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Kojom Foko LP, Jakhan J, Narang G, Singh V. Geographical and temporal dynamics of genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface proteins 1/2 in India. J Parasit Dis 2024; 48:610-623. [PMID: 39145372 PMCID: PMC11319558 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-024-01698-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The high genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) is a big obstacle to successful vaccine development programs. Here, the geographical and temporal dynamics of the genetic diversity of Indian Pf isolates from patients living in Ranchi, Raipur, Mewat, and Rourkela were analyzed. Typing and frequency of merozoite surface protein 1 and 2 genes (pfmsp1/2), their genotypes, clonality, heterozygosity, multiplicity of infection, and neutral evolution metrics were computed. A phylogenetic analysis was also performed for these two genes. The dominant allelic types were K1 (55%) and MAD20 (55%) for msp1, and FC27 (64.7%) for msp2. Infections were mainly monoclonal in Ranchi and Mewat while polyclonal in Raipur and Rourkela. Polyclonal infections dropped from 57.1 to 71.3% in 2013 to 33.3-33.4% in 2016 in Raipur. K1 and MAD20 sequences were highly diverse due to the organization of the amino acid units SGG, SVA, SVT, and SGN. The IC/3D7-related G,S,A-rich region showed a large variation of four to eight amino acid repeats, including mostly GAVASA (81.8%), GSGA (54.5%), and GASGSA (45.5%). The 32-amino acid sequence of the FC27 type was present in all isolates with several mutations. The msp1/2 sequences were not under neutral evolution, except the K1 family, which is under balancing selection. The msp1/2 sequences are phylogenetically closer to previous Indian sequences than those from Africa, Asia, the Americas, and Oceania. This study outlines a high genetic diversity of Pf infections with complex structure, and evolutionary signature changed with time. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12639-024-01698-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loick Pradel Kojom Foko
- Parasite and Host Biology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, Sector 8, New-Delhi, 110077 India
| | - Jahnvi Jakhan
- Parasite and Host Biology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, Sector 8, New-Delhi, 110077 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Geetika Narang
- Parasite and Host Biology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, Sector 8, New-Delhi, 110077 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Vineeta Singh
- Parasite and Host Biology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, Sector 8, New-Delhi, 110077 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
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Chaudhry S, Kojom Foko LP, Narang G, Hawadak J, Arya A, Pande V, Singh V. Genotyping var Gene DBL1α Domain of Severe and Non-severe Plasmodium falciparum Patients. Indian J Microbiol 2024; 64:583-592. [PMID: 39011004 PMCID: PMC11246362 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-024-01200-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
This study analysed the genetic diversity of DBL1α domain of Plasmodium falciparum var gene in severe and non-severe malaria patients from Delhi and Mewat in Northern India. After confirming P. falciparum infection, samples were cloned and the var gene DBL1α domain was sequenced. Out of 377 cloned DBL sequences, 194 were from severe samples and 183 from non-severe samples. Proportion of DBL1α sequences belonging to groups 1, 4 and 5 were significantly higher in severe isolates as compared to non-severe isolates-group 1 (4.1% vs 1.09%, P = 0.0333), group 4 (69.58% vs 74.31%, P < 0.0001), and group 5 (19.58% vs 10.38%, P < 0.0001). Conversely, higher proportion of group 2 was observed in non-severe isolates (0% vs 3.82%, P = 0.0350). Highest diversity was seen in PoLV4 motif of severe and non-severe isolates and like other DBL1α sequences reported from several geographical areas (Africa, Americas, Asia, and Oceania). A total of 247 DBL1α domain haplotypes were found in this study where 139 (56.27%) haplotypes are novel and not reported from India till date. These findings could aid in developing effective malaria interventions, including vaccine and drug targets, by understanding the existing antigenic diversity and vulnerabilities in the parasite's genetic makeup. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12088-024-01200-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shewta Chaudhry
- Cell Biology Laboratory and Malaria Parasite Bank, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand 263001 India
| | - Loick Pradel Kojom Foko
- Cell Biology Laboratory and Malaria Parasite Bank, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand 263001 India
| | - Geetika Narang
- Cell Biology Laboratory and Malaria Parasite Bank, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Joseph Hawadak
- Cell Biology Laboratory and Malaria Parasite Bank, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand 263001 India
| | - Aditi Arya
- Cell Biology Laboratory and Malaria Parasite Bank, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand 263001 India
| | - Veena Pande
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand 263001 India
| | - Vineeta Singh
- Cell Biology Laboratory and Malaria Parasite Bank, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
