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Tan KKH, Saw ATW. Prevalence and correlates of mental health difficulties amongst LGBTQ people in Southeast Asia: A systematic review. JOURNAL OF GAY & LESBIAN MENTAL HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/19359705.2022.2089427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle K. H. Tan
- Trans Health Research Lab, School of Psychology, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
- Faculty of Māori and Indigenous Studies, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Andrew T. W. Saw
- Labuan Faculty of International Finance, Univerisiti Malaysia Sabah, Sabah, Malaysia
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2
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Bhugra D, Killaspy H, Kar A, Levin S, Chumakov E, Rogoza D, Harvey C, Bagga H, Owino-Wamari Y, Everall I, Bishop A, Javate KR, Westmore I, Ahuja A, Torales J, Rubin H, Castaldelli-Maia J, Ng R, Nakajima GA, Levounis P, Ventriglio A. IRP commission: sexual minorities and mental health: global perspectives. Int Rev Psychiatry 2022; 34:171-199. [PMID: 36151836 DOI: 10.1080/09540261.2022.2045912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Sexual orientation is a key determinant of the identity of human beings. It has also been seen as a social determinant of health. People whose sexual orientation is non-heterosexual or sexual minorities or sexually diverse are included in the broad umbrella term LGBT (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender) which is a commonly used acronym in activism, social policy, and subsequently cultural literature. For this reason, this Commission focuses primarily on sexual orientation i.e. lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) groups. We have used terms non-heterosexual, sexual minorities or sexual variation interchangeably. We have not considered asexual individuals as research in the field is too limited. We are cognisant of the fact that topics relating to mental health and sexual orientation discussed in this Commission will intersect with other issues of personal, cultural and social identity, and will thus be relevant to individuals including many transgender individuals. The inclusion of mental health issues relevant to gender-diverse individuals as well as gender identity is important and deserves its own separate detailed discussion. The exact number of sexually diverse individuals in a population is often difficult to estimate but is likely to be somewhere around 5% of the population. Rates of various psychiatry disorders and suicidal ideation and acts of suicide in LGB populations are higher than general population and these have been attributed to minority stress hypothesis. Elimination of inequality in law can lead to reduction in psychiatric morbidity in these groups. However, these are all diverse groups but even within each group there is diversity and each individual has a distinct and unique experiences, upbringing, responses to their own sexual orientation, and generating varying responses from families, peers and friends as well as communities (including healthcare professionals). The mental healthcare needs of sexual minority individuals vary and these variations must be taken into account in design, development and delivery of healthcare and policies. Improving access to services will help engagement and outcomes and also reduce stigma. The commission recommends that there is no role for so-called conversion therapies and other recommendations are made for clinicians, researchers and policymakers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Bhugra
- Emeritus Mental Health & Cultural Diversity, PO72, Centre for Affective Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College, London, UK
| | - Helen Killaspy
- Rehabilitation Psychiatry, University College, London, UK
| | - Anindya Kar
- Advanced Neuropsychiatry Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Saul Levin
- Chief Executive and Medical Director, American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Egor Chumakov
- Department of Psychiatry, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Daniel Rogoza
- Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Carol Harvey
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and North Western Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | - Ian Everall
- Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College, London, UK
| | - Amie Bishop
- OutRight Action International, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Ian Westmore
- South African Society of Psychiatrists, Bloemfonten, South Africa
| | - Amir Ahuja
- Los Angeles LGBT Center, AGLP: The Association of LGBTQ Psychiatrists, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Julio Torales
- Department of Psychiatry, National University of Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
| | - Howard Rubin
- Department of Psychiatry, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joao Castaldelli-Maia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Roger Ng
- Alpha Clinic, Central, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Petros Levounis
- Department of Psychiatry, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
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Norris A, Rich C, Kaplan C, Krieger N, Carey KB, Carey MP. Intersections between Young Women's Racial/Ethnic Identities and Sexual Orientation on Rates of Sexual Violence and Substance Use. PSYCHOLOGY & SEXUALITY 2021; 12:141-161. [PMID: 33738042 DOI: 10.1080/19419899.2020.1729848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Little is known about whether there are differences in rates of sexual violence and its association with substance use based on women's identities, specifically the intersection of their race/ethnicity and sexual orientation. Method Women (N = 546; 18 to 29 years of age) recruited from a reproductive healthcare clinic reported their race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, sexual violence history and substance use. Five logistic regressions examined (a) rates of sexual violence, and (b) the strength of the associations between sexual violence and four substance use outcomes (heavy alcohol use, marijuana use, cigarette use, number of cigarettes used) based on sexual orientation. Subsequent logistic regressions examined race/ethnicity as a moderator of the associations between sexual orientation and (a) rates of sexual violence and (b) substance use. Results Most women surveyed were heterosexual (64%), and 35% of all women reported unwanted sex. Sexual minority women (SMW) reported higher rates of sexual violence and substance use than heterosexual women. Sexual violence was more strongly associated with heavy alcohol use, but not with marijuana or cigarette use, for SMW than heterosexual women. Rates of sexual violence varied based on the intersection of sexual orientation and race/ethnicity. Although SMW were more likely to report sexual violence than heterosexual women, this association was weaker for Black/Latinx women than for non-Hispanic White women (aOR = 0.39, 95%CI [0.18, 0.82]). Race/ethnicity did not moderate the strength of associations between sexual violence and substance use. Conclusions SMW exhibit increased risk for sexual violence and substance use, and victimization was associated with heavy alcohol use. Few racial/ethnic differences emerged as a function of sexual orientation, so SMW are a group with unique needs around sexual violence experiences and substance use, regardless of race/ethnicity. Healthcare providers should be aware of the link between substance use and prior victimization when treating SMW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Norris
- Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, 164 Summit Avenue, Providence RI 02903.,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903
| | - Carla Rich
- Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, 164 Summit Avenue, Providence RI 02903
| | - Clair Kaplan
- Department of Clinical Research, Planned Parenthood of Southern New England, 345 Whitney 15 Avenue, New Haven, CT, 06511.,Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS, Yale University, 135 College Street, Suite 200, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Naomi Krieger
- Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, 164 Summit Avenue, Providence RI 02903
| | - Kate B Carey
- Department of Behavioral and Social Science, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence RI 02903.,Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence RI 02903
| | - Michael P Carey
- Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, 164 Summit Avenue, Providence RI 02903.,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903.,Department of Behavioral and Social Science, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence RI 02903
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4
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Bisexual orientation cannot be reduced to arousal patterns. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:31575-31576. [PMID: 33203669 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2016612117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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5
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Lloyd AE, Galupo MP. What people with normative identities believe about sex, gender and sexual orientation. PSYCHOLOGY & SEXUALITY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/19419899.2019.1614088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - M. Paz Galupo
- Psychology Department, Towson University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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6
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Galupo MP, Bennett AJ. Face validity ratings of sexual orientation scales by heterosexual cisgender adults. PSYCHOLOGY & SEXUALITY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/19419899.2019.1610035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Paz Galupo
- Psychology Department, Towson University, Baltimore, USA
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7
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Savin-Williams RC. Sexual Orientation: Categories or Continuum? Commentary on Bailey et al. (2016). Psychol Sci Public Interest 2019; 17:37-44. [PMID: 27113561 DOI: 10.1177/1529100616637618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bailey et al. (2016) have provided an excellent, state-of-the-art overview that is a major contribution to our understanding of sexual orientation. However, whereas Bailey and his coauthors have examined the physiological, behavioral, and self-report data of sexual orientation and see categories, I see a sexual and romantic continuum. After noting several objections concerning the limitations of the review and methodological shortcomings characteristic of sexual-orientation research in general, I present evidence from research investigating in-between sexualities to support an alternative, continuum-based perspective regarding the nature of sexual orientation for both women and men. A continuum conceptualization has potential implications for investigating the prevalence of nonheterosexuals, sexual-orientation differences in gender nonconformity, causes of sexual orientation, and political issues.
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Galupo MP, Mitchell RC, Davis KS. Face Validity Ratings of Sexual Orientation Scales by Sexual Minority Adults: Effects of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2018; 47:1241-1250. [PMID: 28733825 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-017-1037-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The present research explored sexual minority individuals' ratings of two traditional (Kinsey and Klein Sexual Orientation Grid [KSOG]) and two novel (Sexual-Romantic and Gender Inclusive) sexual orientation scales with regard to how well they capture their sexuality. Participants included 363 sexual minority individuals who identified as lesbian, gay, bisexual, pansexual, or queer, and included individuals who identified as transgender (n = 85) and cisgender (n = 278). The findings indicated clear patterns of responses across both sexual orientation and gender identity, where participants differed in the degree to which they felt the scales captured their sexuality. A main effect of sexual orientation was found for all four scales, where participants endorsing monosexual (lesbian/gay) identities rated the scales more positively than did participants endorsing plurisexual (bisexual and pansexual/queer) identities. Bisexual individuals had a unique pattern of ratings, which sometimes aligned with those of lesbian/gay participants and sometimes aligned with pansexual/queer participants. A main effect of gender identity was found for the Kinsey, KSOG, and Sexual-Romantic (but not Gender Inclusive) scales, where cisgender individuals rated the scales more positively than did transgender individuals. There were no significant interaction effects between sexual orientation and gender identity for any of the four scales. The present findings can be used to understand sexual minority individuals' assessment of the face validity of four sexual orientation measures. Discussion focused on the implications for using traditional measures of sexual orientation in research as well as for the development of new measures that better capture the range of sexual minority experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Paz Galupo
- Psychology Department, Towson University, 8000 York Road, Towson, MD, 21252-0001, USA.
