1
|
Naeem M, Manzoor S, Abid MUH, Tareen MBK, Asad M, Mushtaq S, Ehsan N, Amna D, Xu B, Hazafa A. Fungal Proteases as Emerging Biocatalysts to Meet the Current Challenges and Recent Developments in Biomedical Therapies: An Updated Review. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8020109. [PMID: 35205863 PMCID: PMC8875690 DOI: 10.3390/jof8020109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increasing world population, demand for industrialization has also increased to fulfill humans' living standards. Fungi are considered a source of essential constituents to produce the biocatalytic enzymes, including amylases, proteases, lipases, and cellulases that contain broad-spectrum industrial and emerging applications. The present review discussed the origin, nature, mechanism of action, emerging aspects of genetic engineering for designing novel proteases, genome editing of fungal strains through CRISPR technology, present challenges and future recommendations of fungal proteases. The emerging evidence revealed that fungal proteases show a protective role to many environmental exposures and discovered that an imbalance of protease inhibitors and proteases in the epithelial barriers leads to the protection of chronic eosinophilic airway inflammation. Moreover, mitoproteases recently were found to execute intense proteolytic processes that are crucial for mitochondrial integrity and homeostasis function, including mitochondrial biogenesis, protein synthesis, and apoptosis. The emerging evidence revealed that CRISPR/Cas9 technology had been successfully developed in various filamentous fungi and higher fungi for editing of specific genes. In addition to medical importance, fungal proteases are extensively used in different industries such as foods to prepare butter, fruits, juices, and cheese, and to increase their shelf life. It is concluded that hydrolysis of proteins in industries is one of the most significant applications of fungal enzymes that led to massive usage of proteomics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Naeem
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050025, China;
| | - Saba Manzoor
- Department of Zoology, University of Sialkot, Sialkot 51310, Pakistan;
| | | | | | - Mirza Asad
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan;
| | - Sajida Mushtaq
- Department of Zoology, Government College Women University, Sialkot 51040, Pakistan;
| | - Nazia Ehsan
- Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan;
| | - Dua Amna
- Institute of Food Science & Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan;
| | - Baojun Xu
- Food Science and Technology Program, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University (BNU-HKBU) United International College, Zhuhai 519087, China
- Correspondence: (B.X.); (A.H.)
| | - Abu Hazafa
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan;
- Correspondence: (B.X.); (A.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Innocenti M, Muratori F, Mazzei G, Guido D, Frenos F, Lucenteforte E, Capanna R, Campanacci DA. The use of a non-biological, bridging, antiprotrusio cage in complex revision hip arthroplasty and periacetabular reconstructive oncologic surgery. Is still today a valid option?: A mid/long-term survival and complications' analysis. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2022; 142:681-690. [PMID: 34028571 PMCID: PMC8924141 DOI: 10.1007/s00402-021-03929-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Burch-Schneider-like antiprotrusio cages (B-SlAC) still remain helpful implants to bridge severe periacetabular bone losses. The purpose of this study was to evaluate outcomes and estimate both cages' failures and complication risks in a series of B-SlAC implanted in revision of failed total hip arthroplasties (THA) or after resection of periacetabular primary or secondary bone malignancies. Risk factors enhancing the chance of dislocations and infections were checked. MATERIALS AND METHODS We evaluated 73 patients who received a B-SlAC from January 2008 to January 2018. Group A, 40 oncological cases (22 primary tumors; 18 metastases); Group B, 33 failed THAs. We compared both Kaplan-Meier estimates of risk of failure and complication with the cumulative incidence function, taking account the competing risk of death. Cox proportional hazards model was utilized to identify possible predictors of instability and infection. Harris hip score HHS was used to record clinical outcomes. RESULTS Medium follow-up was 80 months (24-137). Average final HHS was 61 (28-92), with no differences within the two groups (p > 0.05). The probabilities of failure and complications were 57% and 26%, respectively, lower in the oncologic group than in the rTHA group (p =0 .176; risk 0.43) (p = 0.52; risk 0.74). Extended ileo-femoral approach and proximal femur replacement (p =0.02, risk ratio = 3.2; p = 0.04, rr = 2.1) were two significant independent predictors for dislocations, while belonging to group B (p = 0.04, rr = 2.6) was predictable for infections. CONCLUSION Burch-Schneider-like antiprotrusio cages are a classical non-biological acetabular reconstruction method that surgeons should bear in mind when facing gross periacetabular bone losses, independently of their cause. However, dislocation and infection rates are high. Whenever possible, we suggest preserving the proximal femur in revision THA, and to use a less-invasive postero-lateral approach to reduce dislocation rates in non-oncologic cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Innocenti
