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Dong W, Zhou C, Rou KM, Wu ZY, Chen J, Scott SR, Jia MH, Zhou YJ, Chen X. A community-based comprehensive intervention to reduce syphilis infection among low-fee female sex workers in China: a matched-pair, community-based randomized study. Infect Dis Poverty 2019; 8:97. [PMID: 31791415 PMCID: PMC6889532 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-019-0611-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Low-fee female sex workers (FSWs) are at high risk of acquiring and spreading human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in China. There is an urgent need to develop comprehensive intervention measures targeted towards low-fee FSWs to reduce HIV/STD infections. Thus, this study aimed to reduce HIV/STD infections among low-fee FSW through a matched-pair, community-based randomized intervention trial carried out in 12 cities in three provinces in China. Methods Four cities from Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, four from Yunnan Province, and four from Hunan Province were paired and participants received either the intervention package (including condom promotion, HIV and syphilis testing, reimbursement for syphilis treatment costs, and free anti-retroviral therapy or the current standard of care. Venue-based, convenience sampling was used to recruit FSWs. A face-to-face interview and HIV and syphilis blood testing was conducted at baseline and follow-up intervals of 24 months. Generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) were used to evaluate the effect of the intervention package on reducing HIV/STD infection in the FSWs. Results A total of 1024 eligible FSWs were enrolled in the baseline survey and 843 in the follow-up. GLMM results showed that syphilis infection was reduced by 49% in the intervention group compared to the current standard of care group (P = 0.0378, OR = 0.51, 95% CI: 0.27–0.96). FSWs aged 35 years or older were 2.38 times more likely to get syphilis infection compared to those younger than 35 years old (P < 0.0001, OR = 2.38, 95% CI: 1.55–3.65). The risk of syphilis infection among more educated FSWs was 0.43 times less than those with lower levels of education (P < 0.05, OR = 0.43, 95% CI: 0.63–0.93). Conclusions This study demonstrates that comprehensive interventions can lead to significant declines in syphilis infection amongst low-tier FSWs. Integrating both behavioral and biomedical intervention measures should be considered when developing programs for low-fee FSWs. Trial registration CHiCTR-TRC-12002655.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Dong
- Division of HIV Prevention, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Chu Zhou
- Division of HIV Prevention, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Ke-Ming Rou
- Division of HIV Prevention, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Zun-You Wu
- Division of HIV Prevention, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing, 102206, China. .,Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, USA.
| | - Jun Chen
- Division of HIV Prevention, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing, 102206, China.,Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Sarah Robbins Scott
- Division of HIV Prevention, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Man-Hong Jia
- Institute of AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Yunnan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, China
| | - Yue-Jiao Zhou
- Institute of AIDS Control and Prevention, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Division of AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China
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Zhou C, Hsieh E, Rou K, Tillman J, Dong W, Feng XX, Yang YZ, Yang YJ, Sun XG, Zang HJ, Wu YZ, Wu Z. Short-term acceptability of female condom use among low-fee female sex workers in China: a follow-up study. BMC Womens Health 2019; 19:77. [PMID: 31200702 PMCID: PMC6570840 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-019-0773-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-fee female sex workers (FSW) lack power to effectively negotiate male condom use with clients. Female condoms (FCs) may provide an alternative strategy. This study was conducted to assess the acceptability of FC use among low-fee FSWs, and to identify appropriate candidates for future FC promotion. METHODS A one-month follow-up study was conducted. At entry into the study, eligible participants completed a baseline questionnaire and were given 10 FCs. At the one-month follow up encounter, the number of used FC packages were counted and each participant completed a follow-up questionnaire. Logistic regression was used to identify variables associated with more frequent use of FCs (> 2 times). RESULTS A total of 312 low-fee FSWs were enrolled at baseline and all participants completed the follow-up evaluation. Among them, 123 (39.4%) participants had used more than two FCs. Participants who were illiterate or had completed at most primary school education (OR: 2.4, 95% CI: 1.4-7.2), charged ≤30 RMB per client (≤30 vs. 51-80 RMB, OR: 3.8, 95% CI: 1.9-7.6), or had consistently used condoms with regular clients in the past month (OR: 2.4, 95%CI: 1.4-4.2) were more likely to use FCs. CONCLUSION Low-fee FSWs charging ≤30 RMB per client, and those who are less educated may be appropriate initial candidates for FC promotion in China. Strategies to consider include teaching FSWs tactics for negotiation of FC use that can initially be applied with regular clients, and providing education to maximize ease-of use, and minimize discomfort with FC usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu Zhou
- Division of Prevention and Intervention, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206 China
| | - Evelyn Hsieh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut USA
| | - Keming Rou
- Division of Prevention and Intervention, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206 China
| | - Jonas Tillman
- Division of Prevention and Intervention, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206 China
| | - Wei Dong
- Division of Prevention and Intervention, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206 China
| | - Xian-xiang Feng
- Division of HIV Prevention, Liuzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Liuzhou, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region China
| | - Yan-zhen Yang
- Division of HIV Prevention, Liuzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Liuzhou, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region China
| | - Yu-jun Yang
- Division of HIV Prevention, Zhangjiajie Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhangjiajie, Hunan Province China
| | - Xian-guo Sun
- Division of HIV Prevention, Zhangjiajie Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhangjiajie, Hunan Province China
| | - Hai-jian Zang
- Division of HIV Prevention, Pingnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Pingnan, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region China
| | - Ying-zhen Wu
- Division of HIV Prevention, Pingnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Pingnan, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region China
| | - Zunyou Wu
- Division of Prevention and Intervention, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206 China
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Agadjanian V, Markosyan K. Male labor migration, patriarchy, and the awareness-behavior gap: HIV risks and prevention among migrants' wives in Armenia. AIDS Care 2016; 29:705-710. [PMID: 27760469 DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2016.1242709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Unlike in most of the world, HIV incidence in the former Soviet Union continues to rise. While international labor migration has been identified as a potentially important contributor to this trend, most attention has been focused on risks of male migrants themselves. This study uses recent household survey data to examine HIV-related perceptions and actions of migrants' left-behind wives in Armenia. Multivariate logistic regression analyses show that migrants' wives are significantly more likely to suspect their husbands of extramarital sex than are non-migrants' wives. The analyses detect greater worries about HIV infection and a higher likelihood of spousal communication on HIV matters among migrants' wives, compared to non-migrants' wives, but these differences are largely explained by the suspicion of husband's extramarital sex. Finally, no difference between the two categories of women in the probability of consistent condom use with husbands is found. These findings are interpreted within the context of patriarchal culture and unequal gender relations in Armenian society as they are further reinforced by male migration. Implications of these findings for policies to increase women's awareness of HIV risks associated with migration and their ability to reduce those risks are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Agadjanian
- a Center for Migration Research , University of Kansas , Lawrence , KS , USA
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