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Lu CH, Allen K, Oei F, Leoni E, Kuhle J, Tree T, Fratta P, Sharma N, Sidle K, Howard R, Orrell R, Fish M, Greensmith L, Pearce N, Gallo V, Malaspina A. Systemic inflammatory response and neuromuscular involvement in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2016; 3:e244. [PMID: 27308305 PMCID: PMC4897985 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the combined blood expression of neuromuscular and inflammatory biomarkers as predictors of disease progression and prognosis in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Methods: Logistic regression adjusted for markers of the systemic inflammatory state and principal component analysis were carried out on plasma levels of creatine kinase (CK), ferritin, and 11 cytokines measured in 95 patients with ALS and 88 healthy controls. Levels of circulating biomarkers were used to study survival by Cox regression analysis and correlated with disease progression and neurofilament light chain (NfL) levels available from a previous study. Cytokines expression was also tested in blood samples longitudinally collected for up to 4 years from 59 patients with ALS. Results: Significantly higher levels of CK, ferritin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)–α, and interleukin (IL)–1β, IL-2, IL-8, IL-12p70, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13 and lower levels of interferon (IFN)–γ were found in plasma samples from patients with ALS compared to controls. IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ were the most highly regulated markers when all explanatory variables were jointly analyzed. High ferritin and IL-2 levels were predictors of poor survival. IL-5 levels were positively correlated with CK, as was TNF-α with NfL. IL-6 was strongly associated with CRP levels and was the only marker showing increasing expression towards end-stage disease in the longitudinal analysis. Conclusions: Neuromuscular pathology in ALS involves the systemic regulation of inflammatory markers mostly active on T-cell immune responses. Disease stratification based on the prognostic value of circulating inflammatory markers could improve clinical trials design in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Hua Lu
- Centre for Neuroscience & Trauma (C.L., F.O., J.K., A.M.) and Centre of Primary Care and Public Health (V.G.), Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London; Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders (C.L., P.F., L.G.), MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases (P.F., L.G.), MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing (N.S.), Department of Molecular Neuroscience (K.S.), and Department of Clinical Neuroscience (R.O.), UCL Institute of Neurology; Basildon and Thurrock University Hospitals (K.A., A.M.), NHS Foundation Trust, Basildon; William Harvey Hospital (F.O.), Kent; Proteome Sciences plc (E.L.), South Wing Laboratory, Institute of Psychiatry, UK; Neurology (J.K.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Immunobiology (T.T.), King's College London; National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (N.S., R.H., R.O.), London; Musgrove Park Hospital (M.F.), Taunton; and Department of Medical Statistics (N.P.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK
| | - Kezia Allen
- Centre for Neuroscience & Trauma (C.L., F.O., J.K., A.M.) and Centre of Primary Care and Public Health (V.G.), Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London; Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders (C.L., P.F., L.G.), MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases (P.F., L.G.), MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing (N.S.), Department of Molecular Neuroscience (K.S.), and Department of Clinical Neuroscience (R.O.), UCL Institute of Neurology; Basildon and Thurrock University Hospitals (K.A., A.M.), NHS Foundation Trust, Basildon; William Harvey Hospital (F.O.), Kent; Proteome Sciences plc (E.L.), South Wing Laboratory, Institute of Psychiatry, UK; Neurology (J.K.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Immunobiology (T.T.), King's College London; National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (N.S., R.H., R.O.), London; Musgrove Park Hospital (M.F.), Taunton; and Department of Medical Statistics (N.P.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK
| | - Felicia Oei
- Centre for Neuroscience & Trauma (C.L., F.O., J.K., A.M.) and Centre of Primary Care and Public Health (V.G.), Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London; Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders (C.L., P.F., L.G.), MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases (P.F., L.G.), MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing (N.S.), Department of Molecular Neuroscience (K.S.), and Department of Clinical Neuroscience (R.O.), UCL Institute of Neurology; Basildon and Thurrock University Hospitals (K.A., A.M.), NHS Foundation Trust, Basildon; William Harvey Hospital (F.O.), Kent; Proteome Sciences plc (E.L.), South Wing Laboratory, Institute of Psychiatry, UK; Neurology (J.K.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Immunobiology (T.T.), King's College London; National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (N.S., R.H., R.O.), London; Musgrove Park Hospital (M.F.), Taunton; and Department of Medical Statistics (N.P.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK
| | - Emanuela Leoni
