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Gabrielsen ISM, Helgeland H, Akselsen H, D. Aass HC, Sundaram AYM, Snowhite IV, Pugliese A, Flåm ST, Lie BA. Transcriptomes of antigen presenting cells in human thymus. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218858. [PMID: 31261375 PMCID: PMC6602790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen presenting cells (APCs) in the thymus play an essential role in the establishment of central tolerance, i.e. the generation of a repertoire of functional and self-tolerant T cells to prevent autoimmunity. In this study, we have compared the transcriptomes of four primary APCs from human thymus (mTECs, CD19+ B cells, CD141+ and CD123+ DCs). We investigated a set of genes including the HLA genes, genes encoding transcriptional regulators and finally, tissue-enriched genes, i.e, genes with a five-fold higher expression in a particular human tissue. We show that thymic CD141+ DCs express the highest levels of all classical HLA genes and 67% (14/21) of the HLA class I and II pathway genes investigated in this study. CD141+ DCs also expressed the highest levels of the transcriptional regulator DEAF1, whereas AIRE and FEZF2 expression were mainly found in primary human mTECs. We found expression of "tissue enriched genes" from the Human Protein Atlas (HPA) in all four APC types, but the mTECs were clearly dominating in the number of uniquely expressed tissue enriched genes (20% in mTECs, 7% in CD19+ B cells, 4% in CD123+ DCs and 2% in CD141+ DCs). The tissue enriched genes also overlapped with reported human autoantigens. This is, to our knowledge, the first study that performs RNA sequencing of mTECs, CD19+ B cells, CD141+ and CD123+ DCs isolated from the same individuals and provides insight into the transcriptomes of these human thymic APCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingvild S. M. Gabrielsen
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- K. G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hanna Helgeland
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- K. G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Helle Akselsen
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hans Christian D. Aass
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arvind Y. M. Sundaram
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Isaac V. Snowhite
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Alberto Pugliese
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Siri T. Flåm
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- K. G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Benedicte A. Lie
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- K. G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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2
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Backer RA, Diener N, Clausen BE. Langerin +CD8 + Dendritic Cells in the Splenic Marginal Zone: Not So Marginal After All. Front Immunol 2019; 10:741. [PMID: 31031751 PMCID: PMC6474365 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) fulfill an essential sentinel function within the immune system, acting at the interface of innate and adaptive immunity. The DC family, both in mouse and man, shows high functional heterogeneity in order to orchestrate immune responses toward the immense variety of pathogens and other immunological threats. In this review, we focus on the Langerin+CD8+ DC subpopulation in the spleen. Langerin+CD8+ DC exhibit a high ability to take up apoptotic/dying cells, and therefore they are essential to prime and shape CD8+ T cell responses. Next to the induction of immunity toward blood-borne pathogens, i.e., viruses, these DC are important for the regulation of tolerance toward cell-associated self-antigens. The ontogeny and differentiation pathways of CD8+CD103+ DC should be further explored to better understand the immunological role of these cells as a prerequisite of their therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald A Backer
- Paul Klein Center for Immune Intervention, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nathalie Diener
- Paul Klein Center for Immune Intervention, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Björn E Clausen
- Paul Klein Center for Immune Intervention, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
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3