- Department of Orthopaedic Oncology and Reconstructive Surgery, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, University of Florence, Largo Palagi 1, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Muratori
- Department of Orthopaedic Oncology and Reconstructive Surgery, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, University of Florence, Largo Palagi 1, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Giacomo Mazzei
- Department of Orthopaedic Oncology and Reconstructive Surgery, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, University of Florence, Largo Palagi 1, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Davide Guido
- Department of Orthopaedic Oncology and Reconstructive Surgery, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, University of Florence, Largo Palagi 1, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Filippo Frenos
- Department of Orthopaedic Oncology and Reconstructive Surgery, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, University of Florence, Largo Palagi 1, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Ersilia Lucenteforte
- Unit of Medical Statistics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Capanna
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy
| | - Domenico Andrea Campanacci
- Department of Orthopaedic Oncology and Reconstructive Surgery, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, University of Florence, Largo Palagi 1, 50139 Florence, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Application and characterization of crude fungal lipases used to degrade fat and oil wastes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19670. [PMID: 34608188 PMCID: PMC8490430 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98927-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus niger MH078571.1 and A. niger MH079049.1 were identified previously as the two highest Aspergillus niger strains producing lipase. Biochemical characterizations of lipase activity and stability for these two strains were examined and revealed that the optimal temperature is 45 °C at pH 8for A. niger MH078571.1 and 55 °C for MH079049.1. The lipase production of both strains was studied on medium contains waste oil, as a cheap source to reduce the industrial cost, showed that the optimal incubation period for the enzyme production is 3 days. Moreover, an experiment on lipase activates in organic solvents demonstrated that 50% of acetone is the best solvent for the two strains. In the presence of surfactants, 0.1% of tween 80 surfactant showed the best lipase activities. Furthermore, Mg2+ and Zn2+ ions enhanced the lipase activity of A. niger MH078571.1, while Na2+ and Cu2+ enhanced the enzyme activity of A. niger MH079049.1. Lipase activity was also tested for industrial applications such as integrating it with different detergents. Maximum lipase activity was obtained with 1% of Omo as a powder detergent for both strains. In liquid detergent, 0.1% of Fairy showed maximum lipase activity in A. niger MH078571.1, while the lipase in A. niger MH079049.1 was more effective in 1% of Lux. Moreover, the degradation of natural animal fat with crude enzyme was tested using chicken and sheep fats. The results showed that more than 90% of fats degraded after 5 days of the incubation period.
Collapse
|
4
|
Utilization of Clay Materials as Support for Aspergillus japonicus Lipase: An Eco-Friendly Approach. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11101173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipase is an important group of biocatalysts, which combines versatility and specificity, and can catalyze several reactions when applied in a high amount of industrial processes. In this study, the lipase produced by Aspergillus japonicus under submerged cultivation, was immobilized by physical adsorption, using clay supports, namely, diatomite, vermiculite, montmorillonite KSF (MKSF) and kaolinite. Besides, the immobilized and free enzyme was characterized, regarding pH, temperature and kinetic parameters. The most promising clay support was MKSF that presented 69.47% immobilization yield and hydrolytic activity higher than the other conditions studied (270.7 U g−1). The derivative produced with MKSF showed high stability at pH and temperature, keeping 100% of its activity throughout 12 h of incubation in the pH ranges between 4.0 and 9.0 and at a temperature from 30 to 50 °C. In addition, the immobilized lipase on MKSF support showed an improvement in the catalytic performance. The study shows the potential of using clays as support to immobilized lipolytic enzymes by adsorption method, which is a simple and cost-effective process.
