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Wehr MM, Reamon-Buettner SM, Ritter D, Knebel J, Niehof M, Escher SE. A comparison of the TempO-Seq and Affymetrix microarray platform using RTqPCR validation. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:669. [PMID: 38961363 PMCID: PMC11223392 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10586-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Next-generation risk assessment relies on mechanistic data from new approach methods, including transcriptome data. Various technologies, such as high-throughput targeted sequencing methods and microarray technologies based on hybridization with complementary probes, are used to determine differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The integration of data from different technologies requires a good understanding of the differences arising from the use of various technologies.To better understand the differences between the TempO-Seq platform and Affymetrix chip technology, whole-genome data for the volatile compound dimethylamine were compared. Selected DEGs were also confirmed using RTqPCR validation. Although the overlap of DEGs between TempO-Seq and Affymetrix was no higher than 37%, a comparison of the gene regulation in terms of log2fold changes revealed a very high concordance. RTqPCR confirmed the majority of DEGs from either platform in the examined dataset. Only a few conflicts were found (11%), while 22% were not confirmed, and 3% were not detected.Despite the observed differences between the two platforms, both can be validated using RTqPCR. Here we highlight some of the differences between the two platforms and discuss their applications in toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias M Wehr
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
| | | | - Detlef Ritter
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan Knebel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Monika Niehof
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sylvia E Escher
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
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2
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Ritter D, Knebel J, Hansen T, Zifle A, Fuchs A, Fautz R, Schwarz K. Development of a non-target strategy for evaluation of potential biological effects of inhalable aerosols generated during purposeful room conditioning using an in vitro inhalation model. Inhal Toxicol 2023; 35:271-284. [PMID: 37853720 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2023.2267618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES An integrated in vitro inhalation approach was outlined to estimate potential adverse acute inhalation effects of aerosols from commercial nebulizer applications used for purposeful room conditioning such as disinfection, scenting or others. Aerosol characterization, exposure estimation and evaluation of acute biological effects by in vitro inhalation were included to generate dose-response data, allowing for determination of in vitro lowest observable adverse effect levels (LOAELs). Correlation of these to estimates of human lung deposition was included for quantitative in vitro to in vivo extrapolation approach (QIVIVE) for acute effects during human exposure. METHODS To test the proposed approach, a case study was undertaken using two realistic test materials. An acute in vitro inhalation setup with air-liquid interface A549-cells in an optimized exposure situation (P.R.I.T.® ExpoCube®) was used to expose cells and analysis of relevant biological effects (viability, mitochondrial membrane potential, stress, IL-8 release) was carried out. RESULTS The observed dose-responsive effects in a sub-toxic dose-range could be attributed to the main component of one test material and its presence in the aerosol phase of the nebulized material. QIVIVE resulted in a factor of at least 256 between the in vitro LOAEL and the estimated acute human lung exposure for this test material. CONCLUSIONS The case-study shows the value of the non-target in vitro inhalation testing approach especially in case of a lack of knowledge on complex product composition. It is expected that approaches like this will be of high value for product safety and environmental health in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Detlef Ritter
- Respiratory Pharmacology, Fraunhofer ITEM, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan Knebel
- Respiratory Pharmacology, Fraunhofer ITEM, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tanja Hansen
- Respiratory Pharmacology, Fraunhofer ITEM, Hannover, Germany
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3
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Kohl Y, Müller M, Fink M, Mamier M, Fürtauer S, Drexel R, Herrmann C, Dähnhardt-Pfeiffer S, Hornberger R, Arz MI, Metzger C, Wagner S, Sängerlaub S, Briesen H, Meier F, Krebs T. Development and Characterization of a 96-Well Exposure System for Safety Assessment of Nanomaterials. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2207207. [PMID: 36922728 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a 96-well exposure system for safety assessment of nanomaterials is developed and characterized using an air-liquid interface lung epithelial model. This system is designed for sequential nebulization. Distribution studies verify the reproducible distribution over all 96 wells, with lower insert-to-insert variability compared to non-sequential application. With a first set of chemicals (TritonX), drugs (Bortezomib), and nanomaterials (silver nanoparticles and (non-)fluorescent crystalline nanocellulose), sequential exposure studies are performed with human lung epithelial cells followed by quantification of the deposited mass and of cell viability. The developed exposure system offers for the first time the possibility of exposing an air-liquid interface model in a 96-well format, resulting in high-throughput rates, combined with the feature for sequential dosing. This exposure system allows the possibility of creating dose-response curves resulting in the generation of more reliable cell-based assay data for many types of applications, such as safety analysis. In addition to chemicals and drugs, nanomaterials with spherical shapes, but also morphologically more complex nanostructures can be exposed sequentially with high efficiency. This allows new perspectives on in vivo-like and animal-free approaches for chemical and pharmaceutical safety assessment, in line with the 3R principle of replacing and reducing animal experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Kohl
- Bioprocessing & Bioanalytics, Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, 66280, Sulzbach, Germany
| | - Michelle Müller
- Bioprocessing & Bioanalytics, Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, 66280, Sulzbach, Germany
| | - Marielle Fink
- VITROCELL Systems GmbH, Fabrik Sonntag 3, 79183, Waldkirch, Germany
| | - Marc Mamier
- VITROCELL Systems GmbH, Fabrik Sonntag 3, 79183, Waldkirch, Germany
| | - Siegfried Fürtauer
- Materials Development, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering & Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Str. 35, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Roland Drexel
- Postnova Analytics GmbH, 86899, Landsberg am Lech, Germany
| | - Christine Herrmann
- Process Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Technical University Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 4, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | | | - Ramona Hornberger
- Materials Development, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering & Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Str. 35, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Marius I Arz
- Materials Development, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering & Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Str. 35, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Christoph Metzger
- Process Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Technical University Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 4, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Sylvia Wagner
- Bioprocessing & Bioanalytics, Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, 66280, Sulzbach, Germany
| | - Sven Sängerlaub
- Materials Development, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering & Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Str. 35, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Heiko Briesen
- Process Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Technical University Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 4, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Florian Meier
- Postnova Analytics GmbH, 86899, Landsberg am Lech, Germany
| | - Tobias Krebs
- VITROCELL Systems GmbH, Fabrik Sonntag 3, 79183, Waldkirch, Germany
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4
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Drake C, Wehr MM, Zobl W, Koschmann J, De Lucca D, Kühne BA, Hansen T, Knebel J, Ritter D, Boei J, Vrieling H, Bitsch A, Escher SE. Substantiate a read-across hypothesis by using transcriptome data-A case study on volatile diketones. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2023; 5:1155645. [PMID: 37206915 PMCID: PMC10188990 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2023.1155645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This case study explores the applicability of transcriptome data to characterize a common mechanism of action within groups of short-chain aliphatic α-, β-, and γ-diketones. Human reference in vivo data indicate that the α-diketone diacetyl induces bronchiolitis obliterans in workers involved in the preparation of microwave popcorn. The other three α-diketones induced inflammatory responses in preclinical in vivo animal studies, whereas beta and gamma diketones in addition caused neuronal effects. We investigated early transcriptional responses in primary human bronchiolar (PBEC) cell cultures after 24 h and 72 h of air-liquid exposure. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were assessed based on transcriptome data generated with the EUToxRisk gene panel of Temp-O-Seq®. For each individual substance, genes were identified displaying a consistent differential expression across dose and exposure duration. The log fold change values of the DEG profiles indicate that α- and β-diketones are more active compared to γ-diketones. α-diketones in particular showed a highly concordant expression pattern, which may serve as a first indication of the shared mode of action. In order to gain a better mechanistic understanding, the resultant DEGs were submitted to a pathway analysis using ConsensusPathDB. The four α-diketones showed very similar results with regard to the number of activated and shared pathways. Overall, the number of signaling pathways decreased from α-to β-to γ-diketones. Additionally, we reconstructed networks of genes that interact with one another and are associated with different adverse outcomes such as fibrosis, inflammation or apoptosis using the TRANSPATH-database. Transcription factor enrichment and upstream analyses with the geneXplain platform revealed highly interacting gene products (called master regulators, MRs) per case study compound. The mapping of the resultant MRs on the reconstructed networks, visualized similar gene regulation with regard to fibrosis, inflammation and apoptosis. This analysis showed that transcriptome data can strengthen the similarity assessment of compounds, which is of particular importance, e.g., in read-across approaches. It is one important step towards grouping of compounds based on biological profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Drake