- Centre for Neuroscience & Trauma (C.L., F.O., J.K., A.M.) and Centre of Primary Care and Public Health (V.G.), Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London; Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders (C.L., P.F., L.G.), MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases (P.F., L.G.), MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing (N.S.), Department of Molecular Neuroscience (K.S.), and Department of Clinical Neuroscience (R.O.), UCL Institute of Neurology; Basildon and Thurrock University Hospitals (K.A., A.M.), NHS Foundation Trust, Basildon; William Harvey Hospital (F.O.), Kent; Proteome Sciences plc (E.L.), South Wing Laboratory, Institute of Psychiatry, UK; Neurology (J.K.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Immunobiology (T.T.), King's College London; National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (N.S., R.H., R.O.), London; Musgrove Park Hospital (M.F.), Taunton; and Department of Medical Statistics (N.P.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK
| | - Jens Kuhle
- Centre for Neuroscience & Trauma (C.L., F.O., J.K., A.M.) and Centre of Primary Care and Public Health (V.G.), Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London; Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders (C.L., P.F., L.G.), MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases (P.F., L.G.), MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing (N.S.), Department of Molecular Neuroscience (K.S.), and Department of Clinical Neuroscience (R.O.), UCL Institute of Neurology; Basildon and Thurrock University Hospitals (K.A., A.M.), NHS Foundation Trust, Basildon; William Harvey Hospital (F.O.), Kent; Proteome Sciences plc (E.L.), South Wing Laboratory, Institute of Psychiatry, UK; Neurology (J.K.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Immunobiology (T.T.), King's College London; National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (N.S., R.H., R.O.), London; Musgrove Park Hospital (M.F.), Taunton; and Department of Medical Statistics (N.P.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK
| | - Timothy Tree
- Centre for Neuroscience & Trauma (C.L., F.O., J.K., A.M.) and Centre of Primary Care and Public Health (V.G.), Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London; Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders (C.L., P.F., L.G.), MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases (P.F., L.G.), MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing (N.S.), Department of Molecular Neuroscience (K.S.), and Department of Clinical Neuroscience (R.O.), UCL Institute of Neurology; Basildon and Thurrock University Hospitals (K.A., A.M.), NHS Foundation Trust, Basildon; William Harvey Hospital (F.O.), Kent; Proteome Sciences plc (E.L.), South Wing Laboratory, Institute of Psychiatry, UK; Neurology (J.K.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Immunobiology (T.T.), King's College London; National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (N.S., R.H., R.O.), London; Musgrove Park Hospital (M.F.), Taunton; and Department of Medical Statistics (N.P.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK
| | - Pietro Fratta
- Centre for Neuroscience & Trauma (C.L., F.O., J.K., A.M.) and Centre of Primary Care and Public Health (V.G.), Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London; Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders (C.L., P.F., L.G.), MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases (P.F., L.G.), MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing (N.S.), Department of Molecular Neuroscience (K.S.), and Department of Clinical Neuroscience (R.O.), UCL Institute of Neurology; Basildon and Thurrock University Hospitals (K.A., A.M.), NHS Foundation Trust, Basildon; William Harvey Hospital (F.O.), Kent; Proteome Sciences plc (E.L.), South Wing Laboratory, Institute of Psychiatry, UK; Neurology (J.K.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Immunobiology (T.T.), King's College London; National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (N.S., R.H., R.O.), London; Musgrove Park Hospital (M.F.), Taunton; and Department of Medical Statistics (N.P.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK
| | - Nikhil Sharma
- Centre for Neuroscience & Trauma (C.L., F.O., J.K., A.M.) and Centre of Primary Care and Public Health (V.G.), Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London; Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders (C.L., P.F., L.G.), MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases (P.F., L.G.), MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing (N.S.), Department of Molecular Neuroscience (K.S.), and Department of Clinical Neuroscience (R.O.), UCL Institute of Neurology; Basildon and Thurrock University Hospitals (K.A., A.M.), NHS Foundation Trust, Basildon; William Harvey Hospital (F.O.), Kent; Proteome Sciences plc (E.L.), South Wing Laboratory, Institute of Psychiatry, UK; Neurology (J.K.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Immunobiology (T.T.), King's College London; National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (N.S., R.H., R.O.), London; Musgrove Park Hospital (M.F.), Taunton; and Department of Medical Statistics (N.P.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK
| | - Katie Sidle
