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Choroszy M, Sobieszczańska B, Litwinowicz K, Łaczmański Ł, Chmielarz M, Walczuk U, Roleder T, Radziejewska J, Wawrzyńska M. Co-toxicity of Endotoxin and Indoxyl Sulfate, Gut-Derived Bacterial Metabolites, to Vascular Endothelial Cells in Coronary Arterial Disease Accompanied by Gut Dysbiosis. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030424. [PMID: 35276782 PMCID: PMC8840142 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut dysbiosis, alongside a high-fat diet and cigarette smoking, is considered one of the factors promoting coronary arterial disease (CAD) development. The present study aimed to research whether gut dysbiosis can increase bacterial metabolites concentration in the blood of CAD patients and what impact these metabolites can exert on endothelial cells. The gut microbiomes of 15 age-matched CAD patients and healthy controls were analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing analysis. The in vitro impact of LPS and indoxyl sulfate at concentrations present in patients' sera on endothelial cells was investigated. 16S rRNA sequencing analysis revealed gut dysbiosis in CAD patients, further confirmed by elevated LPS and indoxyl sulfate levels in patients' sera. CAD was associated with depletion of Bacteroidetes and Alistipes. LPS and indoxyl sulfate demonstrated co-toxicity to endothelial cells inducing reactive oxygen species, E-selectin, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) production. Moreover, both of these metabolites promoted thrombogenicity of endothelial cells confirmed by monocyte adherence. The co-toxicity of LPS and indoxyl sulfate was associated with harmful effects on endothelial cells, strongly suggesting that gut dysbiosis-associated increased intestinal permeability can initiate or promote endothelial inflammation and atherosclerosis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Choroszy
- Department of Microbiology, Wrocław Medical University, Chalubinskiego 4 Street, 51-657 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.C.); (M.C.); (U.W.)
| | - Beata Sobieszczańska
- Department of Microbiology, Wrocław Medical University, Chalubinskiego 4 Street, 51-657 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.C.); (M.C.); (U.W.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Kamil Litwinowicz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Chalubińskiego 10 Street, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Łukasz Łaczmański
- Laboratory of Genomics & Bioinformatics, Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Weigla 12 Street, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Mateusz Chmielarz
- Department of Microbiology, Wrocław Medical University, Chalubinskiego 4 Street, 51-657 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.C.); (M.C.); (U.W.)
| | - Urszula Walczuk
- Department of Microbiology, Wrocław Medical University, Chalubinskiego 4 Street, 51-657 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.C.); (M.C.); (U.W.)
| | - Tomasz Roleder
- Research and Development Centre, Regional Specialist Hospital, Kamienskiego 73a Street, 51-124 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | | | - Magdalena Wawrzyńska
- Department of Preclinical Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Wrocław Medical University, 50-367 Wrocław, Poland;
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Pieniazek A, Szczepocki A. Structural component changes of erythrocytes caused by oxidative stress generated by indoxyl sulfate. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 70:105013. [PMID: 33038466 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.105013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Indoxyl sulfate (IS) belongs to groups of uremic toxins binding to proteins. This compound may contribute to the generation of oxidative stress in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. We hypothesized that a high concentration of IS in the blood may induce structural changes of erythrocyte components and thus may contribute to CKD progression. In the present study, we evaluated the influence of IS on hemolysate and membrane proteins' conformational state, lipid membrane fluidity, and internal viscosity in erythrocytes. We examined thiols, carbonyl groups, peroxides, and TBARS levels in erythrocyte incubated with IS. The treatment of erythrocytes with IS led to increase in lipid membrane fluidity, decrease in the internal viscosity of the cells and the motion of the spin labels attached to hemolysate proteins. We did not observe conformational changes in plasma membrane proteins; however, in the plasma membranes of erythrocytes incubated with IS, a decrease in the content of thiol groups and increase in the carbonyls levels and peroxides and TBARS in comparison with the control was observed. The obtained results indicate that IS induces the oxidative damage of erythrocyte components. This may be an important factor that affects the functional properties of erythrocytes in CKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pieniazek
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Artur Szczepocki
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Pieniazek A, