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Blood-Based mRNA Tests as Emerging Diagnostic Tools for Personalised Medicine in Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041087. [PMID: 36831426 PMCID: PMC9954278 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular diagnostic tests help clinicians understand the underlying biological mechanisms of their patients' breast cancer (BC) and facilitate clinical management. Several tissue-based mRNA tests are used routinely in clinical practice, particularly for assessing the BC recurrence risk, which can guide treatment decisions. However, blood-based mRNA assays have only recently started to emerge. This review explores the commercially available blood mRNA diagnostic assays for BC. These tests enable differentiation of BC from non-BC subjects (Syantra DX, BCtect), detection of small tumours <10 mm (early BC detection) (Syantra DX), detection of different cancers (including BC) from a single blood sample (multi-cancer blood test Aristotle), detection of BC in premenopausal and postmenopausal women and those with high breast density (Syantra DX), and improvement of diagnostic outcomes of DNA testing (variant interpretation) (+RNAinsight). The review also evaluates ongoing transcriptomic research on exciting possibilities for future assays, including blood transcriptome analyses aimed at differentiating lymph node positive and negative BC, distinguishing BC and benign breast disease, detecting ductal carcinoma in situ, and improving early detection further (expression changes can be detected in blood up to eight years before diagnosing BC using conventional approaches, while future metastatic and non-metastatic BC can be distinguished two years before BC diagnosis).
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Identification of Cell-Free Circulating MicroRNAs for the Detection of Early Breast Cancer and Molecular Subtyping. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2019; 2019:8393769. [PMID: 31485228 PMCID: PMC6702831 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8393769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Early detection is crucial for achieving a reduction in breast cancer mortality. Analysis of circulating cell-free microRNAs present in the serum of cancer patients has emerged as a promising new noninvasive biomarker for early detection of tumors and for predicting their molecular classifications. The rationale for this study was to identify subtype-specific molecular profiles of cell-free microRNAs for early detection of breast cancer in serum. Fifty-four early-stage breast cancers with 27 age-matched controls were selected for circulating microRNAs evaluation in the serum. The 54 cases were molecularly classified (luminal A, luminal B, luminal B Her2 positive, Her-2, triple negative). NanoString platform was used for digital detection and quantitation of 800 tagged microRNA probes and comparing the overall differences in serum microRNA expression from breast cancer cases with controls. We identified the 42 most significant (P ≤ 0.05, 1.5-fold) differentially expressed circulating microRNAs in each molecular subtype for further study. Of these microRNAs, 19 were significantly differentially expressed in patients presenting with luminal A, eight in the luminal B, ten in luminal B HER 2 positive, and four in the HER2 enriched subtype. AUC is high with suitable sensitivity and specificity. For the triple negative subtype miR-25-3p had the best accuracy. Predictive analysis of the mRNA targets suggests they encode proteins involved in molecular pathways such as cell adhesion, migration, and proliferation. This study identified subtype-specific molecular profiles of cell-free microRNAs suitable for early detection of breast cancer selected by comparison to the microRNA profile in serum for female controls without apparent risk of breast cancer. This molecular profile should be validated using larger cohort studies to confirm the potential of these miRNA for future use as early detection biomarkers that could avoid unnecessary biopsy in patients with a suspicion of breast cancer.
