arrest and apoptosis in cells treated with these compounds. Cell cycle analysis revealed relatively abundant G2/M arrest in 6-MITC and I7557-treated cells, whereas sub-G1 accumulation was found in I7447-treated cells. In using phosphorylated histone H3 as a marker for mitosis, the addition of 6-MITC and I7557 (excluding I7447) could be shown to arrest cells during mitosis. In contrast, I7447 induced more prominent apoptosis than the 6-MITC or I7557 compounds. The down-regulated expression of the phosphorylated form of CHK1 and Cdc25c was noted in 6-MITC and I7557-treated cells. I7557 could sensitize SAS cells to death by radiation. The wasabi compound, 6-MITC, and its chemical derivatives with different numbers of oxygen may have differential pharmacological effects on human oral cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ju Lee
- Taipei First Girls High School, Taipei 10045, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Ser Tseng
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 25160, Taiwan.
| | - Jerry Cheng-Yen Lai
- Department of Medical Research, Taitung MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taitung City 95054, Taiwan.
| | - Hui-Ru Shieh
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 25160, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Wen Chi
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 25160, Taiwan.
- Department of Nursing, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City 25245, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Jen Chen
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 25160, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan.
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5
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Li HP, Yang WJ, Qu SX, Pei F, Luo X, Mariga AM, Ma L. Variation of volatile terpenes in the edible fungi mycelia Flammulina velutipes and communications in fungus-mite interactions. Food Res Int 2018; 103:150-155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Hovey MT, Cohen DT, Walden DM, Cheong PH, Scheidt KA. A Carbene Catalysis Strategy for the Synthesis of Protoilludane Natural Products. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201705308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Todd Hovey
- Department of ChemistryDepartment of PhamacologyCenter for Molecular Innovation and Drug DiscoveryNorthwestern University 2145 Sheridan Rd Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Daniel T. Cohen
- Department of ChemistryDepartment of PhamacologyCenter for Molecular Innovation and Drug DiscoveryNorthwestern University 2145 Sheridan Rd Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Daniel M. Walden
- Department of ChemistryOregon State University 153 Gilbert Hall Corvallis OR 97331 USA
| | - Paul H.‐Y. Cheong
- Department of ChemistryOregon State University 153 Gilbert Hall Corvallis OR 97331 USA
| | - Karl A. Scheidt
- Department of ChemistryDepartment of PhamacologyCenter for Molecular Innovation and Drug DiscoveryNorthwestern University 2145 Sheridan Rd Evanston IL 60208 USA
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Hovey MT, Cohen DT, Walden DM, Cheong PHY, Scheidt KA. A Carbene Catalysis Strategy for the Synthesis of Protoilludane Natural Products. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [PMID: 28632913 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201705308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The Armillaria and Lactarius genera of fungi produce the antimicrobial and cytotoxic mellolide, protoilludane, and marasmane sesquiterpenoids. We report a unified synthetic strategy to access the protoilludane, mellolide, and marasmane families of natural products. The key features of these syntheses are 1) the organocatalytic, enantioselective construction of key chiral intermediates from a simple achiral precursor, 2) the utility of a key 1,2-cyclobutanediol intermediate to serve as a precursor to each natural product class, and 3) a direct chemical conversion of a protoilludane to a marasmane through serendipitous ring contraction, which provides experimental support for their proposed biosynthetic relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Todd Hovey
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Phamacology, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Daniel T Cohen
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Phamacology, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Daniel M Walden
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Paul H-Y Cheong
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Karl A Scheidt
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Phamacology, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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8
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Armillaridin induces autophagy-associated cell death in human chronic myelogenous leukemia K562 cells. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:14291-14300. [PMID: 27592257 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5208-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Armillaridin (AM) is an aromatic ester compound isolated from Armillaria mellea. Treatment with AM markedly reduced the viability of human chronic myelogenous leukemia K562, chronic erythroleukemia HEL 92.1.7, and acute monoblastic leukemia U937 cells, but not normal human monocytes, in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Treatment of K562 cells with AM caused changes characteristic of autophagy. Only a small amount of AM-treated K562 cells exhibited apoptosis. By contrast, AM treatment resulted in extensive apoptotic features in U937 and HEL 92.1.7 cells without evident autophagy. The autophagy of K562 cells induced by AM involved autophagic flux, including autophagosome induction, the processing of autophagosome-lysosome fusion and downregulation of BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa interacting protein 3 (BNIP3). By bcr-abl knockdown, the growth inhibition of K562 cells caused by AM was partially blocked, suggesting that AM-induced cell death might be a bcr-abl-dependent mode of autophagy-associated cell death. In conclusion, AM is capable of inhibiting growth and inducing autophagy-associated cell death in K562 cells, but not in normal monocytes. It may have potential to be developed as a novel therapeutic agent against leukemia.