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Prendergast KA, Daniels NJ, Petersen TR, Hermans IF, Kirman JR. Langerin + CD8α + Dendritic Cells Drive Early CD8 + T Cell Activation and IL-12 Production During Systemic Bacterial Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:953. [PMID: 29867941 PMCID: PMC5949331 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bloodstream infections induce considerable morbidity, high mortality, and represent a significant burden of cost in health care; however, our understanding of the immune response to bacteremia is incomplete. Langerin+ CD8α+ dendritic cells (DCs), residing in the marginal zone of the murine spleen, have the capacity to cross-prime CD8+ T cells and produce IL-12, both of which are important components of antimicrobial immunity. Accordingly, we hypothesized that this DC subset may be a key promoter of adaptive immune responses to blood-borne bacterial infections. Utilizing mice that express the diphtheria toxin receptor under control of the langerin promoter, we investigated the impact of depleting langerin+ CD8α+ DCs in a murine model of intravenous infection with Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette–Guerin (BCG). In the absence of langerin+ CD8α+ DCs, the immune response to blood-borne BCG infection was diminished: bacterial numbers in the spleen increased, serum IL-12p40 decreased, and delayed CD8+ T cell activation, proliferation, and IFN-γ production was evident. Our data revealed that langerin+ CD8α+ DCs play a pivotal role in initiating CD8+ T cell responses and IL-12 production in response to bacteremia and may influence the early control of systemic bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Prendergast
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Naomi J Daniels
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Ian F Hermans
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Joanna R Kirman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
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4
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Durai V, Bagadia P, Briseño CG, Theisen DJ, Iwata A, Davidson JT, Gargaro M, Fremont DH, Murphy TL, Murphy KM. Altered compensatory cytokine signaling underlies the discrepancy between Flt3-/- and Flt3l-/- mice. J Exp Med 2018; 215:1417-1435. [PMID: 29572360 PMCID: PMC5940266 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20171784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor Flt3 and its ligand Flt3L are both critical for dendritic cell (DC) development, but DC deficiency is more severe in Flt3l-/- mice than in Flt3-/- mice. This has led to speculation that Flt3L binds to another receptor that also supports DC development. However, we found that Flt3L administration does not generate DCs in Flt3-/- mice, arguing against a second receptor. Instead, Flt3-/- DC progenitors matured in response to macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) or stem cell factor, and deletion of Csf1r in Flt3-/- mice further reduced DC development, indicating that these cytokines could compensate for Flt3. Surprisingly, Flt3-/- DC progenitors displayed enhanced M-CSF signaling, suggesting that loss of Flt3 increased responsiveness to other cytokines. In agreement, deletion of Flt3 in Flt3l-/- mice paradoxically rescued their severe DC deficiency. Thus, multiple cytokines can support DC development, and the discrepancy between Flt3-/- and Flt3l-/- mice results from the increased sensitivity of Flt3-/- progenitors to these cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Durai
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Prachi Bagadia
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Carlos G Briseño
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Derek J Theisen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Arifumi Iwata
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Jesse T Davidson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Marco Gargaro
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Daved H Fremont
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Theresa L Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Kenneth M Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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5
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Vatner RE, Janssen EM. STING, DCs and the link between innate and adaptive tumor immunity. Mol Immunol 2017; 110:13-23. [PMID: 29273394 PMCID: PMC6768428 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer and the immune system are intimately related. Much of the bulk of tumors is comprised of stromal leukocytes with immune functions, which serve to both promote and inhibit tumor growth, invasion and metastasis. The T lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system are essential for tumor immunity, and these T cells are generated by cross-priming against tumor associated antigens. Dendritic cells (DCs) are essential in this process, serving as the cellular link between innate and adaptive immunity. As a prerequisite for priming of adaptive immune responses, DCs must take up tumor antigens, process them and present them in the context of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). DCs also serve as sensors of innate activation signals from cancer that are necessary for their activation and effective priming of cancer specific T cells. Here we discuss the role of DCs in the sensing of cancer and in priming the adaptive response against tumors. Furthermore, we present the essential role of the Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) signaling pathway in producing type I interferons (IFNs) that are essential in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph E Vatner
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 7038, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 234 Goodman Street, ML 0757, Cincinnati, OH 45267, United States.
