1
|
Abstract
p63 (also known as TP63) is a transcription factor of the p53 family, along with p73. Multiple isoforms of p63 have been discovered and these have diverse functions encompassing a wide array of cell biology. p63 isoforms are implicated in lineage specification, proliferative potential, differentiation, cell death and survival, DNA damage response and metabolism. Furthermore, p63 is linked to human disease states including cancer. p63 is critical to many aspects of cell signaling, and in this Cell science at a glance article and the accompanying poster, we focus on the signaling cascades regulating TAp63 and ΔNp63 isoforms and those that are regulated by TAp63 and ΔNp63, as well the role of p63 in disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Fisher
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
| | - Seamus Balinth
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA.,Stony Brook University, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Alea A Mills
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
King KE, George AL, Sakakibara N, Mahmood K, Moses MA, Weinberg WC. Intersection of the p63 and NF-κB pathways in epithelial homeostasis and disease. Mol Carcinog 2019; 58:1571-1580. [PMID: 31286584 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of ΔNp63α, a member of the p53/p63/p73 family of transcription factors, is a molecular attribute of human squamous cancers of the head and neck, lung and skin. The TP63 gene plays important roles in epidermal morphogenesis and homeostasis, regulating diverse biological processes including epidermal fate decisions and keratinocyte proliferation and survival. When overexpressed experimentally in primary mouse keratinocytes, ΔNp63α maintains a basal cell phenotype including the loss of normal calcium-mediated growth arrest, at least in part through the activation and enhanced nuclear accumulation of the c-rel subunit of NF-κB (Nuclear Factor-kappa B). Initially identified for its role in the immune system and hematopoietic cancers, c-Rel has increasingly been associated with solid tumors and other pathologies. ΔNp63α and c-Rel have been shown to be associated in the nuclei of ΔNp63α overexpressing human squamous carcinoma cells. Together, these transcription factors cooperate in the transcription of genes regulating intrinsic keratinocyte functions, as well as the elaboration of factors that influence the tumor microenvironment (TME). This review provides an overview of the roles of ΔNp63α and c-Rel in normal epidermal homeostasis and elaborates on how these pathways may intersect in pathological conditions such as cancer and the associated TME.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E King
- Laboratory of M olecular Oncology, Division of Biotechnology Review and Research 1, Office of Biotechnology Products, FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Andrea L George
- Laboratory of M olecular Oncology, Division of Biotechnology Review and Research 1, Office of Biotechnology Products, FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Nozomi Sakakibara
- Laboratory of M olecular Oncology, Division of Biotechnology Review and Research 1, Office of Biotechnology Products, FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Kanwal Mahmood
- Laboratory of M olecular Oncology, Division of Biotechnology Review and Research 1, Office of Biotechnology Products, FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Michael A Moses
- Laboratory of M olecular Oncology, Division of Biotechnology Review and Research 1, Office of Biotechnology Products, FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Wendy C Weinberg
- Laboratory of M olecular Oncology, Division of Biotechnology Review and Research 1, Office of Biotechnology Products, FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
de Melo Maia B, Rodrigues IS, Akagi EM, Soares do Amaral N, Ling H, Monroig P, Soares FA, Calin GA, Rocha RM. MiR-223-5p works as an oncomiR in vulvar carcinoma by TP63 suppression. Oncotarget 2018; 7:49217-49231. [PMID: 27359057 PMCID: PMC5226502 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
MiR-223-5p has been previously mentioned to be associated with tumor metastasis in HPV negative vulvar carcinomas, such as in several other tumor types. In the present study, we hypothesized that this microRNA would be important in vulvar cancer carcinogenesis and progression. To investigate this, we artificially mimicked miR-223-5p expression in a cell line derived from lymph node metastasis of vulvar carcinoma (SW962) and performed in vitro assays. As results, lower cell proliferation (p < 0.01) and migration (p < 0.001) were observed when miR-223-5p was overexpressed. In contrast, increased invasive potential of these cells was verified (p < 0.004). In silico search indicated that miR-223-5p targets TP63, member of the TP53 family of proteins, largely described with importance in vulvar cancer. We experimentally demonstrated that this microRNA is capable to decrease levels of p63 at both mRNA and protein levels (p < 0.001, and p < 0.0001; respectively). Also, a significant inverse correlation was observed between miR-223-5p and p63 expressions in tumors from patients (p = 0.0365). Furthermore, low p63 protein expression was correlated with deeper tumor invasion (p = 0.0491) and lower patient overall survival (p = 0.0494). Our study points out miR-223-5p overexpression as a putative pathological mechanism of tumor invasion and a promising therapeutic target and highlights the importance of both miR-223-5p and p63 as prognostic factors in vulvar cancer. Also, it is plausible that the evaluation of p63 expression in vulvar cancer at the biopsy level may bring important contribution on prognostic establishment and in elaborating better surgical approaches for vulvar cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz de Melo Maia
- Molecular Morphology Laboratory, Anatomic Pathology Department, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Iara Santana Rodrigues
- Molecular Morphology Laboratory, Anatomic Pathology Department, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Erica Mie Akagi
- Molecular Morphology Laboratory, Anatomic Pathology Department, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nayra Soares do Amaral
- Molecular Morphology Laboratory, Anatomic Pathology Department, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hui Ling
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Paloma Monroig
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fernando Augusto Soares
- Molecular Morphology Laboratory, Anatomic Pathology Department, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - George Adrian Calin
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,The Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rafael Malagoli Rocha
- Gynecology Laboratory, Gynecologic Department Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bretz AC, Gittler MP, Charles JP, Gremke N, Eckhardt I, Mernberger M, Mandic R, Thomale J, Nist A, Wanzel M, Stiewe T. ΔNp63 activates the Fanconi anemia DNA repair pathway and limits the efficacy of cisplatin treatment in squamous cell carcinoma. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:3204-18. [PMID: 26819410 PMCID: PMC4838363 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
