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Treviño-Villarreal JH, Reynolds JS, Bartelt A, Langston PK, MacArthur MR, Arduini A, Tosti V, Veronese N, Bertozzi B, Brace LE, Mejia P, Trocha K, Kajitani GS, Longchamp A, Harputlugil E, Gathungu R, Bird SS, Bullock AD, Figenshau RS, Andriole GL, Thompson A, Heeren J, Ozaki CK, Kristal BS, Fontana L, Mitchell JR. Dietary protein restriction reduces circulating VLDL triglyceride levels via CREBH-APOA5-dependent and -independent mechanisms. JCI Insight 2018; 3:99470. [PMID: 30385734 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.99470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertriglyceridemia is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Dietary interventions based on protein restriction (PR) reduce circulating triglycerides (TGs), but underlying mechanisms and clinical relevance remain unclear. Here, we show that 1 week of a protein-free diet without enforced calorie restriction significantly lowered circulating TGs in both lean and diet-induced obese mice. Mechanistically, the TG-lowering effect of PR was due, in part, to changes in very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) metabolism both in liver and peripheral tissues. In the periphery, PR stimulated VLDL-TG consumption by increasing VLDL-bound APOA5 expression and promoting VLDL-TG hydrolysis and clearance from circulation. The PR-mediated increase in Apoa5 expression was controlled by the transcription factor CREBH, which coordinately regulated hepatic expression of fatty acid oxidation-related genes, including Fgf21 and Ppara. The CREBH-APOA5 axis activation upon PR was intact in mice lacking the GCN2-dependent amino acid-sensing arm of the integrated stress response. However, constitutive hepatic activation of the amino acid-responsive kinase mTORC1 compromised CREBH activation, leading to blunted APOA5 expression and PR-recalcitrant hypertriglyceridemia. PR also contributed to hypotriglyceridemia by reducing the rate of VLDL-TG secretion, independently of activation of the CREBH-APOA5 axis. Finally, a randomized controlled clinical trial revealed that 4-6 weeks of reduced protein intake (7%-9% of calories) decreased VLDL particle number, increased VLDL-bound APOA5 expression, and lowered plasma TGs, consistent with mechanistic conservation of PR-mediated hypotriglyceridemia in humans with translational potential as a nutraceutical intervention for dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Justin S Reynolds
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexander Bartelt
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Sabri Ülker Center for Nutrient, Genetic, and Metabolic Research, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - P Kent Langston
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael R MacArthur
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alessandro Arduini
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Sabri Ülker Center for Nutrient, Genetic, and Metabolic Research, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Valeria Tosti
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Nicola Veronese
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Beatrice Bertozzi
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Lear E Brace
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pedro Mejia
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kaspar Trocha
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, and
| | - Gustavo S Kajitani
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alban Longchamp
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, and
| | - Eylul Harputlugil
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rose Gathungu
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School (HMS), Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Susan S Bird
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Surgery, HMS, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Arnold D Bullock
- Division of Urology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Robert S Figenshau
- Division of Urology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Gerald L Andriole
- Division of Urology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Andrew Thompson
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute/HMS Rodent Histopathology Core Facility, HMS, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jöerg Heeren
- Department for Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - C Keith Ozaki
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, and
| | - Bruce S Kristal
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School (HMS), Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Surgery, HMS, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Luigi Fontana
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,School of Medicine and Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - James R Mitchell
