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Bahreini MS, Iraji A, Edraki N, Monfared AA, Asgari Q. Synthesis and anti-Toxoplasma activity of indole-triazole compounds on tachyzoites of RH strain. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2022; 74:103245. [PMID: 35079376 PMCID: PMC8777237 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.103245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Conventional treatment for toxoplasmosis have severe side effects and the inability to completely eradicate the disease. Therefore, the acquisition of new anti-Toxoplasma drugs has always been of interest among researchers. In the present study, we prepare a new indole-triazole derivatives and evaluated their potential anti-parasitic activity against tachyzoites of Toxoplasma RH strain. Materials and methods In this study, after synthesis of the two new compounds of indole-triazole, the effect of their different concentrations (2–1024 μg/ml) were determined on Toxoplasma tachyzoites using flow cytometry. Furthermore, tachyzoites were exposed to different concentrations of compounds (4, 16, 64, 265, 1024 μg/ml) for 1.5 h and their infectivity were evaluated in BALB/c mice. Results The flow cytometry results indicated the benzyl derivative of indole-triazole in various concentrations had a lethal effect on tachyzoites between 11.93% and 89.66%, while the naphthalene derivative had a lethality of 26.63%–66.82%. The infectivity analysis showed that the survival time of mice at concentrations of 1024 μg/ml and 512 μg/ml of benzyl derivatives was significantly increased (P = 0.008 and P = 0.016, respectively), compared to that in the negative control group. Furthermore, survival time of mice was statistically significant at the concentration of 1024 μg/ml for naphthyl derivative (P = 0.012). Conclusion Findings of the current study suggested indole triazole compounds, based on their structure and enzymes targeting, have a considerable effect on tachyzoites of T. gondii RH strain and can be considered as a new anti-Toxoplasma agent. The Benzyl and Naphtyl derivatives of Indol-triazol have dose dependently effect on tachyzoites of T.gondii RH strain. The placement of naphthyl next to indole-triazole have dose dependently effects on Toxoplasma tachyzoites. The benzyl derivative of Indole triazole showed an ability of over 80% in eliminating Toxoplasma tachyzoites.
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In vivo and in vitro evaluation of the effect of glyphosate (Roundup) on Toxoplasma gondii. J Parasit Dis 2021; 45:715-732. [PMID: 34475653 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-021-01352-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Apicoplast, a derived non-photosynthetic plastid, which is found in most Apicomplexa, provides essential functions to parasites. The shikimate pathway is localized in the plant chloroplast as a remarkable route for the survival of the Toxoplasma. In this study, in vivo and in vitro effects of glyphosate (Roundup, Herbicide), as an inhibitor of the enzyme, were evaluated on T. gondii. Tachyzoites of RH strain were incubated for 1.5 h in various concentrations (1-128 µg/ml) of glyphosate. The parasite was cultivated in the cell monolayer of the heLa cell, and then the cultures were exposed to various concentrations. To evaluate the therapeutic quality, 2 × 105 tachyzoites were intradermally inoculated into ten mice from each group. Four doses of the compound were daily administrated every 24 h after inoculation due 10 days continuously. Also, two other groups were assigned as the positive and negative control. In flow cytometry, the highest mortality rate was related to concentrations of 128 and 256 μg/ml, 18.29% and 18.64%, respectively, while the mortality rate was 0.03% in the negative control (P value > 0.05). Based on microscopic observation of the stained touch smear of the liver, all treated mice were killed by the parasite. This compound also had no lethal effect on the mice. According to the results of this study, glyphosate is not a good candidate for the treatment of toxoplasmosis. It seems that the parasite has another pathway for providing the essential amino acids.
