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Bee Venom Acupuncture Effects on Pain and Its Mechanisms: An Updated Review. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13090608. [PMID: 34564611 PMCID: PMC8472865 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13090608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bee venom (BV) is a complex natural toxin that contains various pharmaceutical compounds. Bee venom acupuncture (BVA), involving a BV injection into a certain acupuncture point, has been utilized to relieve a range of pain conditions. Regardless of whether pain is caused by disease or injury, if not effectively treated, pain can exert a detrimental effect on all aspects of life. In the past decade, many researchers have investigated the anti-nociceptive effects of BVA through clinical use and experimental evaluation. This report reviews the existing knowledge on the analgesic effects of BVA, focusing on musculoskeletal pain, inflammatory pain and neuropathic pain, and its analgesic mechanisms. Although further clinical trials are needed to clinical application of experimental results, this review will contribute to the standardization and generalization of BVA.
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Khalil A, Elesawy BH, Ali TM, Ahmed OM. Bee Venom: From Venom to Drug. Molecules 2021; 26:4941. [PMID: 34443529 PMCID: PMC8400317 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects of the order Hymenoptera have a defensive substance that contains many biologically active compounds. Specifically, venom from honeybees (Apis mellifera) contains many enzymes and peptides that are effective against various diseases. Different research papers stated the possibility of using bee venom (a direct bee sting or in an injectable form) in treating several complications; either in vivo or in vitro. Other reports used the active fractions of bee venom clinically or at labratory scale. Many reports and publications have stated that bee venom and its constituents have multiple biological activities including anti-microbial, anti-protozoan, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-arthritic properties. The present review aims to refer to the use of bee venom itself or its fractions in treating several diseases and counteracting drug toxicities as an alternative protocol of therapy. The updated molecular mechanisms of actions of bee venom and its components are discussed in light of the previous updated publications. The review also summarizes the potential of venom loaded on nanoparticles as a drug delivery vehicle and its molecular mechanisms. Finally, the products of bee venom available in markets are also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelwahab Khalil
- Entomology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt;
| | - Basem H. Elesawy
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Tarek M. Ali
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt
| | - Osama M. Ahmed
- Physiology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt
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Arribas-Blázquez M, Olivos-Oré LA, Barahona MV, Wojnicz A, De Pascual R, Sánchez de la Muela M, García AG, Artalejo AR. The Adrenal Medulla Modulates Mechanical Allodynia in a Rat Model of Neuropathic Pain. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218325. [PMID: 33171955 PMCID: PMC7664230 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We have investigated whether the stress response mediated by the adrenal medulla in rats subjected to chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve (CCI) modulates their nocifensive behavior. Treatment with SK29661 (300 mg/kg; intraperitoneal (I.P.)), a selective inhibitor of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) that converts noradrenaline (NA) into adrenaline (A), fully reverted mechanical allodynia in the injured hind paw without affecting mechanical sensitivity in the contralateral paw. The effect was fast and reversible and was associated with a decrease in the A to NA ratio (A/NA) in the adrenal gland and circulating blood, an A/NA that was elevated by CCI. 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-7-sulfonamide (SKF29661) did not affect exocytosis evoked by Ca2+ entry as well as major ionic conductances (voltage-gated Na+, Ca2+, and K+ channels, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors) involved in stimulus-secretion coupling in chromaffin cells, suggesting that it acted by changing the relative content of the two adrenal catecholamines. Denervation of the adrenal medulla by surgical splanchnectomy attenuated mechanical allodynia in neuropathic animals, hence confirming the involvement of the adrenal medulla in the pathophysiology of the CCI model. Inhibition of PNMT appears to be an effective and probably safe way to modulate adrenal medulla activity and, in turn, to alleviate pain secondary to the injury of a peripheral nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Arribas-Blázquez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Faculty and Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.A.-B.); (L.A.O.-O.); (M.V.B.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Alcides Olivos-Oré