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Chida T, Ito M, Nakashima K, Kanegae Y, Aoshima T, Takabayashi S, Kawata K, Nakagawa Y, Yamamoto M, Shimano H, Matsuura T, Kobayashi Y, Suda T, Suzuki T. Critical role of CREBH-mediated induction of transforming growth factor β2 by hepatitis C virus infection in fibrogenic responses in hepatic stellate cells. Hepatology 2017. [PMID: 28621467 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Mechanisms of hepatic fibrogenesis induced by hepatitis C virus (HCV), one of the leading causes of liver fibrosis, are not fully understood. We studied transcriptional up-regulation of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), especially TGF-β2, which is mediated by activation of liver-enriched transcription factor cAMP-responsive element-binding protein, hepatocyte specific (CREBH) triggered by HCV infection and its functional significance for induction of profibrogenic phenotypes by interaction of HCV-infected cells with hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Compared to TGF-β1, expression of TGF-β2 mRNA was induced faster and to a higher level upon HCV infection. Serum TGF-β2 levels in hepatitis C patients were higher compared to those in healthy individuals and were positively correlated with hepatic fibrosis stages F0-F2. TGF-β2 promoter activity was decreased and increased, respectively, by silencing and overexpression of CREBH. CREBH recognition sites were identified in the TGF-β2 promoter. CREBH binding to the promoter and its increase in cells expressing HCV Core-NS2 were shown by gel mobility shift and chromatin immunoprecipitation, respectively. The active form of CREBH was detectable in HCV-infected chimeric mice with human livers and cells expressing HCV proteins. Involvement of CREBH in HCV-induced fibrogenic response was further demonstrated in the CREBH null-mutant mouse model. Fibrogenic phenotypes were assessed using co-cultures of HCV-infected cells and HSCs. Expressions of fibrogenic factors and TGF-β1 increasing in the co-cultures was prevented by TGF-β2- or CREBH silencing. CONCLUSION CREBH was identified as a key positive regulator of TGF-β2 transcription in HCV-infected cells. TGF-β2 released from infected cells potentially contributes to cross-induction of TGF-β in an autocrine manner through its own signaling pathway, leading to an increase in fibrogenic responses in adjacent HSCs. (Hepatology 2017;66:1430-1443).
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Chida
- Department of Virology & Parasitology, Laboratory Animal Facilites & Services, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.,2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Laboratory Animal Facilites & Services, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Masahiko Ito
- Department of Virology & Parasitology, Laboratory Animal Facilites & Services, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Kenji Nakashima
- Department of Virology & Parasitology, Laboratory Animal Facilites & Services, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yumi Kanegae
- Core Research Facilities of Basic Science (Molecular Genetics), Research Center for Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Aoshima
- Preeminent Medical Photonics Education & Resarch Center, Laboratory Animal Facilites & Services, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Shuji Takabayashi
- Preeminent Medical Photonics Education & Resarch Center, Laboratory Animal Facilites & Services, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Kawata
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Laboratory Animal Facilites & Services, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Nakagawa
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamamoto
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shimano
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Matsuura
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Kobayashi
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Laboratory Animal Facilites & Services, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Takafumi Suda
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Laboratory Animal Facilites & Services, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Suzuki
- Department of Virology & Parasitology, Laboratory Animal Facilites & Services, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
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Cai Y, Ying F, Song E, Wang Y, Xu A, Vanhoutte PM, Tang EHC. Mice lacking prostaglandin E receptor subtype 4 manifest disrupted lipid metabolism attributable to impaired triglyceride clearance. FASEB J 2015; 29:4924-36. [PMID: 26271253 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-274597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Upon high-fat feeding, prostaglandin E receptor subtype 4 (EP4)-knockout mice gain less body weight than their EP4(+/+) littermates. We investigated the cause of the lean phenotype. The mice showed a 68.8% reduction in weight gain with diminished fat mass that was not attributable to reduced food intake, fat malabsorption, or increased energy expenditure. Plasma triglycerides in the mice were elevated by 244.9%. The increase in plasma triglycerides was independent of changes in hepatic very low density lipoprotein (VLDL)-triglyceride production or intestinal chylomicron-triglyceride synthesis. However, VLDL-triglyceride clearance was drastically impaired in the EP4-knockout mice. The absence of EP4 in mice compromised the activation of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), the key enzyme responsible for trafficking of plasma triglycerides into peripheral tissues. Deficiency in EP4 reduced hepatic mRNA expression of the transcriptional factor cAMP response element binding protein H (by 36.8%) and LPL activators, including apolipoprotein (Apo)a5 (by 40.2%) and Apoc2 (by 61.3%). In summary, the lean phenotype of EP4-deficient mice resulted from reduction in adipose tissue and accretion of other peripheral organs caused by impaired triglyceride clearance. The findings identify a new metabolic dimension in the physiologic role played by endogenous EP4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Cai
