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Gulia S, Chandra P, Das A. The Prognosis of Cancer Depends on the Interplay of Autophagy, Apoptosis, and Anoikis within the Tumor Microenvironment. Cell Biochem Biophys 2023; 81:621-658. [PMID: 37787970 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-023-01179-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Within the tumor microenvironment, the fight between the immune system and cancer influences tumor transformation. Metastasis formation is an important stage in the progression of cancer. This process is aided by cellular detachment and resistance to anoikis, which are achieved by altering intercellular signaling. Autophagy, specifically pro-survival autophagy, aids cancer cells in developing treatment resistance. Numerous studies have shown that autophagy promotes tumor growth and resistance to anoikis. To regulate protective autophagy, cancer-related genes phosphorylate both pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins. Apoptosis, a type of controlled cell death, eliminates damaged or unwanted cells. Anoikis is a type of programmed cell death in which cells lose contact with the extracellular matrix. The dysregulation of these cellular pathways promotes tumor growth and spread. Apoptosis, anoikis, and autophagy interact meticulously and differently depending on the cellular circumstances. For instance, autophagy can protect cancer cells from apoptosis by removing cellular components that are damaged and might otherwise trigger apoptotic pathways. Similarly, anoikis dysregulation can trigger autophagy by causing cellular harm and metabolic stress. In order to prevent or treat metastatic disease, specifically, targeting these cellular mechanisms may present a promising prospect for cancer therapy. This review discourses the state of our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying tumor transformation and the establishment of metastatic tumors. To enhance the prognosis for cancer, we highlight and discuss potential therapeutic approaches that target these processes and genes involved in them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Gulia
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Main Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Prakash Chandra
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Main Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Asmita Das
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Main Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India.
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2
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Iancu DCE, Fulga A, Vesa D, Stan C, Zenovia A, Bujoreanu F, Piraianu AI, Sarbu MI, Tatu AL. Insight on common forms of cutaneous head and neck carcinoma (Review). Mol Clin Oncol 2023; 18:28. [PMID: 36908978 PMCID: PMC9995598 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2023.2624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
To improve the outcome and quality of life for patients with head and neck carcinoma, an increasing amount of research has been performed on the particularities of this type of cancer and its treatment methods. Starting from clinical aspects, including histology and imaging features, up-to-date studies from different parts of the world have determined new data leading to a better understanding of the mechanisms behind the disease and proposed new treatment protocols. The head and neck areas are predisposed to almost all skin neoplasms, most commonly those related to ultraviolet exposure. Squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma account for almost 90% of non-melanoma skin cancers in this region; therefore, reviewing the literature on cutaneous carcinomas of the head and neck area and sharing particular aspects of their physiopathology are beneficial for a great number of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doriana Cristea-Ene Iancu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, 'Sfantul Andrei' Emergency Clinical Hospital of Galati, 800578 Galati, Romania.,Clinical Surgical Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, 'Dunarea de Jos' University of Galati, 800010 Galati, Romania
| | - Ana Fulga
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, 'Sfantul Andrei' Emergency Clinical Hospital of Galati, 800578 Galati, Romania.,Clinical Surgical Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, 'Dunarea de Jos' University of Galati, 800010 Galati, Romania
| | - Doina Vesa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, 'Sfantul Andrei' Emergency Clinical Hospital of Galati, 800578 Galati, Romania.,Clinical Surgical Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, 'Dunarea de Jos' University of Galati, 800010 Galati, Romania
| | - Constantin Stan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, 'Sfantul Andrei' Emergency Clinical Hospital of Galati, 800578 Galati, Romania.,Clinical Surgical Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, 'Dunarea de Jos' University of Galati, 800010 Galati, Romania
| | - Andrei Zenovia
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, 'Cai Ferate' General Hospital, 800223 Galati, Romania
| | - Florin Bujoreanu
- Department of Dermatology, 'Sfanta Cuvioasa Parascheva' Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases, 800179 Galati, Romania.,Multidisciplinary Integrative Center for Dermatologic Interface Research (MIC-DIR), 800179 Galati, Romania