| | - Edith M Janssen
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 7038, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States
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6
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Gabrielsen ISM, Amundsen SS, Helgeland H, Flåm ST, Hatinoor N, Holm K, Viken MK, Lie BA. Genetic risk variants for autoimmune diseases that influence gene expression in thymus. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:3117-3124. [PMID: 27199374 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have boosted our knowledge of genetic risk variants in autoimmune diseases (AIDs). Most risk variants are located within or near genes with immunological functions, and the majority is found to be non-coding, pointing towards a regulatory role. In this study, we performed a cis expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) screen restricted to 353 AID associated risk variants selected from the GWAS catalog to investigate whether these single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) influence gene expression in thymus. Genotypes were obtained by Immunochip (Ichip) and tested against expression of surrounding genes (±1 Mb) in human thymic tissue (n = 42). We identified eight significant eQTLs located within seven genetic regions (FCRL3, RNASET2, C2orf74, NPIPB8, SIRPG, SYS1 and AJ006998.2) where the expression was associated with AID risk SNPs at a study-wide level of significance (P < 2.7 × 10-5). In NPIPB8 and AJ006998.2, the eQTL signals appeared to be thymus-specific. Furthermore, many AID risk SNPs from GWAS have been subsequently fine-mapped in recent Ichip projects, and fine-mapped AID SNPs overlapped with the thymic eQTLs within RNASET2 and SIRPG Finally, in all the eQTL regions, except C2orf74, SNPs underlying the thymic eQTLs were predicted to interfere with transcription factors important in T cell development. Our study therefore reveals autoimmune risk variants that act as eQTLs in thymus, and suggest that thymic gene regulation may play a functional role at some AID risk loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingvild S M Gabrielsen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital .,K. G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre
| | | | - Hanna Helgeland
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital.,K. G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre
| | - Siri Tennebø Flåm
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital.,K. G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre
| | - Nimo Hatinoor
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo University College, 0130 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristian Holm
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Division of Cancer Medicine, Surgery and Transplantation
| | - Marte K Viken
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital.,Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, 0424 Oslo, Norway and
| | - Benedicte A Lie
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital.,K. G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre
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7
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van der Aa E, van Montfoort N, Woltman AM. BDCA3(+)CLEC9A(+) human dendritic cell function and development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 41:39-48. [PMID: 24910448 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are the most potent antigen presenting cells (APC). They comprise a family of different subsets and play an essential role in the induction and regulation of immune responses. Recently, gene expression profiling identified BDCA3(+)CLEC9A(+) DC as a separate human DC subset. This subset was identified in blood, where they represent the smallest population of human DC, as well as in lymphoid and peripheral tissues. This review summarizes the phenotypic, functional and developmental characteristics of BDCA3(+)CLEC9A(+) DC in relation to their mouse equivalents CD8α(+) DC and CD103(+) DC and other human DC subsets. Apart from being potent antigen presenting cells, their specialized functional capacities compared to other human DC subsets, indicate that these BDCA3(+)CLEC9A(+) DC are of major importance in the induction of anti-viral and anti-tumor immunity. Further characterization of their functional properties, developmental pathways and underlying molecular mechanisms may identify target molecules to fully exploit the immune modulatory function of BDCA3(+)CLEC9A(+) DC and potential use of these cells in immunotherapy.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, Surface/genetics
- Antigens, Surface/immunology
- Antigens, Surface/metabolism
- Cross-Priming/immunology
- Cytokines/immunology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Humans
- Interferons
- Interleukins/immunology
- Interleukins/metabolism
- Lectins, C-Type/genetics
- Lectins, C-Type/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Models, Immunological
- Receptors, Mitogen/genetics
- Receptors, Mitogen/immunology
- Receptors, Mitogen/metabolism
- Thrombomodulin
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn van der Aa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nadine van Montfoort
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea M Woltman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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8
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Siegemund S, Shepherd J, Xiao C, Sauer K. hCD2-iCre and Vav-iCre mediated gene recombination patterns in murine hematopoietic cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124661. [PMID: 25884630 PMCID: PMC4401753 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cre-recombinase mediated conditional deletion of Lox-P site flanked ("floxed") genes is widely used for functional gene annotation in mice. Many different Cre-transgenic mouse lines have been developed for cell-type specific gene disruption. But often, the precise tissue-patterns of Cre activity remain incompletely characterized. Two widely used transgenes for conditional gene recombination in hematopoietic cells are Vav-iCre driven from the murine Vav1 promotor, and hCD2-iCre driven from the human CD2 promotor. Vav-iCre expresses active Cre in fetal and adult hematopoietic stem cells and all descendants, hCD2-iCre in immature and mature B and T lymphocytes. To better characterize which hematopoietic cells contain hCD2-iCre activity, we compared EYFP fluorescence in hCD2-iCre+/- R26-stop-EYFP+/- and Vav-iCre+/- R26-stop-EYFP+/-mice. R26-stop-EYFP ubiquitously encodes EYFP preceded by a floxed stop cassette. By removing it, Cre activity induces measurable EYFP expression. Our results confirm the known activity patterns for both Cre transgenes and unveil additional hCD2-iCre mediated reporter gene recombination in common lymphoid progenitors, in natural killer cells and their progenitors, and in plasmacytoid and conventional dendritic cells. This supports previously proposed common lymphoid origins for natural killer cells and subsets of dendritic cells, and indicates the need to consider pleiotropic effects when studying hCD2-iCre mediated conditional knockout mice. Vav-iCre+/- R26-stop-EYFP+/-mice did not show the non-hematopoietic recombination in vascular endothelial cells seen in other Vav-Cre mouse lines, but displayed an unexpected Vav-iCre mediated recombination in a bone cell subset lacking hematopoietic markers. This pinpoints the need to consider stromal cell contributions to phenotypes of Vav-iCre mediated conditional knockout mice. Altogether, our data provide the first detailed assessment of hCD2-iCre and Vav-iCre mediated deletion of floxed genes during lymphocyte development from hematopoietic stem cells and open up novel applications for either Cre-transgenic mouse line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Siegemund
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jovan Shepherd
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Changchun Xiao
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Karsten Sauer
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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9
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Phenotypic and functional comparison of two distinct subsets of programmable cell of monocytic origin (PCMOs)-derived dendritic cells with conventional monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Cell Mol Immunol 2015; 13:160-9. [PMID: 25661728 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2014.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells with the ability to induce primary T-cell responses. They are commonly produced by culturing monocytes in the presence of IL-4 and GM-CSF (cells produced in this manner are called conventional DCs). Here we report the generation of two functionally distinct subsets of DCs derived from programmable cells of monocytic origin (PCMOs) in the presence of IL-3 or tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Monocytes were treated with macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and IL-3 for 6 days and then incubated with IL-4 and IL-3 (for IL-3 DCs) or with IL-4, GM-CSF and TNF-α (for TNF-α DCs) for 7 days. Monocytes were then loaded with tumor lysate (used as antigen), and poly (I∶C) was added. The maturation factors TNF-α and monocyte conditioned medium (MCM) were added on days 4 and 5, respectively. The phenotypes of the DCs generated were characterized by flow cytometry, and the cells' phagocytic activities were measured using FITC-conjugated latex bead uptake. T-cell proliferation and cytokine release were assayed using MTT and commercially available ELISA kits, respectively. We found that either IL-3DCs or TNF-α DCs induce T-cell proliferation and cytokine secretion; the cytokine release pattern showed reduced IL-12/IL-10 and IFN-γ/IL-4 ratios in both types of DCs and in DC-primed T-cell supernatant, respectively, which confirmed that the primed T cells were polarized toward aTh2-type immune response. We concluded that PCMOs are a new cell source that can develop into two functionally distinct DCs that both induce a Th2-type response in vitro. This modality can be used as a DC-based immunotherapy for autoimmune diseases.
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10
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Lim AWY, McKenzie ANJ. Deciphering the transcriptional switches of innate lymphoid cell programming: the right factors at the right time. Genes Immun 2015; 16:177-86. [PMID: 25611557 PMCID: PMC4409422 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2014.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are increasingly recognised as an innate immune counterpart of adaptive TH cells. In addition to their similar effector cytokine production, there is a strong parallel between the transcription factors that control the differentiation of TH1, TH2 and TH17 cells and ILC Groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Here, we review the transcriptional circuit that specifies the development of a common ILC progenitor and its subsequent programming into distinct ILC groups. Notch, GATA-3, Nfil3 and Id2 are identified as early factors that suppress B and T cell potentials and are turned on in favour of ILC commitment. Natural killer cells, which are the cytotoxic ILCs, develop along a pathway distinct from the rest of the helper-like ILCs that are derived from a common progenitor to all helper-like innate lymphoid cells (CHILPs). PLZF− CHILPs give rise to lymphoid tissue inducer cells while PLZF+ CHILPs have multi-lineage potential and could give rise to ILCs 1, 2 and 3. Such lineage specificity is dictated by the controlled expression of T-bet, RORα, RORγt and AHR. In addition to the type of transcription factors, the developmental stages at which these factors are expressed are crucial in specifying the fate of the ILCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Y Lim