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Hsueh N, Tsai M, Chang M. One‐Pot Access to Sulfonyl 2‐Arylnaphthalenes via Wacker Oxidation of Sulfonyl
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‐Allylchalcones. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nai‐Chen Hsueh
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung 807 Taiwan
| | - Min‐Chen Tsai
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung 807 Taiwan
| | - Meng‐Yang Chang
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung 807 Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital Kaohsiung 807 Taiwan
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Zahedi M, Asgari Q, Badakhshan F, Sakhteman A, Ranjbar S, Khoshneviszadeh M. Anti- Toxoplasma gondii activity of 5-oxo-hexahydroquinoline derivatives: synthesis, in vitro and in vivo evaluations, and molecular docking analysis. Res Pharm Sci 2020; 15:367-380. [PMID: 33312215 PMCID: PMC7714012 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.293515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo anti-Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) effect of 5-oxo-hexahydroquinoline compounds. Moreover, molecular docking study of the compounds into the active site of enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (ENR) as a necessary enzyme for the vitality of apicoplast was carried out. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH A number of 5-oxo-hexahydoquinoline derivatives (Z1-Z4) were synthesized. The T. gondii tachyzoites of RH strain were treated by different concentrations (1-64 μg/mL) of the compounds. The viability of the encountered parasites with compounds was assessed using flow cytometry and propidium iodide (PI) staining. Due to the high mortality effect of Z3 and Z4 in vitro, their chemotherapy effect was assessed by inoculation of tachyzoites to four BALB/c mice groups (n = 5), followed by the gavage of various concentrations of the compounds to the mice. Molecular docking was done to study the binding affinity of the synthesized 5-oxo-hexahydroquinolines into ENR enzyme active site byusing AutoDock Vina® software. Docking was performed by a Lamarckian Genetic Algorithm with 100 runs. FINDINGS / RESULTS Flow cytometry assay results indicated compounds Z3 and Z4 had relevant mortality effect on parasite tachyzoites. Besides, in vivo experiments were also performed and a partial increase of mice longevity between control and experiment groups was recorded. Molecular docking of Z3 and Z4 in the binding site of ENR enzyme indicated that the compounds were well accommodated within the binding site. Therefore, it could be suggested that these compounds may exert their anti-T. gondii activity through the inhibition of the ENR enzyme. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Compounds Z3 and Z4 are good leads in order to develop better anti-T. gondii agents as they demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo inhibitory effects on tachyzoites viability and infection. Further studies on altering the route of administration along with additional pharmacokinetics evaluations are needed to improve the anti-T. gondii impacts of 5-oxo-hexahydroquinoline compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadsaeid Zahedi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, I.R. Iran
| | - Qasem Asgari
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, I.R. Iran
| | - Fatemeh Badakhshan
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, I.R. Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sakhteman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, I.R. Iran
| | - Sara Ranjbar
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, I.R. Iran
| | - Mehdi Khoshneviszadeh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, I.R. Iran
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, I.R. Iran
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Montazeri M, Sharif M, Sarvi S, Mehrzadi S, Ahmadpour E, Daryani A. A Systematic Review of In vitro and In vivo Activities of Anti -Toxoplasma Drugs and Compounds (2006-2016). Front Microbiol 2017; 8:25. [PMID: 28163699 PMCID: PMC5247447 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The currently available anti-Toxoplasma agents have serious limitations. This systematic review was performed to evaluate drugs and new compounds used for the treatment of toxoplasmosis. Data was systematically collected from published papers on the efficacy of drugs/compounds used against Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) globally during 2006-2016. The searched databases were PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, ISI Web of Science, EBSCO, and Scopus. One hundred and eighteen papers were eligible for inclusion in this systematic review, which were both in vitro and in vivo studies. Within this review, 80 clinically available drugs and a large number of new compounds with more than 39 mechanisms of action were evaluated. Interestingly, many of the drugs/compounds evaluated against T. gondii act on the apicoplast. Therefore, the apicoplast represents as a potential drug target for new chemotherapy. Based on the current findings, 49 drugs/compounds demonstrated in vitro half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of below 1 μM, but most of them were not evaluated further for in vivo effectiveness. However, the derivatives of the ciprofloxacin, endochin-like quinolones and 1-[4-(4-nitrophenoxy) phenyl] propane-1-one (NPPP) were significantly active against T. gondii tachyzoites both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, these compounds are promising candidates for future studies. Also, compound 32 (T. gondii calcium-dependent protein kinase 1 inhibitor), endochin-like quinolones, miltefosine, rolipram abolish, and guanabenz can be repurposed into an effective anti-parasitic with a unique ability to reduce brain tissue cysts (88.7, 88, 78, 74, and 69%, respectively). Additionally, no promising drugs are available for congenital toxoplasmosis. In conclusion, as current chemotherapy against toxoplasmosis is still not satisfactory, development of well-tolerated and safe specific immunoprophylaxis in relaxing the need of dependence on chemotherapeutics is a highly valuable goal for global disease control. However, with the increasing number of high-risk individuals, and absence of a proper vaccine, continued efforts are necessary for the development of novel treatment options against T. gondii. Some of the novel compounds reviewed here may represent good starting points for the discovery of effective new drugs. In further, bioinformatic and in silico studies are needed in order to identify new potential toxoplasmicidal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahbobeh Montazeri
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical SciencesSari, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical SciencesSari, Iran
| | - Mehdi Sharif
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical SciencesSari, Iran
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Sari Medical School, Mazandaran University of Medical SciencesSari, Iran
| | - Shahabeddin Sarvi
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical SciencesSari, Iran
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Sari Medical School, Mazandaran University of Medical SciencesSari, Iran