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Chemical Safety and Toxicology, Hannover, Germany
- *Correspondence: Christina Drake,
| | - Matthias M. Wehr
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Chemical Safety and Toxicology, Hannover, Germany
| | - Walter Zobl
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Chemical Safety and Toxicology, Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | - Britta A. Kühne
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Chemical Safety and Toxicology, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tanja Hansen
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Chemical Safety and Toxicology, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan Knebel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Chemical Safety and Toxicology, Hannover, Germany
| | - Detlef Ritter
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Chemical Safety and Toxicology, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan Boei
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Annette Bitsch
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Chemical Safety and Toxicology, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sylvia E. Escher
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Chemical Safety and Toxicology, Hannover, Germany
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5
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Lakhdar R, Mumby S, Abubakar-Waziri H, Porter A, Adcock IM, Chung KF. Lung toxicity of particulates and gaseous pollutants using ex-vivo airway epithelial cell culture systems. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 305:119323. [PMID: 35447256 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution consists of a multi-faceted mix of gases and ambient particulate matter (PM) with diverse organic and non-organic chemical components that contribute to increasing morbidity and mortality worldwide. In particular, epidemiological and clinical studies indicate that respiratory health is adversely affected by exposure to air pollution by both causing and worsening (exacerbating) diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, interstitial pulmonary fibrosis and lung cancer. The molecular mechanisms of air pollution-induced pulmonary toxicity have been evaluated with regards to different types of PM of various sizes and concentrations with single and multiple exposures over different time periods. These data provide a plausible interrelationship between cellular toxicity and the activation of multiple biological processes including proinflammatory responses, oxidative stress, mitochondrial oxidative damage, autophagy, apoptosis, cell genotoxicity, cellular senescence and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. However, these molecular changes have been studied predominantly in cell lines rather than in primary bronchial or nasal cells from healthy subjects or those isolated from patients with airways disease. In addition, they have been conducted under different cell culture conditions and generally in submerged culture rather than the more relevant air-liquid interface culture and with a variety of air pollutant exposure protocols. Cell types may respond differentially to pollution delivered as an aerosol rather than being bathed in media containing agglomerations of particles. As a result, the actual pathophysiological pathways activated by different PMs in primary cells from the airways of healthy and asthmatic subjects remains unclear. This review summarises the literature on the different methodologies utilised in studying the impact of submicron-sized pollutants on cells derived from the respiratory tract with an emphasis on data obtained from primary human cell. We highlight the critical underlying molecular mechanisms that may be important in driving disease processes in response to air pollution in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramzi Lakhdar
- National Heart and Lung Institute and *Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW3 6LY, United Kingdom.
| | - Sharon Mumby
- National Heart and Lung Institute and *Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW3 6LY, United Kingdom.
| | - Hisham Abubakar-Waziri
- National Heart and Lung Institute and *Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW3 6LY, United Kingdom.
| | - Alexandra Porter
- National Heart and Lung Institute and *Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW3 6LY, United Kingdom.
| | - Ian M Adcock
- National Heart and Lung Institute and *Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW3 6LY, United Kingdom.
| | - Kian Fan Chung
- National Heart and Lung Institute and *Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW3 6LY, United Kingdom.
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6
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Zhang J, Doshi U, Wolz RL, Kosachevsky P, Oldham MJ, Gillman IG, Lee KM. Fit-for-purpose characterization of air-liquid-interface (ALI) in vitro exposure systems for e-vapor aerosol. Toxicol In Vitro 2022; 82:105352. [PMID: 35341918 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Air-liquid-interface (ALI) exposure systems deliver aerosol to the apical surface of cells which mimics the in vivo inhalation exposure conditions. It is necessary, however, to quantify the delivered amount of aerosol for ALI-based in vitro toxicity assessment. In this study, we evaluated two commercially available ALI exposure systems, a Vitrocell® Ames 48 (Ames 48) and a Vitrocell® 24/48 (VC 24/48), and the Vitrocell® VC1/7 smoking machine using a cig-a-like cartridge-based e-vapor device with a prototype formulation (containing 4% nicotine by weight). We characterized aerosol particle-size distribution, aerosol mass, and major chemical components (nicotine, propylene glycol, and glycerol) at the generation source and verified the repeatability of the aerosol generation. We determined aerosol delivery at the ALI by gravimetric analysis of mass collected on Cambridge filter pads and analytical quantitation of the buffer medium which showed that both aerosol mass and nicotine to an exposure insert linearly increased up to 400 puffs. The delivered aerosol mass covered a wide range of 0.8-3.4 mg per insert in the Ames 48 with variability (relative standard deviation, RSD) up to 12% and 1.1-6.4 mg per insert in the VC 24/48 with variability up to 15%. The delivered nicotine ranged approximately up to 200 μg per insert in both exposure systems. These results provided operation and aerosol delivery information of these ALI exposure systems for subsequent in vitro testing of e-vapor aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhang
- Altria Client Services LLC, Richmond, VA, United States of America.
| | - U Doshi
- Altria Client Services LLC, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - R L Wolz
- Enthalpy Analytical, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - P Kosachevsky
- Enthalpy Analytical, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - M J Oldham
- Altria Client Services LLC, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - I G Gillman
- Enthalpy Analytical, Richmond, VA, United States of America; Enthalpy Analytical, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - K M Lee
- Altria Client Services LLC, Richmond, VA, United States of America
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7
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Moreira A, Müller M, Costa PF, Kohl Y. Advanced In Vitro Lung Models for Drug and Toxicity Screening: The Promising Role of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2021; 6:e2101139. [PMID: 34962104 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202101139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The substantial socioeconomic burden of lung diseases, recently highlighted by the disastrous impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, accentuates the need for interventive treatments capable of decelerating disease progression, limiting organ damage, and contributing to a functional tissue recovery. However, this is hampered by the lack of accurate human lung research models, which currently fail to reproduce the human pulmonary architecture and biochemical environment. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and organ-on-chip (OOC) technologies possess suitable characteristics for the generation of physiologically relevant in vitro lung models, allowing for developmental studies, disease modeling, and toxicological screening. Importantly, these platforms represent potential alternatives for animal testing, according to the 3Rs (replace, reduce, refine) principle, and hold promise for the identification and approval of new chemicals under the European REACH (registration, evaluation, authorization and restriction of chemicals) framework. As such, this review aims to summarize recent progress made in human iPSC- and OOC-based in vitro lung models. A general overview of the present applications of in vitro lung models is presented, followed by a summary of currently used protocols to generate different lung cell types from iPSCs. Lastly, recently developed iPSC-based lung models are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michelle Müller
- Department of Bioprocessing and Bioanalytics, Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, 66280, Sulzbach, Germany
| | - Pedro F Costa
- BIOFABICS, Rua Alfredo Allen 455, Porto, 4200-135, Portugal
| | - Yvonne Kohl
- Department of Bioprocessing and Bioanalytics, Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, 66280, Sulzbach, Germany.,Postgraduate Course for Toxicology and Environmental Toxicology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 28, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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8