- Division of Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - A N J McKenzie
- Division of Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
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11
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Laborde RR, Lin Y, Gustafson MP, Bulur PA, Dietz AB. Cancer Vaccines in the World of Immune Suppressive Monocytes (CD14(+)HLA-DR(lo/neg) Cells): The Gateway to Improved Responses. Front Immunol 2014; 5:147. [PMID: 24772111 PMCID: PMC3983500 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells are an important target in cancer immunotherapy based on their critical role in antigen presentation and response to tumor development. The capacity of dendritic cells to stimulate anti-tumor immunity has led investigators to use these cells to mediate anti-tumor responses in a number of clinical trials. However, these trials have had mixed results. The typical method for generation of ex vivo dendritic cells starts with the purification of CD14(+) cells. Our studies identified a deficiency in the ability to generate mature dendritic cell using CD14(+) cells from cancer patients that corresponded with an increased population of monocytes with altered surface marker expression (CD14(+)HLA-DR(lo/neg)). Further studies identified systemic immune suppression and increased concentrations of CD14(+)HLA-DR(lo/neg) monocytes capable of inhibiting T-cell proliferation and DC maturation. Together, these findings strongly suggest that protocols aimed at immune stimulation via monocytes/dendritic cells, if optimized on normal monocytes or in systems without these suppressive monocytes, are unlikely to engender effective DC maturation in vitro or efficiently trigger DC maturation in vivo. This highlights the importance of developing optimal protocols for stimulating DCs in the context of significantly altered monocyte phenotypes often seen in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca R Laborde
- Human Cellular Therapy Laboratory, Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, MN , USA
| | - Yi Lin
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, MN , USA
| | - Michael P Gustafson
- Human Cellular Therapy Laboratory, Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, MN , USA
| | - Peggy A Bulur
- Human Cellular Therapy Laboratory, Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, MN , USA
| | - Allan B Dietz
- Human Cellular Therapy Laboratory, Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, MN , USA
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12
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Giese C, Marx U. Human immunity in vitro - solving immunogenicity and more. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 69-70:103-22. [PMID: 24447895 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
It has been widely recognised that the phylogenetic distance between laboratory animals and humans limits the former's predictive value for immunogenicity testing of biopharmaceuticals and nanostructure-based drug delivery and adjuvant systems. 2D in vitro assays have been established in conventional culture plates with little success so far. Here, we detail the status of various 3D approaches to emulate innate immunity in non-lymphoid organs and adaptive immune response in human professional lymphoid immune organs in vitro. We stress the tight relationship between the necessarily changing architecture of professional lymphoid organs at rest and when activated by pathogens, and match it with the immunity identified in vitro. Recommendations for further improvements of lymphoid tissue architecture relevant to the development of a sustainable adaptive immune response in vitro are summarized. In the end, we sketch a forecast of translational innovations in the field to model systemic innate and adaptive immunity in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Uwe Marx
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institute of Biotechnology, Department Medical Biotechnology, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany.
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Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen presenting cells involved critically not only in provoking innate immune responses but also in establishing adaptive immune responses. Dendritic cells are heterogenous and divided into several subsets, including plasmactyoid DCs (pDCs) and several types of conventional DCs (cDCs), which show subset-specific functions. Plasmactyoid DCs are featured by their ability to produce large amounts of type I interferons (IFNs) in response to nucleic acid sensors, TLR7 and TLR9 and involved in anti-viral immunity and pathogenesis of certain autoimmune disorders such as psoriasis. Conventional DCs include the DC subsets with high crosspresentation activity, which contributes to anti-viral and anti-tumor immunity. These subsets are generated from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) via several intermediate progenitors and the development is regulated by the transcriptional mechanisms in which subset-specific transcription factors play major roles. We have recently found that an Ets family transcription factor, SPI-B, which is abundantly expressed in pDCs among DC subsets, plays critical roles in functions and late stage development of pDCs. SPI-B functions in cooperation with other transcription factors, especially, interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family members. Here we review the transcription factor-based molecular mechanisms for generation and functions of DCs, mainly by focusing on the roles of SPI-B and its relatives.
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