Collapse
|
5
|
Novel thermostable lipase produced by a thermo-halophilic bacterium that catalyses hydrolytic and transesterification reactions. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04520. [PMID: 32743102 PMCID: PMC7385455 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipase belongs to the class of hydrolytic enzymes that are widely used in the biotechnology industries. The goal of this research was to purify and characterize lipase produced from a thermo-halophilic bacterium, namely Pria Laot Sabang 80 (PLS 80). Purification was performed using ammonium sulphate fractionation, followed by gel filtration chromatography using Sepharose Cl-6B. After purification, the enzyme had a specific activity of 326.6 U/mg with a purity of 6.02 higher than the crude extract; with a molecular weight of around 50 kDa. The optimum activity was observed at 70 °C and pH 9. The activity increased in the presence of 10 mM Mn2+, K+ and Ca2+ ions, while Hg2+ only slightly increased the enzyme activity. In contrast, the activity decreased in 10 mM Mg2+, Zn2+, Co2+, EDTA, and PMSF. The enzyme showed good hydrolytic activity on long fatty acids substrates (p-nitrophenyl palmitate) with a value of 35.5 U/mL. It was also able to catalyze a transesterification reaction. GC-MS result showed that the biodiesel consisted of methyl octanoate (5.3%), methyl caprate (12.4%), methyl laurate (34.1%), methyl myristate (10.7%), methyl palmitate (3.9%), and methyl stearate (1.2%) when using coconut oil as the substrate. The results suggested that the lipase from PLS 80 had unique attributes that could be useful in various industrial applications.
Collapse
|
6
|
Souza LTDA, Moreno-Perez S, Fernández Lorente G, Cipolatti EP, de Oliveira D, Resende RR, Pessela BC. Immobilization of Moniliella spathulata R25L270 Lipase on Ionic, Hydrophobic and Covalent Supports: Functional Properties and Hydrolysis of Sardine Oil. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22101508. [PMID: 28946698 PMCID: PMC6151709 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The oleaginous yeast Moniliella spathulata R25L270 was the first yeast able to grow and produce extracellular lipase using Macaúba (Acrocomia aculeate) cake as substrate. The novel lipase was recently identified, and presented promising features for biotechnological applications. The M. spathulata R25L270 lipase efficiently hydrolyzed vegetable and animal oils, and showed selectivity for generating cis-5,8,11,15,17-eicosapentaenoic acid from sardine oil. The enzyme can act in a wide range of temperatures (25–48 °C) and pH (6.5–8.4). The present study deals with the immobilization of M. spathulata R25L270 lipase on hydrophobic, covalent and ionic supports to select the most active biocatalyst capable to obtain omega-3 fatty acids (PUFA) from sardine oil. Nine immobilized agarose derivatives were prepared and biochemically characterized for thermostability, pH stability and catalytic properties (KM and Vmax). Ionic supports improved the enzyme–substrate affinity; however, it was not an effective strategy to increase the M. spathulata R25L270 lipase stability against pH and temperature. Covalent support resulted in a biocatalyst with decreased activity, but high thermostability. The enzyme was most stabilized when immobilized on hydrophobic supports, especially Octyl-Sepharose. Compared with the free enzyme, the half-life of the Octyl-Sepharose derivative at 60 °C increased 10-fold, and lipase stability under acidic conditions was achieved. The Octyl-Sepharose derivative was selected to obtain omega-3 fatty acids from sardine oil, and the maximal enzyme selectivity was achieved at pH 5.0.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lívia T de A Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Caixa Postal 486, Belo Horizonte MG 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Sonia Moreno-Perez
- Pharmacy and Biotechnology Department, School of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Europea, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Gloria Fernández Lorente
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Microbiología de Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación CIAL (CSIC-UAM), Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Eliane P Cipolatti
- Departamento de Engenharia Química e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), P.O. Box 476, Florianópolis SC 88040-900, Brazil.
| | - Débora de Oliveira
- Departamento de Engenharia Química e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), P.O. Box 476, Florianópolis SC 88040-900, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo R Resende
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Caixa Postal 486, Belo Horizonte MG 31270-901, Brazil.
- Instituto Nanocell, Divinópolis MG 35500-041, Brazil.