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Singh AV, Romeo A, Scott K, Wagener S, Leibrock L, Laux P, Luch A, Kerkar P, Balakrishnan S, Dakua SP, Park B. Emerging Technologies for In Vitro Inhalation Toxicology. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100633. [PMID: 34292676 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory toxicology remains a major research area in the 21st century since current scenario of airborne viral infection transmission and pollutant inhalation is expected to raise the annual morbidity beyond 2 million. Clinical and epidemiological research connecting human exposure to air contaminants to understand adverse pulmonary health outcomes is, therefore, an immediate subject of human health assessment. Important observations in defining systemic effects of environmental contaminants on inhalation metabolic dysfunction, liver health, and gastrointestinal tract have been well explored with in vivo models. In this review, a framework is provided, a paradigm is established about inhalation toxicity testing in vitro, and a brief overview of breathing Lungs-on-Chip (LoC) as design concepts is given. The optimized bioengineering approaches and microfluidics with their fundamental pros, and cons are presented. There are different strategies that researchers apply to inhalation toxicity studies to assess a variety of inhalable substances and relevant LoC approaches. A case study from published literature and frame arguments about reproducibility as well as in vitro/in vivo correlations are discussed. Finally, the opportunities and challenges in soft robotics, systems inhalation toxicology approach integrating bioengineering, machine learning, and artificial intelligence to address a multitude model for future toxicology are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Vikram Singh
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) Max‐Dohrn‐Strasse 8‐10 Berlin 10589 Germany
| | - Anthony Romeo
- Department of Chemical Engineering Rayen School of Engineering Youngstown State University Youngstown OH 44555 USA
| | - Kassandra Scott
- Department of Chemical Engineering Rayen School of Engineering Youngstown State University Youngstown OH 44555 USA
| | - Sandra Wagener
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) Max‐Dohrn‐Strasse 8‐10 Berlin 10589 Germany
| | - Lars Leibrock
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) Max‐Dohrn‐Strasse 8‐10 Berlin 10589 Germany
| | - Peter Laux
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) Max‐Dohrn‐Strasse 8‐10 Berlin 10589 Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) Max‐Dohrn‐Strasse 8‐10 Berlin 10589 Germany
| | - Pranali Kerkar
- ICMR – National AIDS Research Institute (NARI) Pune Maharashtra 411026 India
| | - Shidin Balakrishnan
- Department of Surgery Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC) PO Box 3050 Doha Qatar
| | - Sarada Prasad Dakua
- Department of Surgery Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC) PO Box 3050 Doha Qatar
| | - Byung‐Wook Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering Rayen School of Engineering Youngstown State University Youngstown OH 44555 USA
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9
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Primavessy D, Metz J, Schnur S, Schneider M, Lehr CM, Hittinger M. Pulmonary in vitro instruments for the replacement of animal experiments. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 168:62-75. [PMID: 34438019 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Advanced in vitro systems often combine a mechanical-physical instrument with a biological component e.g. cell culture models. For testing of aerosols, it is of advantage to consider aerosol behavior, particle deposition and lung region specific cell lines. Although there are many good reviews on the selection of cell cultures, articles on instruments are rare. This article focuses on the development of in vitro instruments targeting the exposure of aerosols on cell cultures. In this context, guidelines for toxicity investigation are taken into account as the aim of new methods must be the prediction of human relevant data and the replacement of existing animal experiments. We provide an overview on development history of research-based instruments from a pharmaceutical point of view. The standardized commercial devices resulting from the research-based instruments are presented and the future perspectives on pulmonary in vitro devices are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Primavessy
- Department of Drug Delivery, PharmBioTec Research and Development GmbH, Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Julia Metz
- Department of Drug Delivery, PharmBioTec Research and Development GmbH, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Sabrina Schnur
- Department of Drug Delivery, PharmBioTec Research and Development GmbH, Saarbrücken, Germany; Department of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Marc Schneider
- Department of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Claus-Michael Lehr
- Department of Drug Delivery, PharmBioTec Research and Development GmbH, Saarbrücken, Germany; Department of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Marius Hittinger
- Department of Drug Delivery, PharmBioTec Research and Development GmbH, Saarbrücken, Germany; 3RProducts Marius Hittinger, Blieskastel, Germany
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10