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Jahan R, Ganguly K, Smith LM, Atri P, Carmicheal J, Sheinin Y, Rachagani S, Natarajan G, Brand RE, Macha MA, Grandgenett PM, Kaur S, Batra SK. Trefoil factor(s) and CA19.9: A promising panel for early detection of pancreatic cancer. EBioMedicine 2019; 42:375-385. [PMID: 30956167 PMCID: PMC6491718 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trefoil factors (TFF1, TFF2, and TFF3) are small secretory molecules that recently have gained significant attention in multiple studies as an integral component of pancreatic cancer (PC) subtype-specific gene signature. Here, we comprehensively investigated the diagnostic potential of all the member of trefoil family, i.e., TFF1, TFF2, and TFF3 in combination with CA19.9 for detection of PC. Methods Trefoil factors (TFFs) gene expression was analyzed in publicly available cancer genome datasets, followed by assessment of their expression in genetically engineered spontaneous mouse model (GEM) of PC (KrasG12D; Pdx1-Cre (KC)) and in human tissue microarray consisting of normal pancreas adjacent to tumor (NAT), precursor lesions (PanIN), and various pathological grades of PC by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Serum TFFs and CA19.9 levels were evaluated via ELISA in comprehensive sample set (n = 362) comprised of independent training and validation sets each containing benign controls (BC), chronic pancreatitis (CP), and various stages of PC. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC) were used to examine their diagnostic potential both alone and in combination with CA19.9. Findings The publicly available datasets and expression analysis revealed significant increased expression of TFF1, TFF2, and TFF3 in human PanINs and PC tissues. Assessment of KC mouse model also suggested upregulated expression of TFFs in PanIN lesions and early stage of PC. In serum analyses studies, TFF1 and TFF2 were significantly elevated in early stages of PC in comparison to benign and CP control group while significant elevation in TFF3 levels were observed in CP group with no further elevation in its level in early stage PC group. In receiver operating curve (ROC) analyses, combination of TFFs with CA19.9 emerged as promising panel for discriminating early stage of PC (EPC) from BC (AUCTFF1+TFF2+TFF3+CA19.9 = 0.93) as well as CP (AUCTFF1+TFF2+TFF3+CA19.9 = 0.93). Notably, at 90% specificity (desired for blood-based biomarker panel), TFFs combination improved CA19.9 sensitivity by 10% and 25% to differentiate EPC from BC and CP respectively. In an independent blinded validation set, the combination of TFFs and CA19.9 (AUCTFF1+TFF2+TFF3+CA19.9 = 0.82) also improved the overall efficacy of CA19.9 (AUCCA19.9 = 0.66) to differentiate EPC from CP proving unique biomarker capabilities of TFFs to distinguish early stage of this deadly lethal disease. Interpretation In silico, tissue and serum analyses validated significantly increased level of all TFFs in precursor lesions and early stages of PC. The combination of TFFs enhanced sensitivity and specificity of CA19.9 to discriminate early stage of PC from benign control and chronic pancreatitis groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahat Jahan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA
| | - Koelina Ganguly
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA
| | - Lynette M Smith
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA
| | - Pranita Atri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA
| | - Joseph Carmicheal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA
| | - Yuri Sheinin
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Satyanarayana Rachagani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA
| | - Gopalakrishnan Natarajan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA
| | - Randall E Brand
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Muzafar A Macha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA; Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA
| | - Paul M Grandgenett
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Sukhwinder Kaur
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA.
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA; Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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Computation and Selection of Optimal Biomarker Combinations by Integrative ROC Analysis Using CombiROC. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1959:247-259. [PMID: 30852827 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9164-8_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The diagnostic accuracy of biomarker-based approaches can be considerably improved by combining multiple markers. A biomarker's capacity to identify specific subjects is usually assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Multimarker signatures are complicated to select as data signatures must be integrated using sophisticated statistical methods. CombiROC, developed as a user-friendly web tool, helps researchers to accurately determine optimal combinations of markers identified by a range of omics methods. With CombiROC, data of different types, such as proteomics and transcriptomics, can be analyzed using Sensitivity/Specificity filters: the number of candidate marker panels arising from combinatorial analysis is easily optimized bypassing limitations imposed by the nature of different experimental approaches. Users have full control over initial selection stringency, then CombiROC computes sensitivity and specificity for all marker combinations, determines performance for the best combinations, and produces ROC curves for automatic comparisons. All steps can be visualized in a graphic interface. CombiROC is designed without hard-coded thresholds, to allow customized fitting of each specific dataset: this approach dramatically reduces computational burden and false-negative rates compared to fixed thresholds. CombiROC can be accessed at www.combiroc.eu .