| | - Alin Ionut Piraianu
- Clinical Surgical Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, 'Dunarea de Jos' University of Galati, 800010 Galati, Romania.,Department of Forensic Medicine, 'Sfantul Andrei' Emergency Clinical Hospital of Galati, 800578 Galati, Romania
| | - Mihaela Ionela Sarbu
- Clinical Surgical Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, 'Dunarea de Jos' University of Galati, 800010 Galati, Romania
| | - Alin Laurentiu Tatu
- Clinical Surgical Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, 'Dunarea de Jos' University of Galati, 800010 Galati, Romania.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, 'Cai Ferate' General Hospital, 800223 Galati, Romania.,Department of Dermatology, 'Sfanta Cuvioasa Parascheva' Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases, 800179 Galati, Romania.,Multidisciplinary Integrative Center for Dermatologic Interface Research (MIC-DIR), 800179 Galati, Romania
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Gharbi S, Mohammadi Z, Dezaki MS, Dokanehiifard S, Dabiri S, Korsching E. Characterization of the first microRNA in human CDH1 that affects cell cycle and apoptosis and indicates breast cancers progression. J Cell Biochem 2022; 123:657-672. [PMID: 34997630 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The E-cadherin protein (Cadherin 1, gene: CDH1), a master regulator of the human epithelial homeostasis, contributes to the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) which confers cell migratory features to the cells. The EMT is central to many pathophysiological changes in cancer. Therefore, a better understanding of this regulatory scenario is beneficial for therapeutic regiments. The CDH1 gene is approximately 100 kbp long and consists of 16 exons with a relatively large second intron. Since none microRNA (miRNA) has been identified in CDH1 up to now we screened the CDH1 gene for promising miRNA hairpin structures in silico. Out of the 27 hairpin structures we identified, one stable RNA fold with a promising sequence motive was selected for experimental verification. The exogenous validation of the hairpin sequence was performed by transfection of HEK293T cells and the mature miRNA sequences could be verified by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The endogenous expression of the mature miRNA provisionally named CDH1-i2-miR-1 could be confirmed in two normal (HEK293T, HUVEK) and five cancer cell lines (MCF7, MDA-MB-231, SW480, HT-29, A549). The functional characterization by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay showed a suppression of HEK293T cell proliferation. A flow cytometry-based approach showed the ability of CDH1-i2-miR-1 to arrest transfected cells on a G2/M state while annexin staining exemplified an apoptotic effect. BAX and PTEN expression levels were affected following the overexpression with the new miRNA. The in vivo expression level was assessed in 35 breast tumor tissues and their paired nonmalignant marginal part. A fourfold downregulation in the tumor specimens compared to their marginal controls could be observed. It can be concluded that the sequence of the hub gene CDH1 harbors at least one miRNA but eventually even more relevant for the pathophysiology of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedigheh Gharbi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Zahra Mohammadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Maryam Saedi Dezaki
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Sadat Dokanehiifard
- Department of Human Genetics, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Shahriar Dabiri
- Department of Pathology, Pathology and Stem Cell Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Eberhard Korsching
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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Chang H, Jiang T, Kou L, Li D, Yu X, Li Y, Zhang L. MiR-148a-3p Regulates Stem Cell Osteogenic Differentiation and Enamel Development by Targeting Runt-Related Transcription Factor 2 and E-cadherin <i>via</i> the Wnt1/β-catenin Signaling Pathway. J HARD TISSUE BIOL 2022. [DOI: 10.2485/jhtb.31.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huaiguang Chang
- Department of Stomatology, Ningbo College of Health Sciences
| | - Tingting Jiang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Yinzhou Stomatology Hospital
| | - Liang Kou
- Department of Stomatology, Ningbo College of Health Sciences
| | - Duo Li
- Department of Prosthodontics, Yinzhou Stomatology Hospital
| | - Xinchen Yu
- Department of Stomatology, Ningbo College of Health Sciences
| | - Youqin Li
- Department of Stomatology, Ningbo College of Health Sciences
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Ningbo College of Health Sciences