- *Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Department of Medicine, Department of Physiology, and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fan Ying
- *Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Department of Medicine, Department of Physiology, and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Erfei Song
- *Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Department of Medicine, Department of Physiology, and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu Wang
- *Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Department of Medicine, Department of Physiology, and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Aimin Xu
- *Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Department of Medicine, Department of Physiology, and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul M Vanhoutte
- *Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Department of Medicine, Department of Physiology, and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Eva Hoi-Ching Tang
- *Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Department of Medicine, Department of Physiology, and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Guardiola M, Oliva I, Guillaumet A, Martín-Trujillo Á, Rosales R, Vallvé JC, Sabench F, Del Castillo D, Zaina S, Monk D, Ribalta J. Tissue-specific DNA methylation profiles regulate liver-specific expression of the APOA1/C3/A4/A5 cluster and can be manipulated with demethylating agents on intestinal cells. Atherosclerosis 2014; 237:528-35. [PMID: 25463085 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The tissue-specific expression profiles of genes within the APOA1/C3/A4/A5 cluster play an important role in lipid metabolism regulation. We hypothesize that the tissue-specific expression of the APOA1/C3/A4/A5 gene cluster will show an inverse pattern with DNA methylation, and that repression in non- or low-expressing tissue, such as the intestine, can be reversed using epigenetic drugs. METHODS AND RESULTS We analyzed DNA samples from different human adult tissues (liver, intestine, leukocytes, brain, kidney, pancreas, muscle and sperm) using the Infinium HumanMethyation450 BeadChip array. DNA methylation profiles in APOA1/C3/A4/A5 gene cluster were confirmed by bisulfite PCR and pyrosequencing. To determine whether the observed tissue-specific methylation was associated with the expression profile we exposed intestinal TC7/Caco-2 cells to the demethylating agent 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine and monitored intestinal APOA1/C3/A4/A5 transcript re-expression by RT-qPCR. The promoters of APOA1, APOC3 and APOA5 genes were less methylated in liver compared to other tissues, and APOA4 gene was highly methylated in most tissues and partially methylated in liver and intestine. In TC7/Caco-2 cells, 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine treatment induced a decrease between 37 and 24% in the methylation levels of APOA1/C3/A4/A5 genes and a concomitant re-expression mainly in APOA1, APOA4 and APOA5 genes ranging from 22 to 600%. CONCLUSIONS We have determined the methylation patterns of the APOA1/C3/A4/A5 cluster that may be directly involved in the transcriptional regulation of this cluster. DNA demethylation of intestinal cells increases the RNA levels especially of APOA1, APOA4 and APOA5 genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montse Guardiola
- Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, IISPV, CIBERDEM, Spain.
| | - Iris Oliva
- Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, IISPV, CIBERDEM, Spain.
| | - Amy Guillaumet
- Imprinting and Cancer Group, Epigenetics and Cancer Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Álex Martín-Trujillo
- Imprinting and Cancer Group, Epigenetics and Cancer Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Roser Rosales
- Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, IISPV, CIBERDEM, Spain.
| | - Joan Carles Vallvé
- Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, IISPV, CIBERDEM, Spain.
| | - Fàtima Sabench
- Unitat de Recerca en Cirurgia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, IISPV, Spain.
| | | | - Silvio Zaina
- Cancer Epigenetics Group, Epigenetics and Cancer Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, León Campus, University of Guanajuato, Mexico.
| | - David Monk
- Imprinting and Cancer Group, Epigenetics and Cancer Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Josep Ribalta
- Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, IISPV, CIBERDEM, Spain.
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