- Centre for Neuroscience & Trauma (C.L., F.O., J.K., A.M.) and Centre of Primary Care and Public Health (V.G.), Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London; Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders (C.L., P.F., L.G.), MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases (P.F., L.G.), MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing (N.S.), Department of Molecular Neuroscience (K.S.), and Department of Clinical Neuroscience (R.O.), UCL Institute of Neurology; Basildon and Thurrock University Hospitals (K.A., A.M.), NHS Foundation Trust, Basildon; William Harvey Hospital (F.O.), Kent; Proteome Sciences plc (E.L.), South Wing Laboratory, Institute of Psychiatry, UK; Neurology (J.K.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Immunobiology (T.T.), King's College London; National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (N.S., R.H., R.O.), London; Musgrove Park Hospital (M.F.), Taunton; and Department of Medical Statistics (N.P.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK
| | - Robin Howard
- Centre for Neuroscience & Trauma (C.L., F.O., J.K., A.M.) and Centre of Primary Care and Public Health (V.G.), Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London; Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders (C.L., P.F., L.G.), MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases (P.F., L.G.), MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing (N.S.), Department of Molecular Neuroscience (K.S.), and Department of Clinical Neuroscience (R.O.), UCL Institute of Neurology; Basildon and Thurrock University Hospitals (K.A., A.M.), NHS Foundation Trust, Basildon; William Harvey Hospital (F.O.), Kent; Proteome Sciences plc (E.L.), South Wing Laboratory, Institute of Psychiatry, UK; Neurology (J.K.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Immunobiology (T.T.), King's College London; National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (N.S., R.H., R.O.), London; Musgrove Park Hospital (M.F.), Taunton; and Department of Medical Statistics (N.P.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK
| | - Richard Orrell
- Centre for Neuroscience & Trauma (C.L., F.O., J.K., A.M.) and Centre of Primary Care and Public Health (V.G.), Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London; Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders (C.L., P.F., L.G.), MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases (P.F., L.G.), MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing (N.S.), Department of Molecular Neuroscience (K.S.), and Department of Clinical Neuroscience (R.O.), UCL Institute of Neurology; Basildon and Thurrock University Hospitals (K.A., A.M.), NHS Foundation Trust, Basildon; William Harvey Hospital (F.O.), Kent; Proteome Sciences plc (E.L.), South Wing Laboratory, Institute of Psychiatry, UK; Neurology (J.K.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Immunobiology (T.T.), King's College London; National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (N.S., R.H., R.O.), London; Musgrove Park Hospital (M.F.), Taunton; and Department of Medical Statistics (N.P.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK
| | - Mark Fish
- Centre for Neuroscience & Trauma (C.L., F.O., J.K., A.M.) and Centre of Primary Care and Public Health (V.G.), Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London; Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders (C.L., P.F., L.G.), MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases (P.F., L.G.), MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing (N.S.), Department of Molecular Neuroscience (K.S.), and Department of Clinical Neuroscience (R.O.), UCL Institute of Neurology; Basildon and Thurrock University Hospitals (K.A., A.M.), NHS Foundation Trust, Basildon; William Harvey Hospital (F.O.), Kent; Proteome Sciences plc (E.L.), South Wing Laboratory, Institute of Psychiatry, UK; Neurology (J.K.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Immunobiology (T.T.), King's College London; National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (N.S., R.H., R.O.), London; Musgrove Park Hospital (M.F.), Taunton; and Department of Medical Statistics (N.P.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK
| | - Linda Greensmith
- Centre for Neuroscience & Trauma (C.L., F.O., J.K., A.M.) and Centre of Primary Care and Public Health (V.G.), Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London; Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders (C.L., P.F., L.G.), MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases (P.F., L.G.), MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing (N.S.), Department of Molecular Neuroscience (K.S.), and Department of Clinical Neuroscience (R.O.), UCL Institute of Neurology; Basildon and Thurrock University Hospitals (K.A., A.M.), NHS Foundation Trust, Basildon; William Harvey Hospital (F.O.), Kent; Proteome Sciences plc (E.L.), South Wing Laboratory, Institute of Psychiatry, UK; Neurology (J.K.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Immunobiology (T.T.), King's College London; National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (N.S., R.H., R.O.), London; Musgrove Park Hospital (M.F.), Taunton; and Department of Medical Statistics (N.P.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK
| | - Neil Pearce