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Suppression of MGAT3 expression and the epithelial–mesenchymal transition of lung cancer cells by miR-188-5p. Biomed J 2021; 44:678-685. [PMID: 35166206 PMCID: PMC8847825 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2020.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To investigate the effect of miR-188-5p overexpression on the invasion and migration of cultured lung cancer cells, and on related cellular mechanisms that underlie epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT). Methods Human lung cancer cell line 95D was transfected with miR-188-5p mimic. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot were performed to quantify the expression levels of genes including E-cadherin, Snail, α-SMA, and MGAT3. Changes in cell motility, invasion and proliferation were studied using scratch migration assay, transwell invasion assay, and colony formation assay, respectively. The expression levels of EMT-related proteins and MGAT3 protein were also determined via immunofluorescent staining. The ability of miR-188-5p to regulate its target gene, MGAT3, was assessed using dual luciferase activity assay. Results Lung cancer cell line 95D showed the lowest miR-188-5p expression level thus was used in this study. Transfection with miR-188-5p mimic significantly suppressed migration, invasion and clonal formation potency of 95D cells. Dual luciferase activity assay implicated that miR-188-5p exerts its negative regulatory effect on MGAT3 expression through recognizing the 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR) of the MGAT3 gene. Over-expression of miR-188-5p in 95D cells also remarkably increased E-cadherin protein expression and decreased the expression levels of Snail and α-SMA, which suppressed the EMT process. Conclusion MiR-188-5p reduces the expression of MGAT3 and inhibits the metastatic properties of a highly invasive lung cancer cell line, probably via targeted regulation of EMT process. Further research to explore the potential therapeutic value of miR-188-5p, both as a biomarker and as a drug candidate for the management of metastatic lung cancer may be warranted.
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Kum SJ, Lee HW, Kim SG, Park H, Hwang I, Kim SP. Association of PTTG1 expression with invasiveness of non-functioning pituitary adenomas. J Pathol Transl Med 2021; 56:22-31. [PMID: 34645111 PMCID: PMC8743807 DOI: 10.4132/jptm.2021.08.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pituitary tumor transforming gene 1 (PTTG1), paired-like homeodomain 2 (PITX2), and galectin-3 have been widely studied as predictive biomarkers for various tumors and are involved in tumorigenesis and tumor progression. We evaluated the usefulness of PTTG1, PITX2, and galectin-3 as predictive biomarkers for invasive non-functioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs) by determining the relationship between the expressions of these three proteins and the invasiveness of the NFPAs. We also investigated whether PTTG1, E-cadherin, and Ki-67, which are known to be related to each other, show a correlation with NFPA features. Methods A retrospective study was conducted on 87 patients with NPFAs who underwent surgical removal. The NFPAs were classified into three groups based on magnetic resonance imaging findings of suprasellar extension and cavernous sinus invasion. Immunohistochemical staining for PTTG1, PITX2, galectin-3, E-cadherin, and Ki-67 was performed on tissue microarrays. Results PTTG1 expression showed a statistically significant correlation with the invasiveness of NFPAs, whereas PITX2 and galectin-3 did not have a relationship with the invasiveness of NFPAs. Moreover, there was no association among PTTG1, E-cadherin, and Ki-67 expression. Conclusion PTTG1 has the potential to serve as a predictive biomarker for invasive NFPA. Furthermore, this study may serve as a reference for the development of PTTG1-targeted therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Jung Kum
- Department of Pathology, Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hye Won Lee
- Department of Pathology, Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, Korea
| | - Soon Gu Kim
- Department of Pathology, Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hyungsik Park
- Department of Pathology, Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, Korea
| | - Ilseon Hwang
- Department of Pathology, Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sang Pyo Kim
- Department of Pathology, Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, Korea
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Liao C, An J, Tan Z, Xu F, Liu J, Wang Q. Changes in Protein Glycosylation in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. J Cancer 2021; 12:1455-1466. [PMID: 33531990 PMCID: PMC7847636 DOI: 10.7150/jca.51604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is an important posttranslational modification of proteins, and it has a profound influence on diverse life processes. An abnormal polysaccharide structure and mutation of the glycosylation pathway are closely correlated with human cancer progression. Glycoproteins such as EGFR, E-cadherin, CD44, PD-1/PD-L1, B7-H3 and Muc1 play important roles in the progression of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), and their levels of glycosylation and changes in glycosyl structure are closely linked to HNSCC progression and malignant transformation. The regulation of protein glycosylation in HNSCC provides potential strategies to control cancer stem cell (CSC) subgroup expansion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), tumor-related immunity escape and autophagy. Glycoproteins with altered glycosylation can be used as biomarkers for the early diagnosis, monitoring and prognostication of HNSCC. However, the glycobiology of cancer is still a new field that needs to be deeply studied, especially in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Liao