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Singh AV, Maharjan RS, Kromer C, Laux P, Luch A, Vats T, Chandrasekar V, Dakua SP, Park BW. Advances in Smoking Related In Vitro Inhalation Toxicology: A Perspective Case of Challenges and Opportunities from Progresses in Lung-on-Chip Technologies. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:1984-2002. [PMID: 34397218 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The inhalation toxicology of multifaceted particulate matter from the environment, cigarette smoke, and e-cigarette liquid vapes is a major research topic concerning the adverse effect of these items on lung tissue. In vitro air-liquid interface (ALI) culture models hold more potential in an inhalation toxicity assessment. Apropos to e-cigarette toxicity, the multiflavor components of the vapes pose a complex experimental bottleneck. While an appropriate ALI setup has been one part of the focus to overcome this, parallel attention towards the development of an ideal exposure system has pushed the field forward. With the advent of microfluidic devices, lung-on-chip (LOC) technologies show enormous opportunities in in vitro smoke-related inhalation toxicity. In this review, we provide a framework, establish a paradigm about smoke-related inhalation toxicity testing in vitro, and give a brief overview of breathing LOC experimental design concepts. The capabilities with optimized bioengineering approaches and microfluidics and their fundamental pros and cons are presented with specific case studies. The LOC model can imitate the structural, functional, and mechanical properties of human alveolar-capillary interface and are more reliable than conventional in vitro models. Finally, we outline current perspective challenges as well as opportunities of future development to smoking lungs-on-chip technologies based on advances in soft robotics, machine learning, and bioengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Vikram Singh
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, Berlin 10589, Germany
| | - Romi Singh Maharjan
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, Berlin 10589, Germany
| | - Charlotte Kromer
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, Berlin 10589, Germany
| | - Peter Laux
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, Berlin 10589, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, Berlin 10589, Germany
| | - Tanusri Vats
- KNIPSS Management Institute, Faridipur Campus, NH 96, Faizabad-Allahabad Road, Sultanpur 228119, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | | | - Byung-Wook Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Rayen School of Engineering, Youngstown State University, Youngstown 44555, Ohio, United States
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Intermittent exposure to whole cigarette smoke alters the differentiation of primary small airway epithelial cells in the air-liquid interface culture. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6257. [PMID: 32277131 PMCID: PMC7148343 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63345-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS) is the leading risk factor to develop COPD. Therefore, the pathologic effects of whole CS on the differentiation of primary small airway epithelial cells (SAEC) were investigated, using cells from three healthy donors and three COPD patients, cultured under ALI (air-liquid interface) conditions. The analysis of the epithelial physiology demonstrated that CS impaired barrier formation and reduced cilia beat activity. Although, COPD-derived ALI cultures preserved some features known from COPD patients, CS-induced effects were similarly pronounced in ALI cultures from patients compared to healthy controls. RNA sequencing analyses revealed the deregulation of marker genes for basal and secretory cells upon CS exposure. The comparison between gene signatures obtained from the in vitro model (CS vs. air) with a published data set from human epithelial brushes (smoker vs. non-smoker) revealed a high degree of similarity between deregulated genes and pathways induced by CS. Taken together, whole cigarette smoke alters the differentiation of small airway basal cells in vitro. The established model showed a good translatability to the situation in vivo. Thus, the model can help to identify and test novel therapeutic approaches to restore the impaired epithelial repair mechanisms in COPD, which is still a high medical need.
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Ritter D, Knebel J, Niehof M, Loinaz I, Marradi M, Gracia R, te Welscher Y, van Nostrum CF, Falciani C, Pini A, Strandh M, Hansen T. In vitro inhalation cytotoxicity testing of therapeutic nanosystems for pulmonary infection. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 63:104714. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.104714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Ritter D, Bitsch A, Elend M, Schuchardt S, Hansen T, Brodbeck C, Knebel J, Fuchs A, Gronewold C, Fautz R. Development and Evaluation of an In Vitro Test System for Toxicity Screening of Aerosols Released from Consumer Products and First Application to Aerosols from a Hair Straightening Process. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2017.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Detlef Ritter
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Hannover, Germany
| | - Annette Bitsch
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Hannover, Germany
| | - Manfred Elend
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Hannover, Germany
| | - Sven Schuchardt
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Hannover, Germany
| | - Tanja Hansen
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Hannover, Germany
| | - Carsten Brodbeck
- Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing SCAI, Sankt Augustin, Germany
| | - Jan Knebel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Hannover, Germany
| | - Anne Fuchs
- Safety and Toxicology, KAO Germany GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Rolf Fautz
- Safety and Toxicology, KAO Germany GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
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14
