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Mai Z, Fu H, Miao R, Lu C, Zhang X, Yuan Z, Ji P, Hua Y, Wang C, Ma Y, Deng H, Wei Y. Serological investigation and isolation of Salmonella abortus equi in horses in Xinjiang. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:103. [PMID: 38491518 PMCID: PMC10941388 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-03955-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar abortus equi (S. abortus equi) is one of the main pathogens that causes abortion in pregnant horses and donkeys, which was highly infectious and greatly restricts the healthy development of the horse industry. OBJECTIVES In order to investigate the prevalence and biological characteristics of S. abortus equi in different regions and breeds of horses in Xinjiang. METHODS This study conducted ELISA detection of S. abortus equi antibodies on serum samples of 971 horses collected from three large-scale horse farms and five free-range horse farms in Yili Prefecture and Bayingol Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture of Xinjiang from 2020 to 2023. On this basis, bacterial isolation, culture, identification, and drug sensitivity tests were conducted on 42 samples of aborted foal tissues and 23 mare vaginal swabs. RESULTS The results showed that the positive rate of S. abortus equi antibody was as high as 20.91% in 971 horse serum samples. Among them, the positive rate in the Ili region (29.09%) was significantly higher than that in the Bayingole region (11.24%), and the positive rate in mares (22.45%) was higher than that in stallions (14.05%). In terms of horse breeds, the positive rates of self-propagating thoroughbred horses, half-bred horses, Ili horses and Yanqi horses were 43.22%, 28.81%, 14.72% and 11.24% respectively. In addition, S. abortus equi was more susceptible to juvenile and elderly horses, with positive rates of 70.00%and 41.86%, respectively, both of which were significantly higher than young (10.97%) and adult (19.79%) horses. Further, 9 strains of S. abortus equi were obtained through bacterial isolation, culture and identification, which were resistant to five antibiotics (Clarithromycin, Clindamycin, penicillin, Sulfamethoxazole and Rifampicin), and sensitive to 13 antimicrobial agents (Amoxicillin, Ciprofloxacin and Gentamicin, et al.). CONCLUSION There was a high infection rate of S. abortus equi in Ili Prefecture and self-propagating thoroughbred horses, and juvenile or old mares were more susceptible, which will provide scientific basis for the prevention of S. abortus equi infection in different regions and breeds of horses in Xinjiang.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanhai Mai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Han Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Ronghao Miao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Chong Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Xiaosong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ziwen Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Peng Ji
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yongli Hua
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Station of Bazhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Korla, Korla, China
| | - Yuhui Ma
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine Development Center of Zhaosu County, Zhaosu, China
| | - Haifeng Deng
- Zhaosu Horse Farm, Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, Zhaosu, China
| | - Yanming Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China.
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Malhotra S, Anand V, Bender JM, Garingo A. An Uncommon Cause for Respiratory Failure in a Preterm Neonate. Neoreviews 2022; 23:e265-e267. [PMID: 35362034 DOI: 10.1542/neo.23-4-e265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanchi Malhotra
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Vikram Anand
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jeffrey M Bender
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Arlene Garingo
- Division of Neonatology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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Simionescu AA, Streinu-Cercel A, Popescu FD, Stanescu AMA, Vieru M, Danciu BM, Miron VD, Săndulescu O. Comprehensive Overview of Vaccination during Pregnancy in Europe. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11111196. [PMID: 34834548 PMCID: PMC8623700 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11111196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccinations during pregnancy can protect the mother from several infections, thus blocking vertical transmission. Furthermore, through passive antibody transfer, the newborn can be protected against some infections in the first months of life until their own vaccination regimen is initiated and completed at the appropriate age. Pregnancy can be considered a high-risk condition that increases vulnerability to infectious diseases with potentially unfavorable evolution. We present the current knowledge on vaccination during pregnancy in Europe as a useful information source for different health workers involved in prenatal care. Many European countries implement vaccination policies specifically designed for pregnant women, but there is great heterogeneity among programs. Recommendations on vaccination during pregnancy must be based on current high-quality scientific data. The decisions must be made for each individual case, depending on the associated conditions or special circumstances, with a concomitant assessment of the potential benefits and risks to both the pregnant patient and the fetus. Many vaccines are well-tolerated in pregnant women, with no clinically meaningful injection site reactions, systemic symptoms, or vaccine-related serious adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Angela Simionescu
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (A.A.S.); (A.S.-C.); (A.M.A.S.); (M.V.); (V.D.M.); (O.S.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Filantropia Clinical Hospital, 011132 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anca Streinu-Cercel
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (A.A.S.); (A.S.-C.); (A.M.A.S.); (M.V.); (V.D.M.); (O.S.)