- Oral Disease Research Key Laboratory of Guizhou Tertiary Institution, School of Stomatology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, China
| | - Jiaxing An
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Zhangxue Tan
- Oral Disease Research Key Laboratory of Guizhou Tertiary Institution, School of Stomatology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, China
| | - Fangping Xu
- Oral Disease Research Key Laboratory of Guizhou Tertiary Institution, School of Stomatology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, China
| | - Jianguo Liu
- Oral Disease Research Key Laboratory of Guizhou Tertiary Institution, School of Stomatology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Oral Disease Research Key Laboratory of Guizhou Tertiary Institution, School of Stomatology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, China.,Microbial Resources and Drug Development Key Laboratory of Guizhou Tertiary Institution, Life Sciences Institute, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, China
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Kaszak I, Witkowska-Piłaszewicz O, Niewiadomska Z, Dworecka-Kaszak B, Ngosa Toka F, Jurka P. Role of Cadherins in Cancer-A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7624. [PMID: 33076339 PMCID: PMC7589192 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cadherins play an important role in tissue homeostasis, as they are responsible for cell-cell adhesion during embryogenesis, tissue morphogenesis, differentiation and carcinogenesis. Cadherins are inseparably connected with catenins, forming cadherin-catenin complexes, which are crucial for cell-to-cell adherence. Any dysfunction or destabilization of cadherin-catenin complex may result in tumor progression. Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a mechanism in which epithelial cadherin (E-cadherin) expression is lost during tumor progression. However, during tumorigenesis, many processes take place, and downregulation of E-cadherin, nuclear β-catenin and p120 catenin (p120) signaling are among the most critical. Additional signaling pathways, such as Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), Rho GTPases, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and Hippo affect cadherin cell-cell adhesion and also contribute to tumor progression and metastasis. Many signaling pathways may be activated during tumorigenesis; thus, cadherin-targeting drugs seem to limit the progression of malignant tumor. This review discusses the role of cadherins in selected signaling mechanisms involved in tumor growth. The clinical importance of cadherin will be discussed in cases of human and animal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Kaszak
- Department of Small Animal Diseases, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Olga Witkowska-Piłaszewicz
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Niewiadomska
- Carnivore Reproduction Study Center, Ecole Nationale Veterinaire d’Alfort, 94700 Maison Alfort, France;
| | - Bożena Dworecka-Kaszak
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine; Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Felix Ngosa Toka
- Center for Integrative Mammalian Research, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, BOX 334 Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis, West Indies;
| | - Piotr Jurka
- Department of Small Animal Diseases, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland;
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Milutin Gašperov N, Sabol I, Božinović K, Dediol E, Mravak-Stipetić M, Licastro D, Dal Monego S, Grce M. DNA Methylome Distinguishes Head and Neck Cancer from Potentially Malignant Oral Lesions and Healthy Oral Mucosa. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186853. [PMID: 32961999 PMCID: PMC7554960 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a strong need to find new, good biomarkers of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) because of the bad prognoses and high mortality rates. The aim of this study was to identify the potential biomarkers in HNSCC that have differences in their DNA methylome and potentially premalignant oral lesions, in comparison to healthy oral mucosa. In this study, 32 oral samples were tested: nine healthy oral mucosae, 13 HNSCC, and 10 oral lesions for DNA methylation by the Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChip. Our findings showed that a panel of genes significantly hypermethylated in their promoters or specific sites in HNSCC samples in comparison to healthy oral samples, which are mainly oncogenes, receptor, and transcription factor genes, or genes included in cell cycle, transformation, apoptosis, and autophagy. A group of hypomethylated genes in HNSCC, in comparison to healthy oral mucosa, are mainly involved in the host immune response and transcriptional regulation. The results also showed significant differences in gene methylation between HNSCC and potentially premalignant oral lesions, as well as differently methylated genes that discriminate between oral lesions and healthy mucosa. The given methylation panels point to novel potential biomarkers for early diagnostics of HNSCC, as well as potentially premalignant oral lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Milutin Gašperov
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.S.); (K.B.)