| | - Renae C Mitchell
- Psychology Department, Towson University, 8000 York Road, Towson, MD, 21252-0001, USA
| | - Kyle S Davis
- Psychology Department, Towson University, 8000 York Road, Towson, MD, 21252-0001, USA
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Wenzlaff F, Briken P, Dekker A. If there's a penis, it's most likely a man: Investigating the social construction of gender using eye tracking. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193616. [PMID: 29494689 PMCID: PMC5832313 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In their foundational work on the social construction of gender, Kessler and McKenna (1978) investigated the relationship between gender attribution and genital attribution. We used digital reproductions of the original stimuli to replicate their findings in the current social context. To further investigate the underlying decision processes we applied eye tracking. The stimuli shown varied in the composition of gender cues: from those more commonly associated with maleness to associated with femaleness. Applying the ethnomethodological approach originally used, participants were asked to decide for each stimulus whether they saw a man or a woman and to indicate subjective confidence with the decision. In line with the original results we found that the genital attribution contributed immensely to the gender attribution. Also, male gender was ascribed more often when the penis was present than was female gender when the vulva was shown. Eye tracking revealed that overall most dwell time as a proxy for important information was dedicated to the head, chest and genital areas of all the stimuli. Total dwell time depended on whether the gender attribution was made in line with the depicted genital, if the genital was a penis. Attributing female gender when a penis was present was associated with longer total dwell time, unlike attributing male gender with a vulva shown. This is indicative of higher cognitive effort and more difficulty ignoring the penis as opposed to the vulva. We interpret this finding in context of the persistent male dominance as well as to the socio-cultural understanding of the vulva as a concealed and therefore seemingly absent organ. In summary, we were able to show that the gender attribution is still closely linked to genital attribution when having a binary forced choice task and that the penis is a special cue in this attribution process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederike Wenzlaff
- Institute for Sex Research and Forensic Psychiatry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peer Briken
- Institute for Sex Research and Forensic Psychiatry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Arne Dekker
- Institute for Sex Research and Forensic Psychiatry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Savin-Williams RC, Cash BM, McCormack M, Rieger G. Gay, Mostly Gay, or Bisexual Leaning Gay? An Exploratory Study Distinguishing Gay Sexual Orientations Among Young Men. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2017; 46:265-272. [PMID: 27752856 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-016-0848-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This exploratory study assessed physiological, behavioral, and self-report measures of sexual and romantic indicators of sexual orientation identities among young men (mean age = 21.9 years) with predominant same-sex sexual and romantic interests: those who described themselves as bisexual leaning gay (n = 11), mostly gay (n = 17), and gay (n = 47). Although they were not significantly distinguishable based on physiological (pupil dilation) responses to nude stimuli, on behavioral and self-report measures a descending linear trend toward the less preferred sex (female) was significant regarding sexual attraction, fantasy, genital contact, infatuation, romantic relationship, sex appeal, and gazing time to the porn stimuli. Results supported a continuum of sexuality with distinct subgroups only for the self-report measure of sexual attraction. The other behavioral and self-report measures followed the same trend but did not significantly differ between the bisexual leaning gay and mostly gay groups, likely the result of small sample size. Results suggest that romantic indicators are as good as sexual measures in assessing sexual orientation and that a succession of logically following groups from bisexual leaning gay, mostly gay, to gay. Whether these three groups are discrete or overlapping needs further research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian M Cash
- Department of Human Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853-4401, USA
| | | | - Gerulf Rieger
- Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
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Lourie MA, Needham BL. Sexual Orientation Discordance and Young Adult Mental Health. J Youth Adolesc 2016; 46:943-954. [DOI: 10.1007/s10964-016-0553-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Cabrera-Serrano A, Felici-Giovanini ME, Díaz-Toro EC, Cases-Rosario AL. Disproportionate Tobacco Use in the Puerto Rico Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Community of 18 Years and Over-A Descriptive Profile. LGBT Health 2014; 1:107-12. [PMID: 26789620 DOI: 10.1089/lgbt.2013.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Tobacco use is currently one of the most critical public health issues affecting sexual and gender minority individuals. The primary objective of this research was to provide the first population-based epidemiological profile of tobacco use in the LGBT community in Puerto Rico. The secondary objective was to identify differences between LGBT smokers (LGBT-S) versus LGBT nonsmokers (LGBT-NS). METHODS We conducted a secondary data analysis of the 2011 Puerto Rico Behavioral Risk Surveillance System database through a cross-sectional study methodology. A univariate analysis was performed to obtain an epidemiological profile of the LGBT-S. Through a bivariate analysis, we compared LGBT-S with LGBT-NS to identify differences. RESULTS A higher prevalence of tobacco use was found in the Puerto Rico LGBT community (20.8%) compared with the Puerto Rico general population (14.8%). The groups with higher prevalence were females (23.2%), bisexuals (23.9%), people aged 25-34 years (52.0%), people with some years in university or technical school (23.9%), people who reported being out of work for more than 1 year (45.5%), and people who reported an annual income of $50,000 or more (12.5%). LGBT-S were more likely to report a history of cancer, arthritis, kidney disease, overweight or obesity, depressive disorder, and anxiety disorder than LGBT-NS. CONCLUSION Health surveys should incorporate sexual and gender identity questions in order to learn more about the health status of the LGBT community, especially given the disproportionate use of tobacco. The data may be useful to implement health promotion strategies related to tobacco control in this community.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elba C Díaz-Toro
- 2 Puerto Rico Comprehensive Cancer Center , San Juan, Puerto Rico
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