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Krawczyk-Łebek A, Żarowska B, Dymarska M, Janeczko T, Kostrzewa-Susłow E. Synthesis, fungal biotransformation, and evaluation of the antimicrobial potential of chalcones with a chlorine atom. Sci Rep 2024; 14:15050. [PMID: 38951205 PMCID: PMC11217454 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65054-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Chalcones are intermediate products in the biosynthesis of flavonoids, which possess a wide range of biological properties, including antimicrobial and anticancer activities. The introduction of a chlorine atom and the glucosyl moiety into their structure may increase their bioavailability, bioactivity, and pharmacological use. The combined chemical and biotechnological methods can be applied to obtain such compounds. Therefore, 2-chloro-2'-hydroxychalcone and 3-chloro-2'-hydroxychalcone were synthesized and biotransformed in cultures of two strains of filamentous fungi, i.e. Isaria fumosorosea KCH J2 and Beauveria bassiana KCH J1.5 to obtain their novel glycosylated derivatives. Pharmacokinetics, drug-likeness, and biological activity of them were predicted using cheminformatics tools. 2-Chloro-2'-hydroxychalcone, 3-chloro-2'-hydroxychalcone, their main glycosylation products, and 2'-hydrochychalcone were screened for antimicrobial activity against several microbial strains. The growth of Escherichia coli 10,536 was completely inhibited by chalcones with a chlorine atom and 3-chlorodihydrochalcone 2'-O-β-D-(4″-O-methyl)-glucopyranoside. The strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa DSM 939 was the most resistant to the action of the tested compounds. However, chalcone aglycones and glycosides with a chlorine atom almost completely inhibited the growth of bacteria Staphylococcus aureus DSM 799 and yeast Candida albicans DSM 1386. The tested compounds had different effects on lactic acid bacteria depending on the tested species. In general, chlorinated chalcones were more effective in the inhibition of the tested microbial strains than their unchlorinated counterparts and aglycones were a little more effective than their glycosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Krawczyk-Łebek
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Barbara Żarowska
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Monika Dymarska
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Tomasz Janeczko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Edyta Kostrzewa-Susłow
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
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Krawczyk-Łebek A, Dymarska M, Janeczko T, Kostrzewa-Susłow E. New Glycosylated Dihydrochalcones Obtained by Biotransformation of 2'-Hydroxy-2-methylchalcone in Cultures of Entomopathogenic Filamentous Fungi. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9619. [PMID: 34502528 PMCID: PMC8431761 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids, including chalcones, are more stable and bioavailable in the form of glycosylated and methylated derivatives. The combined chemical and biotechnological methods can be applied to obtain such compounds. In the present study, 2'-hydroxy-2-methylchalcone was synthesized and biotransformed in the cultures of entomopathogenic filamentous fungi Beauveria bassiana KCH J1.5, Isaria fumosorosea KCH J2 and Isaria farinosa KCH J2.6, which have been known for their extensive enzymatic system and ability to perform glycosylation of flavonoids. As a result, five new glycosylated dihydrochalcones were obtained. Biotransformation of 2'-hydroxy-2-methylchalcone by B. bassiana KCH J1.5 resulted in four glycosylated dihydrochalcones: 2'-hydroxy-2-methyldihydrochalcone 3'-O-β-d-(4″-O-methyl)-glucopyranoside, 2',3-dihydroxy-2-methyldihydrochalcone 3'-O-β-d-(4″-O-methyl)-glucopyranoside, 2'-hydroxy-2-hydroxymethyldihydrochalcone 3'-O-β-d-(4″-O-methyl)-glucopyranoside, and 2',4-dihydroxy-2-methyldihydrochalcone 3'-O-β-d-(4″-O-methyl)-glucopyranoside. In the culture of I. fumosorosea KCH J2 only one product was formed-3-hydroxy-2-methyldihydrochalcone 2'-O-β-d-(4″-O-methyl)-glucopyranoside. Biotransformation performed by I. farinosa KCH J2.6 resulted in the formation of two products: 2'-hydroxy-2-methyldihydrochalcone 3'-O-β-d-(4″-O-methyl)-glucopyranoside and 2',3-dihydroxy-2-methyldihydrochalcone 3'-O-β-d-(4″-O-methyl)-glucopyranoside. The structures of all obtained products were established based on the NMR spectroscopy. All products mentioned above may be used in further studies as potentially bioactive compounds with improved stability and bioavailability. These compounds can be considered as flavor enhancers and potential sweeteners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Krawczyk-Łebek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; (M.D.); (T.J.)
| | | | | | - Edyta Kostrzewa-Susłow
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; (M.D.); (T.J.)