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Prof. Dr. Matei Balș”, 021105 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Florin-Dan Popescu
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (A.A.S.); (A.S.-C.); (A.M.A.S.); (M.V.); (V.D.M.); (O.S.)
- Department of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Nicolae Malaxa Clinical Hospital, 022441 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: or
| | - Ana Maria Alexandra Stanescu
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (A.A.S.); (A.S.-C.); (A.M.A.S.); (M.V.); (V.D.M.); (O.S.)
| | - Mariana Vieru
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (A.A.S.); (A.S.-C.); (A.M.A.S.); (M.V.); (V.D.M.); (O.S.)
- Department of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Nicolae Malaxa Clinical Hospital, 022441 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Bianca Mihaela Danciu
- National Institute for Mother and Child Health “Alessandrescu-Rusescu”, 127715 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Victor Daniel Miron
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (A.A.S.); (A.S.-C.); (A.M.A.S.); (M.V.); (V.D.M.); (O.S.)
- National Institute for Mother and Child Health “Alessandrescu-Rusescu”, 127715 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Oana Săndulescu
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (A.A.S.); (A.S.-C.); (A.M.A.S.); (M.V.); (V.D.M.); (O.S.)
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Prof. Dr. Matei Balș”, 021105 Bucharest, Romania
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Perry ID, Nguyen T, Sherina V, Love TMT, Miller RK, Krishnan L, Murphy SP. Analysis of the capacity of Salmonella enterica Typhimurium to infect the human Placenta. Placenta 2019; 83:43-52. [PMID: 31477206 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2019.06.386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Salmonella species are gram-negative facultative intracellular bacteria that are common causes of foodborne illness in North America. Infections by Salmonella during pregnancy are a significant cause of fetal loss in domestic livestock, and fetal and maternal mortality in mice. Furthermore, Salmonella infection is associated with miscarriage, stillbirth and preterm birth in pregnant women. Despite these collective associations, the extent to which Salmonella can infect the human placenta has not been investigated. METHODS Human placental villous explants from several gestational ages were exposed to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (STm) ex vivo. Infection was assessed by colony forming unit assay and whole mount immunofluorescence (WMIF). RESULTS Viable bacteria were recovered from placental villous explants of all gestational ages tested, but the bacterial burden was highest in 1st trimester explants. Bacterial numbers did not change appreciably with time post-infection in explants from any gestational age examined, suggesting that STm does not proliferate in placental villi. Exposure of villous explants to STm strains defective for the type III secretion systems revealed that Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 is essential for optimal invasion. In contrast to placental explants, STm infected and proliferated within villous cytotrophoblast cells isolated from term placentas. WMIF demonstrated that STm was restricted primarily to the syncytiotrophoblast layer in infected placentas. DISCUSSION Our study demonstrates that STm can invade into the syncytiotrophoblast but does not subsequently proliferate. Thus, the syncytiotrophoblast may function as a barrier to STm infection of the fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian D Perry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Tina Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Human Health Therapeutics, Division of Life Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Valeriia Sherina
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Tanzy M T Love
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Richard K Miller
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA; Departments of Environmental Medicine and of Pathology and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Lakshmi Krishnan
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Human Health Therapeutics, Division of Life Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shawn P Murphy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA.