- Correspondence: (N.M.G.); (M.G.)
| | - Ivan Sabol
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.S.); (K.B.)
| | - Ksenija Božinović
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.S.); (K.B.)
| | - Emil Dediol
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Medicine, Clinical Hospital Dubrava, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Marinka Mravak-Stipetić
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Danilo Licastro
- ARGO Open Lab Platform for Genome sequencing, AREA Science Park, Padriciano, 99, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (D.L.); (S.D.M.)
| | - Simeone Dal Monego
- ARGO Open Lab Platform for Genome sequencing, AREA Science Park, Padriciano, 99, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (D.L.); (S.D.M.)
| | - Magdalena Grce
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.S.); (K.B.)
- Correspondence: (N.M.G.); (M.G.)
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Tavakolian S, Goudarzi H, Eslami G, Faghihloo E. Transcriptional Regulation of Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition Related Genes by Lipopolysaccharide in Human Cervical Cancer Cell Line HeLa. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2019; 20:2455-2461. [PMID: 31450920 PMCID: PMC6852821 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2019.20.8.2455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Cancer is one of the common diseases in the world, and cervical cancer is the fourth one. In this type of cancer, many risk factors, especially infectious diseases, such as human papilloma virus (HPV) and gram-negative bacteria can have important effects on the expression of epithelial to mesenchymal transition related genes like Snail,E-cadherin, and ZEB-1, responsible for connecting cell tissues. In this study, we have investigated the effect of Escherichia coli O111:B4 Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on HPV positive cell line (HeLa), the expression level of the (Snail, E-cadherin, and ZEB-1), HPV oncogenes (E6, E7) and also microRNA-9, 192. Materials and Methods: HeLa cell line was treated with LPS to analyze Snail, E-cadherin, ZEB-1, E6, E7 and also microRNA-9, 192 expression by quantitative real-time PCR in 24, 48 and 72 hours. Results: Quantitative real-time PCR revealed a significant reduction in E-cadherin mRNA level at 10ug/L of LPS in three time-points and after 24 hours at 5ug/L of LPS; however, ZEB-1 at 10ug/L of LPS and Snail at 5, 10ug/L of LPS are up-regulated. E7 also illustrated a slight increase, but we did not find any relationship between E7 and LPS treatment. Additionally, there are upward trends in microRNA-9, 192 levels. Conclusion: The result of this study, LPS is able to reduce E-cadherin expression, caused by increase in repressor E-cadherin protein expression and some microRNAs, probably. Since bacterial infection can be in cervical site, it is likely to be effective in reducing the E-cadherin expression in the EMT and enhance cancer process, therefore; removing these infections by using the appropriate antibiotics may result in slowing down this process, which requires more research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaian Tavakolian
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hossein Goudarzi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Gita Eslami
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ebrahim Faghihloo
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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11
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Bure IV, Nemtsova MV, Zaletaev DV. Roles of E-cadherin and Noncoding RNAs in the Epithelial-mesenchymal Transition and Progression in Gastric Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20122870. [PMID: 31212809 PMCID: PMC6627057 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20122870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is thought to be at the root of invasive and metastatic cancer cell spreading. E-cadherin is an important player in this process, which forms the structures that establish and maintain cell–cell interactions. A partial or complete loss of E-cadherin expression in the EMT is presumably mediated by mechanisms that block the expression of E-cadherin regulators and involve the E-cadherin-associated transcription factors. The protein is involved in several oncogenic signaling pathways, such as the Wnt/β-catenin, Rho GTPase, and EGF/EGFR, whereby it plays a role in many tumors, including gastric cancer. Such noncoding transcripts as microRNAs and long noncoding RNAs—critical components of epigenetic control of gene expression in carcinogenesis—contribute to regulation of the E-cadherin function by acting directly or through numerous factors controlling transcription of its gene, and thus affecting not only cancer cell proliferation and metastasis, but also the EMT. This review focuses on the role of E-cadherin and the non-coding RNAs-mediated mechanisms of its expressional control in the EMT during stomach carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V Bure
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Marina V Nemtsova
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow 119991, Russia.