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Anti-Neuroinflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Phenylheptatriyne Isolated from the Flowers of Coreopsis lanceolata L. via NF-κB Inhibition and HO-1 Expression in BV2 and RAW264.7 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147482. [PMID: 34299102 PMCID: PMC8303746 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with immune disregulation and oxidative stress which lead to inflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. We have tried to identify the anti-neuroinflammatory and anti-inflammatory components of Coreopsis lanceolata L. The dried flowers of C. lanceolata were extracted with 70% EtOH, and the obtained extract was divided into CH2Cl2, EtOAc, n-BuOH, and H2O fractions. The CH2Cl2 fraction was separated using silica gel and C-18 column chromatography to yield phenylheptatriyne (1), 2′-hydroxy-3,4,4′-trimethoxychalcone (2), and 4′,7-dimethoxyflavanone (3). Additionally, the EtOAc fraction was subjected to silica gel, C-18, and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography to yield 8-methoxybutin (4) and leptosidin (5). All the compounds isolated from C. lanceolata inhibited the production of nitric oxide (NO) in LPS-induced BV2 and RAW264.7 cells. In addition, phenylheptatriyne and 4′,7-dimethoxyflavanone reduced the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin (IL)-6. Among them, phenylheptatriyne was significantly downregulated in the expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Subsequently, phenylheptatriyne also effectively inhibited nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation in LPS-stimulated BV2 and RAW264.7 cells. Based on these results, the anti-neuroinflammatory effect of phenylheptatriyne isolated from C. lanceolata was confirmed, which may exert a therapeutic effect in treatment of neuroinflammation-related diseases.
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Morais PAB, Francisco CS, de Paula H, Ribeiro R, Eloy MA, Javarini CL, Neto ÁC, Júnior VL. Semisynthetic Triazoles as an Approach in the Discovery of Novel Lead Compounds. CURR ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272825666210126100227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Historically, medicinal chemistry has been concerned with the approach of organic
chemistry for new drug synthesis. Considering the fruitful collections of new molecular entities,
the dedicated efforts for medicinal chemistry are rewarding. Planning and search for new
and applicable pharmacologic therapies involve the altruistic nature of the scientists. Since
the 19th century, notoriously applying isolated and characterized plant-derived compounds in
modern drug discovery and various stages of clinical development highlight its viability and
significance. Natural products influence a broad range of biological processes, covering transcription,
translation, and post-translational modification, being effective modulators of most
basic cellular processes. The research of new chemical entities through “click chemistry”
continuously opens up a map for the remarkable exploration of chemical space towards leading
natural products optimization by structure-activity relationship. Finally, in this review, we expect to gather a
broad knowledge involving triazolic natural product derivatives, synthetic routes, structures, and their biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Alves Bezerra Morais
- Centro de Ciencias Exatas, Naturais e da Saude, Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, 29500000, Alegre, ES, Brazil
| | - Carla Santana Francisco
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Quimica, Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, 29075910, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Heberth de Paula
- Centro de Ciencias Exatas, Naturais e da Saude, Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, 29500000, Alegre, ES, Brazil
| | - Rayssa Ribeiro
- Programa de Pos- Graduacao em Agroquimica, Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, 29500000, Alegre, ES, Brazil
| | - Mariana Alves Eloy
- Programa de Pos- Graduacao em Agroquimica, Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, 29500000, Alegre, ES, Brazil
| | - Clara Lirian Javarini
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Quimica, Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, 29075910, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Álvaro Cunha Neto
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Quimica, Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, 29075910, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Valdemar Lacerda Júnior
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Quimica, Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, 29075910, Vitória, ES, Brazil