- Centre for Neuroscience & Trauma (C.L., F.O., J.K., A.M.) and Centre of Primary Care and Public Health (V.G.), Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London; Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders (C.L., P.F., L.G.), MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases (P.F., L.G.), MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing (N.S.), Department of Molecular Neuroscience (K.S.), and Department of Clinical Neuroscience (R.O.), UCL Institute of Neurology; Basildon and Thurrock University Hospitals (K.A., A.M.), NHS Foundation Trust, Basildon; William Harvey Hospital (F.O.), Kent; Proteome Sciences plc (E.L.), South Wing Laboratory, Institute of Psychiatry, UK; Neurology (J.K.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Immunobiology (T.T.), King's College London; National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (N.S., R.H., R.O.), London; Musgrove Park Hospital (M.F.), Taunton; and Department of Medical Statistics (N.P.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK
| | - Valentina Gallo
- Centre for Neuroscience & Trauma (C.L., F.O., J.K., A.M.) and Centre of Primary Care and Public Health (V.G.), Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London; Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders (C.L., P.F., L.G.), MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases (P.F., L.G.), MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing (N.S.), Department of Molecular Neuroscience (K.S.), and Department of Clinical Neuroscience (R.O.), UCL Institute of Neurology; Basildon and Thurrock University Hospitals (K.A., A.M.), NHS Foundation Trust, Basildon; William Harvey Hospital (F.O.), Kent; Proteome Sciences plc (E.L.), South Wing Laboratory, Institute of Psychiatry, UK; Neurology (J.K.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Immunobiology (T.T.), King's College London; National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (N.S., R.H., R.O.), London; Musgrove Park Hospital (M.F.), Taunton; and Department of Medical Statistics (N.P.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK
| | - Andrea Malaspina
- Centre for Neuroscience & Trauma (C.L., F.O., J.K., A.M.) and Centre of Primary Care and Public Health (V.G.), Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London; Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders (C.L., P.F., L.G.), MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases (P.F., L.G.), MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing (N.S.), Department of Molecular Neuroscience (K.S.), and Department of Clinical Neuroscience (R.O.), UCL Institute of Neurology; Basildon and Thurrock University Hospitals (K.A., A.M.), NHS Foundation Trust, Basildon; William Harvey Hospital (F.O.), Kent; Proteome Sciences plc (E.L.), South Wing Laboratory, Institute of Psychiatry, UK; Neurology (J.K.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Immunobiology (T.T.), King's College London; National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (N.S., R.H., R.O.), London; Musgrove Park Hospital (M.F.), Taunton; and Department of Medical Statistics (N.P.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK
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Tian Y, Liu M, Mao-Ying QL, Liu H, Wang ZF, Zhang MT, Wang J, Li Q, Liu SB, Mi WL, Ma HJ, Wu GC, Wang YQ. Early single Aspirin-triggered Lipoxin blocked morphine anti-nociception tolerance through inhibiting NALP1 inflammasome: Involvement of PI3k/Akt signaling pathway. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 50:63-77. [PMID: 26162710 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical usage of opioids in pain relief is dampened by analgesic tolerance after chronic exposure, which is related to opioid-associated neuroinflammation. In the current study, which is based on a chronic morphine tolerance rat model and sustained morphine treatment on primary neuron culture, it was observed that Akt phosphorylation, cleaved-Caspase-1-dependent NALP1 inflammasome activation and IL-1β maturation in spinal cord neurons were significantly enhanced by morphine. Moreover, treatment with LY294002, a specific inhibitor of PI3k/Akt signaling, significantly reduced Caspase-1 cleavage, NALP1 inflammasome activation and attenuated morphine tolerance. Tail-flick tests demonstrated that pharmacological inhibition on Caspase-1 activation or antagonizing IL-1β dramatically blocked the development of morphine tolerance. The administration of an exogenous analogue of lipoxin, Aspirin-triggered Lipoxin (ATL), caused a decline in Caspase-1 cleavage, inflammasome activation and mature IL-1β production and thus attenuated the development of morphine tolerance by inhibiting upstream Akt phosphorylation. Additionally, treatment with DAMGO, a selective μ-opioid receptor peptide, significantly induced Akt phosphorylation, Caspase-1 cleavage and anti-nociception tolerance, all of which were attenuated by ATL treatment. Taken together, the present study revealed the involvement of spinal NALP1 inflammasome activation in the development of morphine tolerance and the role of the μ-receptor/PI3k-Akt signaling/NALP1 inflammasome cascade in this process. By inhibiting this signaling cascade, ATL blocked the development of morphine tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tian
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qi-Liang Mao-Ying
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhi-Fu Wang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Meng-Ting Zhang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shen-Bin Liu
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wen-Li Mi
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hong-Jian Ma
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Gen-Cheng Wu
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yan-Qing Wang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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