Grafting of Thiazole Derivative on Chitosan Magnetite Nanoparticles for Cadmium Removal—Application for Groundwater Treatment

The synthesis and developments of magnetic chitosan nanoparticles for high efficiency removal of the cadmium ions from aquatic medium are one of the most challenging techniques. Highly adsorptive composite (MCH-ATA) was produced by the reaction of chitosan with formaldehyde and amino thiazole derivative. The sorbent was characterized by FTIR, elemental analyses (EA), SEM-EDX, TEM analysis, TGA and titration (volumetric). The modified material includes high nitrogen and sulfur contents (i.e., 4.64 and 1.35 mmol g⁻¹, respectively), compared to the pristine material (3.5 and 0 mmol g⁻¹, respectively). The sorption was investigated for the removal of Cd(II) ions from synthetic (prepared) solution before being tested towards naturally contaminated groundwater in an industrial area. The functionalized sorbent shows a high loading capacity (1.78 mmol Cd g⁻¹; 200 mg Cd g⁻¹) compared to the pristine material (0.61 mmol Cd g⁻¹; 68.57 mg Cd g⁻¹), while removal of about 98% of Cd with capacity (6.4 mg Cd g⁻¹) from polymetallic contaminated groundwater. The sorbent displays fast sorption kinetics compared to the non-modified composite (MCH); 30 min is sufficient for complete sorption for MCH-ATA, while 60–90 min for the MCH. PFORE fits sorption kinetics for both sorbents, whereas the Langmuir equation fits for MCH and Langmuir and Sips for MCH-ATA for sorption isotherms. The TEM analysis confirms the nano scale size, which limits the diffusion to intraparticle sorption properties. The 0.2 M HCl solution is a successful desorbing agent for the metal ions. The sorbent was applied for the removal of cadmium ions from the contaminated underground water and appears to be a promising process for metal decontamination and water treatment.

Synthesis of Eco-Friendly Biopolymer, Alginate-Chitosan Composite to Adsorb the Heavy Metals, Cd(II) and Pb(II) from Contaminated Effluents

Efficient removal of Cd(II) and Pb(II) from contaminated water is considered a fundamental point of view. Synthetic hydrogel biopolymers based on chitosan and alginate (cost-effective and eco-friendly) were successfully designed and characterized by highly efficient removal contaminants. The sorbents are characterized by FTIR, SEM-EDX, TGA, XPS analyses and textural properties which are qualified by N₂ adsorption. The sorption properties are firstly investigated by the effect of pH, sorption isotherms, uptake kinetics, and selectivity from multi-metal solution with equi-molar concentration. The sorbent with 1:3 ratios (of chitosan and alginate respectively) is the most effective for metal removal (i.e., 0.81 mmol Cd g⁻¹ and 0.41 mmol Pb g⁻¹). Langmuir and Sip’s models fitted better the adsorption isotherms compared to the Freundlich model. Uptake kinetics was well fitted by pseudo-first-order rate equation, while the saturation was achieved within 40 min. The sorbent shows good reproducibility through duplicate the experiments with negligible decreasing efficiency (>2.5%). The sorbent was applied for water treatment on samples collected from the industrial area (i.e., 653 and 203 times over the MCL for Cd(II) and Pb(II) respectively according to WHO). The concentration of Cd and Pb was drastically decreased in the effluents as pH increased with removal efficiency up to 99% for both elements at pH 5.8 and SD equivalent 1 g L⁻¹ for 5 h.

Benefits and applications of microwave-assisted synthesis of nitrogen containing heterocycles in medicinal chemistry

Nitrogen containing heterocycles are of immense research interest because they are often found as naturally occurring bioactive compounds.