| | - Benevides C Pessela
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Microbiología de Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación CIAL (CSIC-UAM), Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Engenharia e Tecnologías, Instituto Superior Politécnico de Tecnologías e Ciências (ISPTEC) Av. Luanda Sul, Rua Lateral Via S10, P.O. Box 1316, Talatona-Luanda Sul, Angola.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Das A, Bhattacharya S, Shivakumar S, Shakya S, Sogane SS. Coconut oil induced production of a surfactant-compatible lipase fromAspergillus tamariiunder submerged fermentation. J Basic Microbiol 2016; 57:114-120. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201600478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arijit Das
- Department of Microbiology; Center for Post Graduate Studies; Jain University; Bangalore Karnataka India
| | - Sourav Bhattacharya
- Department of Microbiology; Center for Post Graduate Studies; Jain University; Bangalore Karnataka India
| | - Srividya Shivakumar
- Department of Microbiology; Center for Post Graduate Studies; Jain University; Bangalore Karnataka India
| | - Sujina Shakya
- Department of Microbiology; Center for Post Graduate Studies; Jain University; Bangalore Karnataka India
| | - Swathi Shankar Sogane
- Department of Microbiology; Center for Post Graduate Studies; Jain University; Bangalore Karnataka India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Souza LTA, Oliveira JS, Rodrigues MQRB, dos Santos VL, Pessela BC, Resende RR. Macaúba (Acrocomia aculeata) cake from biodiesel processing: a low-cost substrate to produce lipases from Moniliella spathulata R25L270 with potential application in the oleochemical industry. Microb Cell Fact 2015; 14:87. [PMID: 26077335 PMCID: PMC4467061 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-015-0266-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Biodiesel industry wastes were evaluated as supplements for lipase production by Moniliella spathulata R25L270, which
is newly identified yeast with great lipolytic potential. Macaúba cake (MC), used for the first time in this work as inducer to produce lipases, and residual oil (RO) were mixed to maximise enzyme production. The lipase secreted was biochemically characterised. Results The best ratio for the mixture (MC:RO) was 0.66:0.34 and the fitted values for lipase activity and total protein concentration were 0.98 U mL−1 and 0.356 mg mL−1, respectively. Maximum activity obtained (2.47 U mL−1) was achieved at 31.5°C and pH 6.7, and the enzyme was stable in this condition. A novel enzyme was purified and identified for the first time by mass spectrometry. The lipase efficiently hydrolysed different natural oils and exhibited selectivity in the production of eicosapentaenoic acid from fish oil. Conclusion The use of MC and RO as a supplement to produce the new lipase from M. spathulata R25L270 may be one alternative for reducing lipase production costs and simultaneously adding value to biodiesel industry residues. The potential application of the lipase in the oleochemical industry was demonstrated by its pH and temperature stabilities and selective hydrolysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lívia T A Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av Antônio Carlos 6627, Pampulha, Caixa Postal 486, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Jamil S Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av Antônio Carlos 6627, Pampulha, Caixa Postal 486, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Marina Q R B Rodrigues
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av Antônio Carlos 6627, Pampulha, Caixa Postal 486, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Vera L dos Santos
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av Antônio Carlos 6627, Caixa Postal 486, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Benevides C Pessela
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Microbiología de Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación CIAL (CSIC-UAM), Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rodrigo R Resende
- Instituto Nanocell and Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av Antônio Carlos 6627, Pampulha, Caixa Postal 486, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Rabbani M, Shafiee F, Shayegh Z, MirMohammadSadeghi H, Samsam Shariat Z, Etemadifar Z, Moazen F. Isolation and Characterization of a New Thermoalkalophilic Lipase from Soil Bacteria. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2015; 14:901-6. [PMID: 26330879 PMCID: PMC4518119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Lipases are diversified enzymes in their properties and substrate specificity, which make them attractive tools for various industrial applications. In this study, an alkalinethermostable lipase producing bacteria were isolated from soil of different regions of Isfahan province (Iran) and its lipase was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and ion exchange chromatography. To select a thermoalkalophil lipase producing bacterium, Rhodamine B and Horikoshi media were used and the strain that can grow at 45° Cwas selected. The isolated strain was identified using microbial and biochemical tests. One strain showed an orange colored zone on plate and grew on Horikoshi plate. Microbial and biochemical tests showed that the isolated strain was Bacillus subtilis, a Gram positive rod. In PCR, an expected band was obtained with about 371 bp. The activity of the purified lipase was 10.2 folds that of the standard enzyme using ammonium sulfate precipitation and ion exchange chromatography. The molecular weight of lipase determined by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis, was 21 and 35 KDa. Existence of two bands in SDS-PAGE electrophoresis and low amount of obtained purified enzyme highlights the necessity of optimization of purification and concentrating process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Rabbani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.,Corresponding author: E-mail:
| | - Fatemeh Shafiee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Zahra Shayegh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Hamid MirMohammadSadeghi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Ziaedin Samsam Shariat
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Zahra Etemadifar
- Department of Biology, School of Basic Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Moazen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|