| | - Saeed Mehrzadi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences TehranIran
| | - Ehsan Ahmadpour
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical SciencesTabriz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Daryani
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical SciencesSari, Iran
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Sari Medical School, Mazandaran University of Medical SciencesSari, Iran
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Dzitko K, Grzybowski MM, Pawełczyk J, Dziadek B, Gatkowska J, Stączek P, Długońska H. Phytoecdysteroids as modulators of the Toxoplasma gondii growth rate in human and mouse cells. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:422. [PMID: 26272689 PMCID: PMC4536731 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1019-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Searching for new effective drugs against human and animal toxoplasmosis we decided to test the anti-Toxoplasma potential of phytoecdysteroids (α-ecdysone and 20-hydroxyecdysone) characterized by the pleiotropic activity on mammalian organisms including the enhancement of host’s anti-parasitic defence. This objective was accomplished by the in vitro evaluation of T. gondii growth in phytoecdysteroid-treated immunocompetent cells of selected hosts: humans and two strains of inbred mice with genetically determined different susceptibility to toxoplasmosis. Methods Peripheral mononuclear blood cells were isolated from Toxoplasma-positive and Toxoplasma-negative women (N = 43) and men (N = 21). Non-infected mice (C57BL/6, N = 10 and BALB/c, N = 14) and mice (BALB/c, N = 10) challenged intraperitoneally with 5 tissue cysts of the T. gondii DX strain were also used in this study as a source of splenocytes. The effects of phytoecdysteroids on the viability of human PBMC and mouse splenocytes were evaluated using the MTT assay. The influence of phytoecdysteroids on PBMCs, splenocytes and T. gondii proliferation was measured using radioactivity tests (the level of 3[H] uracil incorporation by toxoplasms or 3[H] thymidine by PBMCs and splenocytes), which was confirmed by quantitative Real-Time PCR. Statistical analysis was performed using SigmaStat 3.5 (Systat Software GmbH). The best-fit IC50 curves were plotted using GraphPad Prism 6.0 (GraphPad Software, Inc.). Results Our results showed that phytoecdysteroids promote the multiplication of Toxoplasma in cultures of human or murine immune cells, in contrast to another apicomplexan parasite, Babesia gibsoni. Additionally, the tested phytoecdysteroids did not stimulate the in vitro secretion of the essential protective cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-2 and IL-10), neither by human nor by murine immune cells involved in an effective intracellular killing of the parasite. Conclusions Judging by the effect of phytoecdysteroids on the T. gondii proliferation, demonstrated for the first time in this study, it seems that these compounds should not be taken into consideration as potential medications to treat toxoplasmosis. Phytoecdysteroids included in the food are most likely not harmful for human or animal health but certain nutrients containing ecdysteroids at high concentrations could promote T. gondii proliferation in chronically infected and immunocompromised individuals. In order to assess the real impact of ecdysteroids on the course of natural T. gondii invasion, in vivo research should be undertaken because it cannot be ruled out that the in vivo effect will be different than the in vitro one. However, taking into account the possible stimulating effect of ecdysteroids on some opportunistic parasites (such as Toxoplasma or Strongyloides) further studies are necessary and should focus on the mechanisms of their action, which directly or indirectly enhance the parasite growth. Since ecdysteroids are considered as potential drugs, it is essential to determine their effect on various parasitic pathogens, which may infect the host at the same time, especially in immunocompromised individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Dzitko
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Łódź, Poland.
| | - Marcin Mikołaj Grzybowski
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Łódź, Poland.
| | - Jakub Pawełczyk
- Institute of Medical Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodowa 106, 93-232, Łódź, Poland.
| | - Bożena Dziadek
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Łódź, Poland.
| | - Justyna Gatkowska
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Łódź, Poland.
| | - Paweł Stączek
- Department of Microbial Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Łódź, Poland.
| | - Henryka Długońska
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Łódź, Poland.
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Anti-Toxoplasma Activity of 2-(Naphthalene-2-γlthiol)-1H Indole. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2015; 10:171-80. [PMID: 26246814 PMCID: PMC4522292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was undertaken to evaluate the viability, infectivity and immunity of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites exposed to 2-(naphthalene-2-ylthio)-1H-indole. METHODS Tachyzoites of RH strain were incubated in various concentrations of 2-(naphthalene-2-ylthio)-1H-indole (25-800 μM) for 1.5 hours. Then, they were stained by PI and analyzed by Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). To evaluate the infectivity, the tachyzoites exposed to the different concentrations of the compound were inoculated to 10 BALB/c mice groups. For Control, parasites exposed to DMSO (0.2% v/v) were also intraperitoneally inoculated into two groups of mice. The immunity of the exposed tachyzoites was evaluated by inoculation of the naïve parasite to the survived mice. RESULTS The LD50 of 2-(naphthalene-2-ylthio)-1H-indole was 57 μmol. The longevity of mice was dose dependent. Five mice out of group 400μmol and 3 out of group 800μmol showed immunization to the parasite. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrated the toxoplasmocidal activity of the compound. The presence of a well-organized transporter mechanism for indole compounds within the parasite in conjunction with several effective mechanisms of these compounds on Toxoplasma viability would open a window for production of new drugs and vaccines.
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Braga FR, Mendoza de Gives P, Paz Silva A, Soares FEDF, de Araújo JV. Zoonotic neglected tropical diseases: new approaches to combat old enemies. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:914248. [PMID: 24995334 PMCID: PMC4068044 DOI: 10.1155/2014/914248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Ribeiro Braga
- Department of Veterinary, Federal University of Viçosa, University Campus s/n, P.O. Box 3657000, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Pedro Mendoza de Gives
- Department of Helminthology, CENID-Veterinary Parasitology, INIFAP Federal Highway Cuernavaca, Cuautla No. 8534, P.O. Box 62550, Jiutepec, MO, Mexico
| | - Adolfo Paz Silva
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | | | - Jackson Victor de Araújo
- Department of Veterinary, Federal University of Viçosa, University Campus s/n, P.O. Box 3657000, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
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