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moskvorechie st., 1, Moscow 115522, Russia.
| | - Dmitry V Zaletaev
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow 119991, Russia.
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moskvorechie st., 1, Moscow 115522, Russia.
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12
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Kumar KV, Hema KN. Extracellular matrix in invasion and metastasis of oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2019; 23:10-16. [PMID: 31110410 PMCID: PMC6503796 DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_97_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma is a common cancer in developing countries with highly invasive and metastasis credentials. The Lymphnode metastasis in oral squamous cell carcinoma is regarded as the factor that decides on disease survival of patients. Steps have been made towards research in the field of Oral squamous cell carcinoma for better understanding of the molecular events involved in invasion and metastasis. Recently, the role of Extracellular matrix (ECM) of oral squamous cell carcinoma in invasion and metastasis has gained interest, as ECM is known to actively contribute in events that regulate transcriptional controls and cell signalling mechanisms involved in invasion and metastasis. Understanding such contributing role of ECM may pave way for newer methodologies in early detection, prevention and therapeutic strategies for oral squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Vinod Kumar
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, AECS Maaruti College of Dental Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - K N Hema
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, VS Dental College and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Prasad RS, Pai A, Shyamala K, Bhadranna A, Shenoy S, Yaji A. Assessment of epithelial-mesenchymal transition signatures in oral submucous fibrosis. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2019; 23:308. [PMID: 31516252 PMCID: PMC6714243 DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_177_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Recently, the concept of field cancerization has questioned the accuracy of biopsy site selection clinically. Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) has a global malignant transformation rate of 7.6% despite having less dysplastic changes clinically or histologically. Hence, this study was undertaken to evaluate the expression of vimentin, epithelial-cadherin (E-Cad) and collagen IV in OSMF, using immunohistochemistry and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Materials and Methods: One hundred and eighty- five patients with OSMF (61), with habits and no OSMF (61) and patients without habit and OSMF (63) were subjected to biopsy for sample collection. The samples were analyzed immunohistochemically for vimentin, E-Cad and collagen IV. The PCR values for vimentin and E-Cad were also done. Results: Vimentin expression was increased in OSMF patients, whereas E-Cad expression was decreased in OSMF patients. Conclusion: Epithelial–mesenchymal transition signatures are definitely positive in OSMF cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Shesha Prasad
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, The Oxford Dental College and Hospital, Bommanahalli, Karnataka, India
| | - Anuradha Pai
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, The Oxford Dental College and Hospital, Bommanahalli, Karnataka, India
| | - K Shyamala
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Radiology, Raja Rajeswari Dental College and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Abhishek Bhadranna
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, The Oxford Dental College and Hospital, Bommanahalli, Karnataka, India
| | - Sadhana Shenoy
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, The Oxford Dental College and Hospital, Bommanahalli, Karnataka, India
| | - Anisha Yaji
- Sri Krishna Sevashrama Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Strzelczyk JK, Krakowczyk Ł, Owczarek AJ. Methylation status of SFRP1, SFRP2, RASSF1A, RARβ and DAPK1 genes in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. Arch Oral Biol 2018; 98:265-272. [PMID: 30576962 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Our study assessed the methylation status of the SFRP1, SFRP2, RASSF1A, RARβ and DAPK1 genes, which are associated with epigenetic silencing in cancers. In a group of 75 patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma, aberrant methylation was detected using methylation-specific PCR in tumours and matched margins. Our results showed significantly higher methylation frequency in tumours than in surgical margin of SFRP2 (26.6% vs 11.9%, p < 0.05) and DAPK1 (65.3% vs 41.3%, p < 0.01) genes. Moreover, methylation of the