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Pereira D, Gonçalves C, Martins BT, Palmeira A, Vasconcelos V, Pinto M, Almeida JR, Correia-da-Silva M, Cidade H. Flavonoid Glycosides with a Triazole Moiety for Marine Antifouling Applications: Synthesis and Biological Activity Evaluation. Mar Drugs 2020; 19:5. [PMID: 33374188 PMCID: PMC7823860 DOI: 10.3390/md19010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, antifouling coatings containing biocidal compounds as active ingredients were used to prevent biofouling, and eco-friendly alternatives are needed. Previous research from our group showed that polymethoxylated chalcones and glycosylated flavones obtained by synthesis displayed antifouling activity with low toxicity. In this work, ten new polymethoxylated flavones and chalcones were synthesized for the first time, including eight with a triazole moiety. Eight known flavones and chalcones were also synthesized and tested in order to construct a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model for these compounds. Three different antifouling profiles were found: three compounds (1b, 11a and 11b) exhibited anti-settlement activity against a macrofouling species (Mytilus galloprovincialis), two compounds (6a and 6b) exhibited inhibitory activity against the biofilm-forming marine bacteria Roseobacter litoralis and one compound (7b) exhibited activity against both mussel larvae and microalgae Navicula sp. Hydrogen bonding acceptor ability of the molecule was the most significant descriptor contributing positively to the mussel larvae anti-settlement activity and, in fact, the triazolyl glycosylated chalcone 7b was the most potent compound against this species. The most promising compounds were not toxic to Artemia salina, highlighting the importance of pursuing the development of new synthetic antifouling agents as an ecofriendly and sustainable alternative for the marine industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Pereira
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (D.P.); (B.T.M.); (A.P.); (M.P.); (H.C.)
- CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (C.G.); (V.V.)
| | - Catarina Gonçalves
- CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (C.G.); (V.V.)
| | - Beatriz T. Martins
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (D.P.); (B.T.M.); (A.P.); (M.P.); (H.C.)
| | - Andreia Palmeira
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (D.P.); (B.T.M.); (A.P.); (M.P.); (H.C.)
- CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (C.G.); (V.V.)
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (C.G.); (V.V.)
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre S/N, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Madalena Pinto
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (D.P.); (B.T.M.); (A.P.); (M.P.); (H.C.)
- CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (C.G.); (V.V.)
| | - Joana R. Almeida
- CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (C.G.); (V.V.)
| | - Marta Correia-da-Silva
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (D.P.); (B.T.M.); (A.P.); (M.P.); (H.C.)
- CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (C.G.); (V.V.)
| | - Honorina Cidade
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (D.P.); (B.T.M.); (A.P.); (M.P.); (H.C.)
- CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (C.G.); (V.V.)
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Abstract
Fisetin is a flavonol that shares distinct antioxidant properties with a plethora of other plant polyphenols. Additionally, it exhibits a specific biological activity of considerable interest as regards the protection of functional macromolecules against stress which results in the sustenance of normal cells cytoprotection. Moreover, it shows potential as an anti-inflammatory, chemopreventive, chemotherapeutic and recently also senotherapeutic agent. In view of its prospective applications in healthcare and likely demand for fisetin, methods for its preparation and their suitability for pharmaceutical use are discussed herein.
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Synthetic 3-alkylpyridine alkaloid analogues as a new scaffold against leukemic cell lines: cytotoxic evaluation and mode of action. Med Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-019-02395-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Synthesis, Antimicrobial, and Computational Evaluation of Novel Isobutylchalcones as Antimicrobial Agents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2017; 2017:6873924. [PMID: 29441207 PMCID: PMC5758854 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6873924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A series of 25 new chalcones were synthesized by Claisen-Schmidt condensation, well characterized by spectroscopic data, and evaluated for their antibacterial and antifungal activities by serial tube dilution method. Among the compounds tested, A3 and A6 containing 2,4-dichlorophenyl and 2,4-difluorophenyl moiety, respectively, were found to be the most potent in the series against both bacterial and fungal strains with a MIC value of 16 µg/mL in each case. Further computational evaluation for antimicrobial activity was performed by atom based 3D-QSAR using PHASE™ software in order to have a correlation between the observed activities and predicted activities. The computational studies were in agreement with the in vitro antimicrobial results and had identified the most promising chalcones as antimicrobial agents and the responsible structural features for the proposed activity.