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Faculty and Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.A.-B.); (L.A.O.-O.); (M.V.B.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Victoria Barahona
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Faculty and Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.A.-B.); (L.A.O.-O.); (M.V.B.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Aneta Wojnicz
- Departamento de Farmacología, Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.W.); (R.D.P.); (A.G.G.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo De Pascual
- Departamento de Farmacología, Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.W.); (R.D.P.); (A.G.G.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Sánchez de la Muela
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 20040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Antonio G. García
- Departamento de Farmacología, Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.W.); (R.D.P.); (A.G.G.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio R. Artalejo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Faculty and Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.A.-B.); (L.A.O.-O.); (M.V.B.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-913-943-851
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Lin TY, Hsieh CL. Clinical Applications of Bee Venom Acupoint Injection. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12100618. [PMID: 32992601 PMCID: PMC7601520 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12100618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bee venom is a complex natural mixture with various pharmaceutical properties. Among these properties, its peptides and enzymes have potential medical therapy for pain relief and inflammation. In clinical settings, this therapy has been used widely to treat diseases by injecting into acupoints. In this article, we have conducted various research from PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Clinical Key from inception of July 2020. The results revealed that bee venom therapy has been reported effective in anti-inflammatory, antiapoptosis, and analgesic effects. Moreover, bee venom acupuncture has been commonly used for clinical disorders such as Parkinson disease, neuropathic pain, Alzheimer disease, intervertebral disc disease, spinal cord injury, musculoskeletal pain, arthritis, multiple sclerosis, skin disease and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Yen Lin
- Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan;
| | - Ching-Liang Hsieh
- Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2205-3366-3128
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Choi HS, Kang SY, Roh DH, Choi SR, Ryu Y, Lee JH. Bee venom stimulation of a lung meridian acupoint reduces inflammation in carrageenan-induced pleurisy: an alternative therapeutic approach for respiratory inflammation. J Vet Sci 2018; 19:708-715. [PMID: 29929357 PMCID: PMC6167347 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2018.19.5.708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory inflammation is a frequent and fatal pathologic state encountered in veterinary medicine. Although diluted bee venom (dBV) has potent anti-inflammatory effects, the clinical use of dBV is limited to several chronic inflammatory diseases. The present study was designed to propose an acupoint dBV treatment as a novel therapeutic strategy for respiratory inflammatory disease. Experimental pleurisy was induced by injection of carrageenan into the left pleural space in mouse. The dBV was injected into a specific lung meridian acupoint (LU-5) or into an arbitrary non-acupoint located near the midline of the back in mouse. The inflammatory responses were evaluated by analyzing inflammatory indicators in pleural exudate. The dBV injection into the LU-5 acupoint significantly suppressed the carrageenan-induced increase of pleural exudate volume, leukocyte accumulation, and myeloperoxidase activity. Moreover, dBV acupoint treatment effectively inhibited the production of interleukin 1 beta, but not tumor necrosis factor alpha in the pleural exudate. On the other hand, dBV treatment at non-acupoint did not inhibit the inflammatory responses in carrageenan-induced pleurisy. The present results demonstrate that dBV stimulation in the LU-5 lung meridian acupoint can produce significant anti-inflammatory effects on carrageenan-induced pleurisy suggesting that dBV acupuncture may be a promising alternative medicine therapy for respiratory inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoon-Seong Choi
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Suk-Yun Kang
- KM Fundamental Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea
| | - Dae-Hyun Roh
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Sheu-Ran Choi
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Yeonhee Ryu
- KM Fundamental Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea
| | - Jang-Hern Lee