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9
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Chen YJ, Chen CC, Huang HL. Induction of apoptosis by Armillaria mellea constituent armillarikin in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:4773-83. [PMID: 27536140 PMCID: PMC4975141 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s103940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Armillaria mellea is a honey mushroom often used in the traditional Chinese medicine “Tianma”. Currently, this medicinal mushroom is also used as a dietary supplement in numerous Western and Eastern countries. Armillarikin was isolated from A. mellea, and we previously discovered that it induced cytotoxicity in human leukemia cells. In this study, we further investigated the cytotoxicity of armillarikin against liver and intrahepatic bile duct cancer cells. Armillarikin was cytotoxic against human hepatocellular carcinoma Huh7, HA22T, and HepG2 cells based on the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium and alamarBlue® assays. Armillarikin treatment also induced the collapse of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential of these cells. Furthermore, armillarikin-induced apoptotic cell death was demonstrated by sub-G1 chromosomal DNA formation by using flow cytometry. In addition, the apoptosis was inhibited by the pan-caspase inhibitor, Z-VAD-fmk. Immunoblotting also revealed the armillarikin-induced activation of procaspase-3, -8, and -9 and upregulation of the apoptosis- and cell cycle arrest-related phospho-histones 2 and 3, respectively. Moreover, reactive oxygen species scavengers also inhibited the armillarikin-induced apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma, suggesting that reactive oxygen species formation played an important role in the armillarikin-induced apoptosis of human hepatocellular carcinoma. In conclusion, our study indicates the potential of armillarikin as an effective agent for hepatoma or leukemia therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jen Chen
- Department of Medical Research; Department of Radiation Oncology, Mackay Memorial Hospital; Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University; Institute of Pharmacology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei
| | | | - Huey-Lan Huang
- Department of Bioscience Technology, College of Health Science, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Three New Sesquiterpene Aryl Esters from the Mycelium of Armillaria mellea. Molecules 2015; 20:9994-10003. [PMID: 26035099 PMCID: PMC6272629 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20069994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Three new sesquiterpene aryl esters and eight known compounds were isolated from the EtOH extract of the mycelium of Armillaria mellea. The structures of new compounds were established by analysis of their spectroscopic data. Some of the isolates showed cytotoxicity to a variety of cancer cell lines, including MCF-7, H460, HT-29, and CEM.
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11
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Wang B, Zhao MZ, Cui NP, Lin DD, Zhang AY, Qin Y, Liu CY, Yan WT, Shi JH, Chen BP. Krüppel-like factor 4 induces apoptosis and inhibits tumorigenic progression in SK-BR-3 breast cancer cells. FEBS Open Bio 2015; 5:147-54. [PMID: 25834779 PMCID: PMC4359971 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) functions as either a tumor suppressor or an oncogene in different tissues by regulating the expression of various genes. The aim of this study was to reveal the functions of KLF4 in regulating breast cancer apoptosis, proliferation, and tumorigenic progression. KLF4 expression levels in breast cancer tissues and breast cancer cell lines were found to be much lower than those in nontumorous tissues and a nontransformed mammary epithelial cell line. KLF4 was upregulated in the tumor necrosis factor-α-induced SK-BR-3 breast cancer cell apoptotic process. Overexpression of KLF4 promoted SK-BR-3 breast cancer cell apoptosis and suppressed SK-BR-3 cell tumorigenicity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wang
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Ming-Zhi Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Nai-Peng Cui
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Dan-Dan Lin
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - An-Yi Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Yan Qin
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Cai-Yun Liu
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Wei-Tao Yan
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Jian-Hong Shi
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Bao-Ping Chen
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China
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Chen YJ, Chi CW, Su WC, Huang HL. Lapatinib induces autophagic cell death and inhibits growth of human hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2014; 5:4845-54. [PMID: 24947784 PMCID: PMC4148104 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Lapatinib, an orally administered small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor targeting epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) and Her2/Neu, has been widely accepted in the treatment of breast cancer. In this study, we found that lapatinib induced cytotoxicity in human hepatoma Huh7, HepG2 and HA22T cells. For the mode of cell death, we found lapatinib induced a higher percent of dead cells and a lower percent of hypodiploid cells, suggesting non-apoptotic cell death in lapatinib-treated hepatoma cells. Moreover, lapatinib-induced autophagy in hepatoma cells was confirmed by the detection of autophagic LC3-II conversion, the up-regulation of autophagy-related proteins, and the down-regulation of p62 by immunoblotting. Autophagic cell death was demonstrated by images of punctuated LC3 patterns, a higher percent of acridine orange positive cells, as well as a partial rescue of cell death by autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine or chloroquine. We also found massive vacuoles in lapatinib-treated hepatoma cells by electronic microscopy. In addition, the shRNA of knocked-down autophagy-related proteins rescued the hepatoma cells from lapatinib-induced growth inhibition. We also demonstrated a reduction of tumorigenesis by lapatinib in vivo. In conclusion, lapatinib induced autophagic cell death and the growth of human hepatoma cells. Our study provides potential cancer therapies by using lapatinib as a treatment for hepatoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jen Chen
- Department of Medical Research Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Pharmacology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wen Chi
- Department of Medical Research Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chi Su
- Research Center for Emerging Viruses, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Lan Huang
- Department of Bioscience Technology, College of Health Science, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, Taiwan
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