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Bui TH, Nguyen NT, Dang PH, Nguyen HX, Nguyen MTT. Design and synthesis of chalcone derivatives as potential non-purine xanthine oxidase inhibitors. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:1789. [PMID: 27795931 PMCID: PMC5063830 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-3485-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Based on some previous research, the chalcone derivatives exhibited potent xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity, e.g. sappanchalcone (7), with IC50 value of 3.9 μM, was isolated from Caesalpinia sappan. Therefore, objectives of this research are design and synthesis of 7 and other chalcone derivatives by Claisen-Schmidt condensation and then evaluate their XO inhibitory activity. RESULTS Fifteen chalcone derivatives were synthesized by Claisen-Schmidt condensation, and were evaluated for XO inhibitory activity. Nine out of 15 synthetic chalcones showed inhibitory activity (3; 5-8; 10-13). Sappanchalcone derivatives (11) (IC50, 2.5 μM) and a novel chalcone (13) (IC50, 2.4 μM) displayed strong xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity that is comparable to allopurinol (IC50, 2.5 μM). The structure-activity relationship of these chalcone derivatives was also presented. CONCLUSIONS It is the first research on synthesis sappanchalcone (7) by Claisen-Schmidt condensation. The overall yield of this procedure was 6.6 %, higher than that of reported procedure (4 %). Design, synthesis, and evaluation of chalcone derivatives were carried out. This result suggests that the chalcone derivative can be used as potential non-purine XO inhibitors.Graphical abstractThe chalcone derivatives as potential non-purine xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trung Huu Bui
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, 227 Nguyen Van Cu, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nhan Trung Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, 227 Nguyen Van Cu, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Cancer Research Laboratory, Vietnam National University, 227 Nguyen Van Cu, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Phu Hoang Dang
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, 227 Nguyen Van Cu, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Hai Xuan Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, 227 Nguyen Van Cu, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Mai Thanh Thi Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, 227 Nguyen Van Cu, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Cancer Research Laboratory, Vietnam National University, 227 Nguyen Van Cu, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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Evangelista FCG, Bandeira MO, Silva GD, Silva MG, Andrade SN, Marques DR, Silva LM, Castro WV, Santos FV, Viana GHR, Villar JAFP, Sabino AP, Varotti FP. Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of novel triazole/azide chalcones. Med Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-016-1705-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Combinatorial Synthesis of Structurally Diverse Triazole-Bridged Flavonoid Dimers and Trimers. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21091230. [PMID: 27649131 PMCID: PMC6273872 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21091230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are a large family of compounds associated with a broad range of biologically useful properties. In recent years, synthetic compounds that contain two flavonoid units linked together have attracted attention in drug discovery and development projects. Numerous flavonoid dimer systems, incorporating a range of monomers attached via different linkers, have been reported to exhibit interesting bioactivities. From a medicinal chemistry perspective, the 1,2,3-triazole ring system has been identified as a particularly attractive linker moiety in dimeric derivatives (owing to several favourable attributes including proven biological relevance and metabolic stability) and triazole-bridged flavonoid dimers possessing anticancer and antimalarial activities have recently been reported. However, there are relatively few examples of libraries of triazole-bridged flavonoid dimers and the diversity of flavonoid subunits present within these is typically limited. Thus, this compound type arguably remains underexplored within drug discovery. Herein, we report a modular strategy for the synthesis of novel and biologically interesting triazole-bridged flavonoid heterodimers and also very rare heterotrimers from readily available starting materials. Application of this strategy has enabled step-efficient and systematic access to a library of structurally diverse compounds of this sort, with a variety of monomer units belonging to six different structural subclasses of flavonoid successfully incorporated.
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