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Lacroix G, Koch W, Ritter D, Gutleb AC, Larsen ST, Loret T, Zanetti F, Constant S, Chortarea S, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Hiemstra PS, Frejafon E, Hubert P, Gribaldo L, Kearns P, Aublant JM, Diabaté S, Weiss C, de Groot A, Kooter I. Air-Liquid Interface In Vitro Models for Respiratory Toxicology Research: Consensus Workshop and Recommendations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 4:91-106. [PMID: 32953944 PMCID: PMC7500038 DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2017.0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In vitro air-liquid interface (ALI) cell culture models can potentially be used to assess inhalation toxicology endpoints and are usually considered, in terms of relevancy, between classic (i.e., submerged) in vitro models and animal-based models. In some situations that need to be clearly defined, ALI methods may represent a complement or an alternative option to in vivo experimentations or classic in vitro methods. However, it is clear that many different approaches exist and that only very limited validation studies have been carried out to date. This means comparison of data from different methods is difficult and available methods are currently not suitable for use in regulatory assessments. This is despite inhalation toxicology being a priority area for many governmental organizations. In this setting, a 1-day workshop on ALI in vitro models for respiratory toxicology research was organized in Paris in March 2016 to assess the situation and to discuss what might be possible in terms of validation studies. The workshop was attended by major parties in Europe and brought together more than 60 representatives from various academic, commercial, and regulatory organizations. Following plenary, oral, and poster presentations, an expert panel was convened to lead a discussion on possible approaches to validation studies for ALI inhalation models. A series of recommendations were made and the outcomes of the workshop are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghislaine Lacroix
- Chronic Risks Division, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des RISques, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Wolfgang Koch
- In Vitro und Mechanistische Toxikologie, Fraunhofer ITEM, Hannover, Germany
| | - Detlef Ritter
- In Vitro und Mechanistische Toxikologie, Fraunhofer ITEM, Hannover, Germany
| | - Arno C Gutleb
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Søren Thor Larsen
- Inhalation Toxicology Group, National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Loret
- Chronic Risks Division, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des RISques, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Filippo Zanetti
- Systems Toxicology Department, Philip Morris International R&D, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Savvina Chortarea
- BioNanomaterials, Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.,Laboratory for Materials-Biology Interactions, EMPA, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials, Science and Technology, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | | | - Pieter S Hiemstra
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Emeric Frejafon
- Chronic Risks Division, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des RISques, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Philippe Hubert
- Chronic Risks Division, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des RISques, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Laura Gribaldo
- Directorate F-Health, Consumers and Reference Materials Chemicals Safety and Alternative Methods Unit (F.3), EURL ECVAM, JRC, Ispra, Italy
| | - Peter Kearns
- Environment, Health and Safety Division, OECD, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marc Aublant
- European Affairs and Standardization, Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d'Essais, Paris, France
| | - Silvia Diabaté
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Carsten Weiss
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Antoinette de Groot
- Toxicological and Environmental Risk Assessment (TERA) Department, Solvay, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ingeborg Kooter
- Department of Circular Environment and Environment (CEE), TNO, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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15
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Zavala J, Greenan R, Krantz QT, DeMarini DM, Higuchi M, Gilmour MI, White PA. Regulating temperature and relative humidity in air-liquid interface in vitro systems eliminates cytotoxicity resulting from control air exposures. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2017; 6:448-459. [PMID: 30090513 DOI: 10.1039/c7tx00109f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