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Jena PP, Duggal SD, Kumar A, Bharara T, Sharma A, Gur R. Isolation of Salmonella typhi from high vaginal swab in a case of septic abortion. Indian J Med Microbiol 2017; 35:311-313. [PMID: 28681830 DOI: 10.4103/ijmm.ijmm_16_180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella Typhi can be a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in pregnant females with adverse outcomes. Risk of infections increases manifold during pregnancy due to hormonal changes and immunological phenomena. S. Typhi has the ability to cross placenta (vertical transmission) resulting in miscarriage, stillbirth or premature labour. We report a case of a pregnant female who was admitted to emergency department with fever, missed abortion and hypovolaemic shock. Subsequently, S. Typhi was isolated from her high vaginal swab and blood cultures. Follow-up cultures were negative for S. Typhi, and the patient was discharged after 10 days. The possibility of salmonellosis should be considered if a pregnant woman residing in an endemic area presents with high-grade fever. Furthermore, it should be promptly treated to prevent foetal loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragnya Paramita Jena
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. Baba Saheb Ambedkar Hospital, Government of NCT of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Shalini Dewan Duggal
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. Baba Saheb Ambedkar Hospital, Government of NCT of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Avinash Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. Baba Saheb Ambedkar Hospital, Government of NCT of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Tanisha Bharara
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. Baba Saheb Ambedkar Hospital, Government of NCT of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Abha Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. Baba Saheb Ambedkar Hospital, Government of NCT of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Renu Gur
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. Baba Saheb Ambedkar Hospital, Government of NCT of Delhi, New Delhi, India
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Abstract
The Gram-positive facultative intracellular bacterium Listeria monocytogenes is the causative agent of listeriosis, a severe food-borne infection. Pregnant women are at risk of contracting listeriosis, which can potentially lead to miscarriage, stillbirth, preterm birth, and congenital neonatal infections. While other systemic bacterial infections may result in adverse pregnancy outcomes at comparable frequencies, L. monocytogenes has particular notoriety because fetal complications largely occur in the absence of overt illness in the mother, delaying medical intervention. Here, we briefly review the pathophysiology and mechanisms of maternofetal listeriosis, discussed in light of a recent mBio report on Listeria transplacental infection in a nonhuman primate model.
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InlP, a New Virulence Factor with Strong Placental Tropism. Infect Immun 2016; 84:3584-3596. [PMID: 27736782 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00625-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine infection is a major detriment for maternal-child health and occurs despite local mechanisms that protect the maternal-fetal interface from a wide variety of pathogens. The bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes causes spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, and preterm labor in humans and serves as a model for placental pathogenesis. Given the unique immunological environment of the maternal-fetal interface, we hypothesized that virulence determinants with placental tropism are required for infection of this tissue. We performed a genomic screen in pregnant guinea pigs that led to the identification of 201 listerial genes important for infection of the placenta but not maternal liver. Among these genes was lmrg1778 (lmo2470), here named inlP, predicted to encode a secreted protein that belongs to the internalin family. InlP is conserved in virulent L. monocytogenes strains but absent in Listeria species that are nonpathogenic for humans. The intracellular life cycle of L. monocytogenes deficient in inlP (ΔinlP) was not impaired. In guinea pigs and mice, InlP increased the placental bacterial burden by a factor of 3 log10 while having only a minor role in other maternal organs. Furthermore, the ΔinlP strain was attenuated in intracellular growth in primary human placental organ cultures and trophoblasts. InlP is a novel virulence factor for listeriosis with a strong tropism for the placenta. This virulence factor represents a tool for the development of new modalities to prevent and treat infection-related pregnancy complications.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Typhoid fever (TF), caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, is the most common cause of enteric fever, responsible for an estimated 129,000 deaths and more than 11 million cases annually. Although several reviews have provided global and regional TF disease burden estimates, major gaps in our understanding of TF epidemiology remain. Areas covered: We provide an overview of the gaps in current estimates of TF disease burden and offer suggestions for addressing them, so that affected communities can receive the full potential of disease prevention offered by vaccination and water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions. Expert commentary: Current disease burden estimates for TF do not capture cases from certain host populations, nor those with atypical presentations of TF, which may lead to substantial underestimation of TF cases and deaths. These knowledge gaps pose major obstacles to the informed use of current and new generation typhoid vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen K Obaro
- a Department of Pediatrics , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA
| | - Pui-Ying Iroh Tam
- b Department of Pediatrics , University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital , Minneapolis , MN , USA
| | - Eric Daniel Mintz
- c Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , GA , USA
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Abstract
In this article we present a novel model for how the human placenta might get infected via the hematogenous route. We present a list of diverse placental pathogens, like Listeria monocytogenes or Cytomegalovirus, which are familiar to most obstetricians, but others, like Salmonella typhi, have only been reported in case studies or small case series. Remarkably, all of these organisms on this list are either obligate or facultative intracellular organisms. These pathogens are able to enter and survive inside host immune cells for at least a portion of their life cycle. We suggest that many blood-borne pathogens might arrive at the placenta via transportation inside of maternal leukocytes that enter the decidua in early pregnancy. We discuss mechanisms by which extravillous trophoblasts could get infected in the decidua and spread infection to other layers in the placenta. We hope to raise awareness among OB/GYN clinicians that organisms not typically associated with the TORCH list might cause placental infections and pregnancy complications.
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