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Olowe RA, Ojo JA, Funwei RI, Oyedeji SI, Olowe OA, Thomas BN, Ojurongbe O. Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum among asymptomatic pregnant women on intermittent preventive treatment with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in Nigeria. Afr Health Sci 2023; 23:765-773. [PMID: 37545953 PMCID: PMC10398500 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v23i1.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum among asymptomatic pregnant women on intermittent preventive treatment with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (IPTp-Sp) in Osogbo, southwest Nigeria. Blood sample was obtained from consenting pregnant women attending antenatal clinics. Microscopy and Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were employed to diagnose and analyse genetic diversity. Of the 301 samples, 53 (18%) and 83 (28%) were positive for P. falciparum by microscopy and PCR, respectively. Using the merozoite surface protein (msp)-1, msp-2, and glutamate-rich protein (glurp) genes of P. falciparum as polymorphic markers, the msp-1 gene showed nine alleles with R033 (66.7%) being predominant, followed by K1 (45.5%) and MAD20 (33.3%). The msp-2 gene had 16 alleles (eight each for FC27 and 3D7). The 3D7 alleles (82.1%) was significantly more than FC27 alleles (48.2%) (p = 0.0093). Nine alleles were detected with glurp gene, presenting with the highest monoclonal and the lowest polyclonal infection. The multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 1.5, 1.8, and 1.2 were obtained for msp-1, msp-2 and glurp genes. In light of the high P. falciparum genetic diversity among pregnant women on IPT-Sp in this study, additional strategies for preventing and controlling malaria in pregnancy might be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita A Olowe
- Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology
| | - Johnson A Ojo
- Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology
| | | | - Segun I Oyedeji
- Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Department of Animal & Environmental Biology
| | - Olugbenga A Olowe
- Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology
| | - Bolaji N Thomas
- Rochester Institute of Technology, Department of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Olusola Ojurongbe
- Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology
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Al-Rumhi A, Al-Hashami Z, Al-Hamidhi S, Gadalla A, Naeem R, Ranford-Cartwright L, Pain A, Sultan AA, Babiker HA. Influx of diverse, drug resistant and transmissible Plasmodium falciparum into a malaria-free setting in Qatar. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:413. [PMID: 32539801 PMCID: PMC7296620 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05111-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Successful control programs have impeded local malaria transmission in almost all Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries: Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Saudi Arabia. Nevertheless, a prodigious influx of imported malaria via migrant workers sustains the threat of local transmission. Here we examine the origin of imported malaria in Qatar, assess genetic diversity and the prevalence of drug resistance genes in imported Plasmodium falciparum, and finally, address the potential for the reintroduction of local transmission. METHODS This study examined imported malaria cases reported in Qatar, between 2013 and 2016. We focused on P. falciparum infections and estimated both total parasite and gametocyte density, using qPCR and qRT-PCR, respectively. We also examined ten neutral microsatellites and four genes associated with drug resistance, Pfmrp1, Pfcrt, Pfmdr1, and Pfkelch13, to assess the genetic diversity of imported P. falciparum strains, and the potential for propagating drug resistance genotypes respectively. RESULTS The majority of imported malaria cases were P. vivax, while P. falciparum and mixed species infections (P. falciparum / P. vivax) were less frequent. The primary origin of P. vivax infection was the Indian subcontinent, while P. falciparum was mostly presented by African expatriates. Imported P. falciparum strains were highly diverse, carrying multiple genotypes, and infections also presented with early- and late-stage gametocytes. We observed a high prevalence of mutations implicated in drug resistance among these strains, including novel SNPs in Pfkelch13. CONCLUSIONS The influx of genetically diverse P. falciparum, with multiple drug resistance markers and a high capacity for gametocyte production, represents a threat for the reestablishment of drug-resistant malaria into GCC countries. This scenario highlights the impact of mass international migration on the reintroduction of malaria to areas with absent or limited local transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abir Al-Rumhi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Zainab Al-Hashami
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Salama Al-Hamidhi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Amal Gadalla
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Raeece Naeem
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdulla University for Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Lisa Ranford-Cartwright
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
| | - Arnab Pain
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdulla University for Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Research Centre for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, N20 W10 Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
- Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (NDCLS), The John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Ali A Sultan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine - Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation - Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hamza A Babiker
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman.