TP63, a member of the p53 gene family gene, encodes the ΔNp63 protein and is one of the most frequently amplified genes in squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) of the head and neck (HNSCC) and lungs (LUSC). Using an epiallelic series of siRNAs with intrinsically different knockdown abilities, we show that the complete loss of ΔNp63 strongly impaired cell proliferation, whereas partial ΔNp63 depletion rendered cells hypersensitive to cisplatin accompanied by an accumulation of DNA damage. Expression profiling revealed wide-spread transcriptional regulation of DNA repair genes and in particular Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway components such as FANCD2 and RAD18 - known to be crucial for the repair of cisplatin-induced interstrand crosslinks. In SCC patients ΔNp63 levels significantly correlate with FANCD2 and RAD18 expression confirming ΔNp63 as a key activator of the FA pathway in vivo Mechanistically, ΔNp63 bound an upstream enhancer of FANCD2 inactive in primary keratinocytes but aberrantly activated by ΔNp63 in SCC. Consistently, depletion of FANCD2 sensitized to cisplatin similar to depletion of ΔNp63. Together, our results demonstrate that ΔNp63 directly activates the FA pathway in SCC and limits the efficacy of cisplatin treatment. Targeting ΔNp63 therefore would not only inhibit SCC proliferation but also sensitize tumors to chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Catherine Bretz
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Miriam P Gittler
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Joël P Charles
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Niklas Gremke
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Ines Eckhardt
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Marco Mernberger
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Robert Mandic
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Philipps-University, 35033 Marburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Thomale
- Institute of Cell Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Andrea Nist
- Genomics Core Facility, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Michael Wanzel
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Stiewe
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany Genomics Core Facility, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 35043 Marburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
The homeoprotein DLX3 and tumor suppressor p53 co-regulate cell cycle progression and squamous tumor growth. Oncogene 2015; 35:3114-24. [PMID: 26522723 PMCID: PMC4853298 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal homeostasis depends on the coordinated control of keratinocyte cell cycle. Differentiation and the alteration of this balance can result in neoplastic development. Here we report on a novel DLX3-dependent network that constrains epidermal hyperplasia and squamous tumorigenesis. By integrating genetic and transcriptomic approaches, we demonstrate that DLX3 operates through a p53-regulated network. DLX3 and p53 physically interact on the p21 promoter to enhance p21 expression. Elevating DLX3 in keratinocytes produces a G1-S blockade associated with p53 signature transcriptional profiles. In contrast, DLX3 loss promotes a mitogenic phenotype associated with constitutive activation of ERK. DLX3 expression is lost in human skin cancers and is extinguished during progression of experimentally induced mouse squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Reinstatement of DLX3 function is sufficient to attenuate the migration of SCC cells, leading to decreased wound closure. Our data establish the DLX3-p53 interplay as a major regulatory axis in epidermal differentiation and suggest that DLX3 is a modulator of skin carcinogenesis.
Collapse
|
6
|
Drosten M, Lechuga CG, Barbacid M. Genetic analysis of Ras genes in epidermal development and tumorigenesis. Small GTPases 2013; 4:236-41. [PMID: 24150175 DOI: 10.4161/sgtp.26905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Proliferation and differentiation of epidermal keratinocytes are tightly controlled to ensure proper development and homeostasis of the epidermis. The Ras family of small GTPases has emerged as a central node in the coordination of cell proliferation in the epidermis. Recent genetic evidence from mouse models has revealed that the intensity of Ras signaling modulates the proliferative capacity of epidermal keratinocytes. Interfering with Ras signaling either by combined elimination of the 3 Ras genes from the basal layer of the epidermis or by overexpression of dominant-negative Ras isoforms caused epidermal thinning due to hypoproliferation of keratinocytes. In contrast, overexpression of oncogenic Ras mutants in different epidermal cell layers led to hyperproliferative phenotypes including the development of papillomas and squamous cell carcinomas. Here, we discuss the value of loss- and gain-of-function studies in mouse models to assess the role of Ras signaling in the control of epidermal proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Drosten
- Molecular Oncology Programme; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO); Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen G Lechuga
- Molecular Oncology Programme; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO); Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariano Barbacid
- Molecular Oncology Programme; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO); Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ratovitski EA. Phospho-ΔNp63α regulates AQP3, ALOX12B, CASP14 and CLDN1 expression through transcription and microRNA modulation. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:3581-6. [PMID: 24070899 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cisplatin-induced and ATM-phosphorylated (p)-ΔNp63α regulates the expression of epidermal differentiation and skin barrier regulators (AQP3, CASP14, ALOX12B, and CLDN1) in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cells by dual transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms. We found that p-ΔNp63α bound to target gene promoters, and regulated the activity of the tested promoters in vitro. P-ΔNp63α was shown to upregulate miR-185-5p and downregulate let7-5p, which subsequently modulated AQP3, CASP14, ALOX12B and CLDN1 through their respective 3'-untranslated regions. The introduction of miR-185-5p into resistant SCC-11M cells, which are unable to phosphorylate ΔNp63α, render these cells more sensitive to cisplatin treatment. Further studies of the AQP3, CASP14, ALOX12B, and CLDN1 contributions to chemoresistance may assist in developing novel microRNA-based therapies for human SCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward A Ratovitski
- Head and Neck Cancer Research Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|