Al-Janazreh H, Abuzneid YS, Khamayseh I, Morabito F, Alqam B, Abusabbah RMF, Mustafa FK, Sarahneh S. An unusual case of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia in a patient with BCR-ABL positive chronic myeloid leukemia and Gaucher disease.
Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2021;
68:102565. [PMID:
34336196 PMCID:
PMC8313842 DOI:
10.1016/j.amsu.2021.102565]
[Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is a chronic myeloproliferative disease characterized by a massive overproduction of myeloid cells. It is associated with the Philadelphia chromosome [Ph1, t (9; 22) (q34; q11)] or BCR-ABL fusion gene. CML usually undergoes a triphasic clinical course ending in a blast crisis, an accelerated phase of blasts and promyelocyte production. Ten percent of CML patients reach the blast crisis phase, with 20–30% of leukemias belonging to B-cell lymphoid lineage. However, a transformation of CML into T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is rare.
Case presentation
We present a 56-year-old male patient, known case of hypertension and Ph1 CML of eight years with a family history of Gaucher disease who developed T-ALL. The patient presented with lymphadenopathy and severe anemia, needing packed RBC transfusion, neutropenia and thrombocytopenia at the admission. However, the monocytes and basophils percentage were high. The patient underwent a cervical lymph node core biopsy, and the immunohistochemistry stains showed an invasion of neoplastic cells positive for CD3, CD5, BCL2, CD34, TdT and focally positive for C-Kit and negative for CD20, CD56 and pan-CK. These histopathology features were consistent with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL).
Conclusion
Blast crisis remain a challenge in CML management. It's of great importance to do a full proper workup including lymph nodes biopsies. The aim is to reverse blast crisis and restore the chronic phase.
Even if CML normally transforms into B-ALL, it can also manifest as T-ALL.
Careful history taking, meticulous physical examination, and investigations are necessary.
Avoiding the blast crisis is very important in order to prevent its transformation.
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