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Lin PH, Yang HJ, Hsieh WC, Lin C, Chan YC, Wang YF, Yang YT, Lin KJ, Lin LS, Chen DR. Albumin and hemoglobin adducts of estrogen quinone as biomarkers for early detection of breast cancer. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201241. [PMID: 30222738 PMCID: PMC6141067 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cumulative estrogen concentration is an important determinant of the risk of developing breast cancer. Estrogen carcinogenesis is attributed to the combination of receptor-driven mitogenesis and DNA damage induced by quinonoid metabolites of estrogen. The present study was focused on developing an improved breast cancer prediction model using estrogen quinone-protein adduct concentrations. Blood samples from 152 breast cancer patients and 71 healthy women were collected, and albumin (Alb) and hemoglobin (Hb) adducts of estrogen-3,4-quinone and estrogen-2,3-quinone were extracted and evaluated as potential biomarkers of breast cancer. A multilayer perceptron (MLP) was used as the predictor model and the resultant prediction of breast cancer was more accurate than other existing detection methods. A MLP using the logarithm of the concentrations of the estrogen quinone-derived adducts (four input nodes, 10 hidden nodes, and one output node) was used to predict breast cancer risk with accuracy close to 100% and area under curve (AUC) close to one. The AUC value of one showed that both data sets were separable. We conclude that Alb and Hb adducts of estrogen quinones are promising biomarkers for the early detection of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Hsiung Lin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, South Dist., Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Hui-Ju Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wei-Chung Hsieh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Da-Chien General Hospital, Miaoli, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Che Lin
- Comprehensive Breast Cancer Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ya-Chi Chan
- Cancer Research Center, Department of Research, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yu-Fen Wang
- Cancer Research Center, Department of Research, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yuan-Ting Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Kuo-Juei Lin
- Department of Surgery, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Li-Sheng Lin
- Department of Breast Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital (Group) of Putian University, Putian, Fujian, China
| | - Dar-Ren Chen
- Comprehensive Breast Cancer Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Cancer Research Center, Department of Research, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan, R.O.C
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, South Dist., Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
- * E-mail:
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Cell Cycle Model System for Advancing Cancer Biomarker Research. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17989. [PMID: 29269772 PMCID: PMC5740075 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17845-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Progress in understanding the complexity of a devastating disease such as cancer has underscored the need for developing comprehensive panels of molecular markers for early disease detection and precision medicine applications. The present study was conducted to assess whether a cohesive biological context can be assigned to protein markers derived from public data mining, and whether mass spectrometry can be utilized to screen for the co-expression of functionally related biomarkers to be recommended for further exploration in clinical context. Cell cycle arrest/release experiments of MCF7/SKBR3 breast cancer and MCF10 non-tumorigenic cells were used as a surrogate to support the production of proteins relevant to aberrant cell proliferation. Information downloaded from the scientific public domain was queried with bioinformatics tools to generate an initial list of 1038 cancer-associated proteins. Mass spectrometric analysis of cell extracts identified 352 proteins that could be matched to the public list. Differential expression, enrichment, and protein-protein interaction analysis of the proteomic data revealed several functionally-related clusters of relevance to cancer. The results demonstrate that public data derived from independent experiments can be used to inform biological research and support the development of molecular assays for probing the characteristics of a disease.
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Meyer JG, Schilling B. Clinical applications of quantitative proteomics using targeted and untargeted data-independent acquisition techniques. Expert Rev Proteomics 2017; 14:419-429. [PMID: 28436239 PMCID: PMC5671767 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2017.1322904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While selected/multiple-reaction monitoring (SRM or MRM) is considered the gold standard for quantitative protein measurement, emerging data-independent acquisition (DIA) using high-resolution scans have opened a new dimension of high-throughput, comprehensive quantitative proteomics. These newer methodologies are particularly well suited for discovery of biomarker candidates from human disease samples, and for investigating and understanding human disease pathways. Areas covered: This article reviews the current state of targeted and untargeted DIA mass spectrometry-based proteomic workflows, including SRM, parallel-reaction monitoring (PRM) and untargeted DIA (e.g., SWATH). Corresponding bioinformatics strategies, as well as application in biological and clinical studies are presented. Expert commentary: Nascent application of highly-multiplexed untargeted DIA, such as SWATH, for accurate protein quantification from clinically relevant and disease-related samples shows great potential to comprehensively investigate biomarker candidates and understand disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse G Meyer
- a Mass Spectrometry Core , Buck Institute for Research on Aging , Novato , CA , USA
| | - Birgit Schilling
- a Mass Spectrometry Core , Buck Institute for Research on Aging , Novato , CA , USA
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CombiROC: an interactive web tool for selecting accurate marker combinations of omics data. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45477. [PMID: 28358118 PMCID: PMC5371980 DOI: 10.1038/srep45477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnostic accuracy can be improved considerably by combining multiple markers, whose performance in identifying diseased subjects is usually assessed via receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. The selection of multimarker signatures is a complicated process that requires integration of data signatures with sophisticated statistical methods. We developed a user-friendly tool, called CombiROC, to help researchers accurately determine optimal markers combinations from diverse omics methods. With CombiROC data from different domains, such as proteomics and transcriptomics, can be analyzed using sensitivity/specificity filters: the number of candidate marker panels rising from combinatorial analysis is easily optimized bypassing limitations imposed by the nature of different experimental approaches. Leaving to the user full control on initial selection stringency, CombiROC computes sensitivity and specificity for all markers combinations, performances of best combinations and ROC curves for automatic comparisons, all visualized in a graphic interface. CombiROC was designed without hard-coded thresholds, allowing a custom fit to each specific data: this dramatically reduces the computational burden and lowers the false negative rates given by fixed thresholds. The application was validated with published data, confirming the marker combination already originally described or even finding new ones. CombiROC is a novel tool for the scientific community freely available at http://CombiROC.eu.
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