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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Antinociceptive Activity of Methanolic Extract of Clinacanthus nutans Leaves: Possible Mechanisms of Action Involved. Pain Res Manag 2018; 2018:9536406. [PMID: 29686743 PMCID: PMC5857305 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9536406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Methanolic extract of Clinacanthus nutans Lindau leaves (MECN) has been proven to possess antinociceptive activity that works via the opioid and NO-dependent/cGMP-independent pathways. In the present study, we aimed to further determine the possible mechanisms of antinociception of MECN using various nociceptive assays. The antinociceptive activity of MECN was (i) tested against capsaicin-, glutamate-, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-, bradykinin-induced nociception model; (ii) prechallenged against selective antagonist of opioid receptor subtypes (β-funaltrexamine, naltrindole, and nor-binaltorphimine); (iii) prechallenged against antagonist of nonopioid systems, namely, α2-noradrenergic (yohimbine), β-adrenergic (pindolol), adenosinergic (caffeine), dopaminergic (haloperidol), and cholinergic (atropine) receptors; (iv) prechallenged with inhibitors of various potassium channels (glibenclamide, apamin, charybdotoxin, and tetraethylammonium chloride). The results demonstrated that the orally administered MECN (100, 250, and 500 mg/kg) significantly (p < 0.05) reversed the nociceptive effect of all models in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, the antinociceptive activity of 500 mg/kg MECN was significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited by (i) antagonists of μ-, δ-, and κ-opioid receptors; (ii) antagonists of α2-noradrenergic, β-adrenergic, adenosinergic, dopaminergic, and cholinergic receptors; and (iii) blockers of different K+ channels (voltage-activated-, Ca2+-activated, and ATP-sensitive-K+ channels, resp.). In conclusion, MECN-induced antinociception involves modulation of protein kinase C-, bradykinin-, TRVP1 receptors-, and glutamatergic-signaling pathways; opioidergic, α2-noradrenergic, β-adrenergic, adenosinergic, dopaminergic, and cholinergic receptors; and nonopioidergic receptors as well as the opening of various K+ channels. The antinociceptive activity could be associated with the presence of several flavonoid-based bioactive compounds and their synergistic action with nonvolatile bioactive compounds.
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Hasegawa A, Watanabe M, Osada H, Ogawa M, Ohno H, Yanuma N, Sasaki K, Shimoda M, Shirai J, Ohmori K. Influence of glucocorticoids on time-of-day-dependent variations in IgE-, histamine-, and platelet-activating factor-mediated systemic anaphylaxis in different mouse strains. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 495:2184-2188. [PMID: 29269296 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.12.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A time-of-day-dependent variation in IgE-mediated passive systemic anaphylaxis was previously reported in ICR mice. In the present study, we investigated time-of-day-dependent variations in IgE-, histamine-, and platelet-activating factor (PAF)-mediated systemic anaphylaxis in C57BL/6, BALB/c, and NC/Nga mice at 9:00 h and 21:00 h, and evaluated the potential influence of glucocorticoids (GCs) on these variations. We found significant time-of-day-dependent variations in IgE-mediated systemic anaphylaxis in C57BL/6 mice, and in histamine- and PAF-mediated systemic anaphylaxis in BALB/c mice. Significant daily variations in IgE-, histamine-, and PAF-mediated systemic anaphylaxis were not observed in NC/Nga mice. Pretreatment with dexamethasone and adrenalectomy abolished the daily variations in IgE-mediated systemic anaphylaxis in C57BL/6 mice and in PAF-mediated systemic anaphylaxis in BALB/c mice, suggesting that GCs from adrenal glands are pivotal in regulating these variations. In contrast, pretreatment with dexamethasone and adrenalectomy did not abolish the daily variation in histamine-mediated systemic anaphylaxis in BALB/c mice, suggesting that GC-independent and adrenal gland-independent mechanisms are important for the variation. The present study demonstrated that time-of-day-dependent variations in systemic anaphylaxis differed among inbred mouse strains and with anaphylaxis-inducing substances. Thus, mouse strains, time of experiment, and anaphylaxis-inducing substances used must be considered to obtain appropriate experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayana Hasegawa
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Miwa Watanabe
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Hironari Osada
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Misato Ogawa
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Hikaru Ohno
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Nanako Yanuma
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Sasaki
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Minoru Shimoda
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Junsuke Shirai
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Keitaro Ohmori
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
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