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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Characterization of drug resistance and genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum parasites from Tripura, Northeast India. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13704. [PMID: 31548652 PMCID: PMC6757058 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50152-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Monitoring of anti-malarial drug resistance is vital in Northeast India as this region shares its international border with Southeast Asia. Genetic diversity of Plasmodium parasites regulates transmission dynamics, disease severity and vaccine efficacy. P. falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter (Pfcrt), multidrug resistance-1 (Pfmdr-1) and kelch 13 propeller (PfK-13) genes which govern antimalarial drug resistance and three genetic diversity markers, merozoite surface protein 1 and 2 (Pfmsp-1, Pfmsp-2) and glutamate rich protein (Pfglurp) were evaluated from Tripura, Northeast India using molecular tools. In the Pfcrt gene, 87% isolates showed triple mutations at codons M74I, N75E and K76T. 12.5% isolates in Pfmdr-1 gene showed mutation at N86Y. No polymorphism in PfK-13 propeller was found. Polyclonal infections were observed in 53.85% isolates and more commonly in adults (p = 0.0494). In the Pfmsp-1 locus, the K1 allelic family was predominant (71.2%) followed by the 3D7/IC family (69.2%) in the Pfmsp-2 locus. RII region of Pfglurp exhibited nine alleles with expected heterozygosity of 0.85. The multiplicity of infection for Pfmsp-1, Pfmsp-2 and Pfglurp were 1.56, 1.31 and 1.06 respectively. Overall, the study demonstrated a high level of chloroquine resistance and extensive parasite diversity in the region, necessitating regular surveillance in this population group.
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Ghoshal S, Gajendra P, Datta Kanjilal S, Mitra M, Sengupta S. Diversity analysis of MSP1 identifies conserved epitope organization in block 2 amidst high sequence variability in Indian Plasmodium falciparum isolates. Malar J 2018; 17:447. [PMID: 30509263 PMCID: PMC6276175 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2592-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite its immunogenicity, the polymorphic nature of merozoite surface protein 1, an important vaccine candidate for Plasmodium falciparum malaria, remains a concern. This study analyses the impact of genetic variability and parasite population structure on epitope organization of different MSP1 segments. Methods Altogether 98 blood samples collected from P. falciparum infected mild and severe malaria patients of Chhattisgarh and West Bengal were used to sequence regions encoding block 2 and MSP1-19 of msp1. Sequences were analysed using MEGA7, DnaSPv5, Arlequin3.5 and BepiPred. Results All three major MSP1 block 2 allele families namely K1, MAD20 and RO33 were detected in the samples and they together resulted in 41 indel variants. Chhattisgarh samples displayed an average MOI of 2.07 ± 1.59 which was higher in mild malaria and in age group < 18 years. Ultra-structure of block 2 alleles revealed that mutation and repeat expansion were two major mechanisms responsible for allelic variability of K1 and MAD20. Regions flanking block 2 were highly variable in Chhattisgarh with average mismatch differences (k) ranging from 1.198 to 5.156 for three families. In contrast, region encompassing MSP1-19 exhibited limited heterogeneity (kChhattisgarh = 1.45, kWest Bengal = 1.363). Of the 50 possible B cell linear epitopes predicted from block 2 variants, 94.9% (131 of 138) of the parasites could be represented by three conserved antigens. Conclusions Present data indicates that natural selection and transmission intensity jointly play a role in controlling allelic diversity of MSP1 in Indian parasite isolates. Despite remarkable genetic variability, a limited number of predominant and conserved epitopes are present in Indian parasite isolates reinstating the importance of MSP1 as a promising malaria vaccine candidate. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-018-2592-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmistha Ghoshal
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700 019, India
| | - Pragya Gajendra
- School of Studies in Anthropology, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492010, India
| | - Sumana Datta Kanjilal
- Department of Pediatric Medicine, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education & Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Mitashree Mitra
- School of Studies in Anthropology, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492010, India
| | - Sanghamitra Sengupta
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700 019, India.