VITROCELL® systems permit cell exposures at the air-liquid interface (ALI); however, there are inconsistent methodologies in the literature for their operation. Some studies find that exposure to air (vehicle control) induced cytotoxicity relative to incubator controls; others do not mention if any cytotoxicity was encountered. We sought to test whether temperature and relative humidity (temp/RH) influence cytotoxicity with an unmodified (conditions A & B) and modified (condition C) VITROCELL® 6 CF with temp/RH controls to permit conditioning of the sampled air-flow. We exposed BEAS-2B cells for 1 h to air and measured viability (WST-1 cell proliferation assay) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release 6 h post-exposure. Relative to controls, cells exposed to air at (A) 22 °C and 18% RH had a 47.9% ± 3.2% (p < 0.0001) reduction in cell viability and 10.7% ± 2.0% (p < 0.0001) increase in LDH release (B) 22 °C and 55% RH had a 40.3% ± 5.8% (p < 0.0001) reduction in cell viability and 2.6% ± 2.0% (p = 0.2056) increase in LDH release, or (C) 37 °C and >75% RH showed no changes in cell viability and no increase in LDH release. Furthermore, cells exposed to air at 37 °C and >75% RH 24 h post-exposure showed no changes in viability or LDH release relative to incubator controls. Thus, reductions in cell viability were induced under conditions used typically in the literature (conditions A & B). However, our modifications (condition C) overcome this shortcoming by preventing cell desiccation; regulating temp/RH is essential for conducting adequate ALI exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Zavala
- NHEERL , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC 27711 , USA . ; Tel: +1-919-541-2316
| | - Rebecca Greenan
- Mechanistic Studies Division , Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau , Health Canada , Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0K9 , Canada . ; ; Tel: +1-613-941-7373
| | - Q Todd Krantz
- NHEERL , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC 27711 , USA . ; Tel: +1-919-541-2316
| | - David M DeMarini
- NHEERL , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC 27711 , USA . ; Tel: +1-919-541-2316
| | - Mark Higuchi
- NHEERL , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC 27711 , USA . ; Tel: +1-919-541-2316
| | - M Ian Gilmour
- NHEERL , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC 27711 , USA . ; Tel: +1-919-541-2316
| | - Paul A White
- Mechanistic Studies Division , Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau , Health Canada , Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0K9 , Canada . ; ; Tel: +1-613-941-7373
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Frijns E, Verstraelen S, Stoehr LC, Van Laer J, Jacobs A, Peters J, Tirez K, Boyles MSP, Geppert M, Madl P, Nelissen I, Duschl A, Himly M. A Novel Exposure System Termed NAVETTA for In Vitro Laminar Flow Electrodeposition of Nanoaerosol and Evaluation of Immune Effects in Human Lung Reporter Cells. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:5259-5269. [PMID: 28339192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A new prototype air-liquid interface (ALI) exposure system, a flatbed aerosol exposure chamber termed NAVETTA, was developed to investigate deposition of engineered nanoparticles (NPs) on cultured human lung A549 cells directly from the gas phase. This device mimics human lung cell exposure to NPs due to a low horizontal gas flow combined with cells exposed at the ALI. Electrostatic field assistance is applied to improve NP deposition efficiency. As proof-of-principle, cell viability and immune responses after short-term exposure to nanocopper oxide (CuO)-aerosol were determined. We found that, due to the laminar aerosol flow and a specific orientation of inverted transwells, much higher deposition rates were obtained compared to the normal ALI setup. Cellular responses were monitored with postexposure incubation in submerged conditions, revealing CuO dissolution in a concentration-dependent manner. Cytotoxicity was the result of ionic and nonionic Cu fractions. Using the optimized inverted ALI/postincubation procedure, pro-inflammatory immune responses, in terms of interleukin (IL)-8 promoter and nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) activity, were observed within short time, i.e. One hour exposure to ALI-deposited CuO-NPs and 2.5 h postincubation. NAVETTA is a novel option for mimicking human lung cell exposure to NPs, complementing existing ALI systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien Frijns
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV) , Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Sandra Verstraelen
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV) , Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Linda Corinna Stoehr
- Paris Lodron University of Salzburg (PLUS) , Department of Molecular Biology, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Jo Van Laer
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV) , Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - An Jacobs
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV) , Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Jan Peters
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV) , Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Kristof Tirez
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV) , Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Matthew Samuel Powys Boyles
- Paris Lodron University of Salzburg (PLUS) , Department of Molecular Biology, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Mark Geppert
- Paris Lodron University of Salzburg (PLUS) , Department of Molecular Biology, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Pierre Madl
- Paris Lodron University of Salzburg (PLUS) , Department of Molecular Biology, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Inge Nelissen
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV) , Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Albert Duschl
- Paris Lodron University of Salzburg (PLUS) , Department of Molecular Biology, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Martin Himly
- Paris Lodron University of Salzburg (PLUS) , Department of Molecular Biology, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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