SFRP1 and DAPK1 genes was associated with older age. Advanced tumour stages were associated with lower rates of SFRP1 gene methylation. Decreased methylation levels of the SFRP2 and RASSF1A genes were associated with positive N stage. On the contrary, lymph node metastasis were associated with higher methylation rates of RARβ and DAPK1 genes. Patients with a familial history of cancer were associated with more frequently methylated SFRP1, SFRP2 and DAPK1 genes. Hypermethylation of DAPK1 was associated with decreased risk of death in patients. Our results are suggestive, although not conclusive, that some epigenetic changes, especially frequent hypermethylation of SFRP2 and DAPK1 genes, can be useful as potential diagnostic biomarkers of oral cavity cancer. Moreover, estimating the methylation status in surgical margins could become an additional strategy for more accurate treatment methods. Further efforts are needed to identify and validate this finding on a larger patient group and using new advanced methylation testing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Katarzyna Strzelczyk
- Department of Medical and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry in Zabrze, Jordana 19 Str., 41-808 Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Krakowczyk
- Clinic of Oncological and Reconstructive Surgery, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 15 Str., 44-101 Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Aleksander Jerzy Owczarek
- Department of Statistics, Department of Instrumental Analysis, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Ostrogórska 30 Str., 41-200 Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland.
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Xiao Q, Chen T, Wu Y, Wu W, Xu Y, Gong Z, Chen S. MicroRNA‑675‑3p promotes esophageal squamous cell cancer cell migration and invasion. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:3631-3640. [PMID: 30106155 PMCID: PMC6131498 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer ranks fourth in cancer-associated mortality in China and the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma has risen dramatically over the past two decades. MicroRNA (miRNA/miR) serves a pivotal role in human cancer cell growth, invasion and migration. MiR-675-3p is highly expressed in esophageal squamous cell cancer (ESCC) tissues, and may have an influence on ESCC cell migration and invasion. ESCC tumor tissue samples from 35 patients were profiled. MiR-675-3p expression was confirmed by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Manipulation of miR-675-3p via knockdown was carried out with subsequent evaluation of effects on cell proliferation, invasion, migration, and use of western blotting and ELISA assays. MiR-675-3p was overexpressed in ESCC tissues compared with normal tissues, and had higher expression levels in ESCC cells compared with the healthy esophageal epithelial cell line. The results revealed a predominant upregulation of cell migration and invasion ability. MiR-675-3p inhibitor inhibited ESCC cell proliferation, migration and invasion ability. It was also demonstrated that downregulation of miR-675-3p decreased the levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2 and 9 and increased the level of E-cadherin. In addition, the effects of miR-675-3p inhibitor on ESCC cell lines were eliminated by con-transfection with miR-675-3p inhibitor and miR-675-3p mimic. In conclusion, the results indicated that miR-675-3p may be involved in the progression of ESCC through regulating ESCC cell migration and invasion capacity via modulating epithelial mesenchymal transition markers (MMP2, MMP 9 and E-cadherin).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xiao
- School of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210046, P.R. China
| | - Tianming Chen
- Department of Surgery, Nanjing Medical University Third Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
| | - Yao Wu
- School of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210046, P.R. China
| | - Wenxiu Wu
- School of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210046, P.R. China
| | - Yandi Xu
- School of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210046, P.R. China
| | - Zhunan Gong
- School of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210046, P.R. China
| | - Shilin Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