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Funwei RI, Thomas BN, Falade CO, Ojurongbe O. Extensive diversity in the allelic frequency of Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface proteins and glutamate-rich protein in rural and urban settings of southwestern Nigeria. Malar J 2018; 17:1. [PMID: 29291736 PMCID: PMC5749027 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-2149-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nigeria carries a high burden of malaria which makes continuous surveillance for current information on genetic diversity imperative. In this study, the merozoite surface proteins (msp-1, msp-2) and glutamate-rich protein (glurp) of Plasmodium falciparum collected from two communities representing rural and urban settings in Ibadan, southwestern Nigeria were analysed. Methods A total of 511 febrile children, aged 3–59 months, whose parents/guardians provided informed consent, were recruited into the study. Capillary blood was obtained for malaria rapid diagnostic test, thick blood smears for parasite count and blood spots on filter paper for molecular analysis. Results Three-hundred and nine samples were successfully genotyped for msp-1, msp-2 and glurp genes. The allelic distribution of the three genes was not significantly different in the rural and urban communities. R033 and 3D7 were the most prevalent alleles in both rural and urban communities for msp-1 and msp-2, respectively. Eleven of glurp RII region genotypes, coded I–XII, with sizes ranging from 500 to 1100 base pairs were detected in the rural setting. Genotype XI (1000–1050 bp) had the highest prevalence of 41.5 and 38.5% in rural and urban settings, respectively. Overall, 82.1 and 70.0% of samples had multiclonal infection with msp-1 gene resulting in a mean multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 2.8 and 2.6 for rural and urban samples, respectively. Msp-1 and msp-2 genes displayed higher levels of diversity and higher MOI rates than the glurp gene. Conclusion Significant genetic diversity was observed between rural and urban parasite populations in Ibadan, southwestern Nigeria. The results of this study show that malaria transmission intensity in these regions is still high. No significant difference was observed between rural and urban settings, except for a completely different msp-1 allele, compared to previous reports, thereby confirming the changing face of malaria transmission in these communities. This study provides important baseline information required for monitoring the impact of malaria elimination efforts in this region and data points useful in revising current protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland I Funwei
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.,Department of Pharmacy Technician Studies, Bayelsa State College of Health Technology, Yenagoa, Nigeria
| | - Bolaji N Thomas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences and Technology, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA.,Tropical Disease Research Laboratory, College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - Catherine O Falade
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.,Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olusola Ojurongbe
- Tropical Disease Research Laboratory, College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Osogbo, Nigeria. .,Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Osogbo, Nigeria.
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Alam MS, Elahi R, Mohon AN, Al-Amin HM, Kibria MG, Khan WA, Khanum H, Haque R. Plasmodium falciparum Genetic Diversity in Bangladesh Does Not Suggest a Hypoendemic Population Structure. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 94:1245-50. [PMID: 27139455 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the recommendation for the use of merozoite surface protein 1 (msp1), merozoite surface protein 2 (msp2), and glutamate-rich protein (glurp) genes as markers in drug efficacy studies by World Health Organization and their limited use in Bangladesh, the circulating Plasmodium falciparum population genetic structure has not yet been assessed in Bangladesh. This study presents a comprehensive report on the circulating P. falciparum population structure based on msp1, msp2, and glurp polymorphic gene markers in Bangladesh. Among the 130 pretreatment (day 0) P. falciparum samples from seven malaria-endemic districts, 14 distinct genotypes were observed for msp1, 20 for msp2, and 13 for glurp Polyclonal infection was reported in 94.6% (N = 123) of the samples. Multiplicity of infection (MOI) for msp1 was the highest (1.5) among the MOIs of the markers. The heterozygosity for msp1, msp2, and glurp was 0.89, 0.93, and 0.83, respectively. Data according to different malaria-endemic areas are also presented and discussed. Bangladesh is considered as a malaria-hypoendemic country. However, the prevalence of polyclonal infection and the genetic diversity of P. falciparum do not represent hypoendemicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shafiul Alam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia; Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Parasitology Branch, Department of Zoology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rubayet Elahi
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia; Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Parasitology Branch, Department of Zoology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Abu Naser Mohon
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia; Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Parasitology Branch, Department of Zoology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Hasan Mohammad Al-Amin
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia; Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Parasitology Branch, Department of Zoology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Golam Kibria
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia; Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Parasitology Branch, Department of Zoology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Wasif A Khan
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia; Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Parasitology Branch, Department of Zoology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Hamida Khanum
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia; Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Parasitology Branch, Department of Zoology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rashidul Haque
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia; Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Parasitology Branch, Department of Zoology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Emergence of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance in Indian isolates of Plasmodium falciparum in the last two decades. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 36:190-198. [PMID: 26319997 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Genotyping the sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) genes will help in identifying the genes under drug selection and the emergence of resistance in dhfr and dhps genes. India is an important hotspot for studying malaria due to the immense climatic diversity prevalent in the country. The central and eastern parts of the country are most vulnerable sites where malaria cases are reported throughout the year. From different regions of the country 173 field isolates were genotyped at various loci in dhfr and dhps genes collected between 1994 and 2013. This encompasses the period before antimalarial resistance emerged and the period after the use of combination therapy was made mandatory in the country. We observed the rise of resistant SP alleles from very low frequencies (in the year 1994) to steadily rising (in the year 2000) and maintaining this increasing trend subsequently (in the year 2013) as shown by the sequence analysis of dhfr and dhps genes. This study assessed the prevalence of mutations in dhfr and dhps genes associated with SP resistance in samples indicative of increase in resistance levels of Plasmodium falciparum to SP even after the change in malaria treatment policy in the country.
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