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Strzelczyk JK, Krakowczyk Ł, Owczarek AJ. Aberrant DNA methylation of the p16, APC, MGMT, TIMP3 and CDH1 gene promoters in tumours and the surgical margins of patients with oral cavity cancer. J Cancer 2018; 9:1896-1904. [PMID: 29896273 PMCID: PMC5995944 DOI: 10.7150/jca.24477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral cavity cancer is a type of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and contributes to significant morbidity and mortality each year. An epigenetic pathway of transcriptional inactivation for many genes has been described in various cancers, including HNSCC. For our study, we selected genes for which silencing caused by hypermethylation can promote cancer development. In 75 primary HNSCC tumours and paired surgical margins, we investigated the methylation status of the p16, APC, MGMT, TIMP3 and CDH1 gene promoters by methylation-specific PCR after bisulphite treatment. The promoter methylation rates of p16, APC, MGMT, TIMP3 and CDH1 in tumours were 58.67%, 49.33%, 58.67%, 50.67%, and 57.33% and 50.67%, 41.33%, 37.33%, 42.67%, and 25.33% in the surgical margin, respectively. Our observations confirm the presence of epigenetic changes not only in the cancer cells, but also in the surrounding mucosa and represent a basis for further analysis to unravel these complicated issues. Appropriate cancer risk assessment based on epigenetic alterations in surgical margins may influence a patient's diagnosis and cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Katarzyna Strzelczyk
- Department of Medical and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry in Zabrze, Jordana 19 Str., 41-808 Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Łukasz Krakowczyk
- Clinic of Oncological and Reconstructive Surgery, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 15 Str., 44-101 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Aleksander Jerzy Owczarek
- Department of Statistics, Department of Instrumental Analysis, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Ostrogórska 30 Str., 41-200 Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Sosnowiec, Poland
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Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a head and neck cancer that represents a major health burden in Southern China and Southeast Asia. Although the close association of NPC with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection has been demonstrated, its exact role in the pathogenesis of this malignancy is still unclear. The expression of EBV-encoded microRNAs, especially BART miRNAs, which are encoded from the BamHI-A region of the viral genome, is detected at a high level in NPC. miRNAs are small noncoding mRNAs that can positively regulate the virus to ensure accurate expression of viral genomes and to modify the gene expression of host cells by negative regulation. Accumulating evidence suggests that ebv-mir-BARTs play a critical role in host cell survival, immune escape, cell proliferation, cell apoptosis, and cancer metabolism, promoting the generation of NPC. This review will summarize our current understanding of the nature and function of ebv-mir-BARTs in NPC.
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Wong SHM, Fang CM, Chuah LH, Leong CO, Ngai SC. E-cadherin: Its dysregulation in carcinogenesis and clinical implications. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2017; 121:11-22. [PMID: 29279096 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
E-cadherin is a transmembrane glycoprotein which connects epithelial cells together at adherens junctions. In normal cells, E-cadherin exerts its tumour suppressing role mainly by sequestering β-catenin from its binding to LEF (Lymphoid enhancer factor)/TCF (T cell factor) which serves the function of transcribing genes of the proliferative Wnt signaling pathway. Despite the ongoing debate on whether the loss of E-cadherin is the cause or effect of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), E-cadherin functional loss has frequently been associated with poor prognosis and survival in patients of various cancers. The dysregulation of E-cadherin expression that leads to carcinogenesis happens mostly at the epigenetic level but there are cases of genetic alterations as well. E-cadherin expression has been linked to the cellular functions of invasiveness reduction, growth inhibition, apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and differentiation. Studies on various cancers have shown that these different cellular functions are also interdependent. Recent studies have reported a rapid expansion of E-cadherin clinical relevance in various cancers. This review article summarises the multifaceted effect E-cadherin expression has on cellular functions in the context of carcinogenesis as well as its clinical implications in diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia How Ming Wong
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Chee Mun Fang
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Lay-Hong Chuah
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Chee Onn Leong
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Centre for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Siew Ching Ngai
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia.
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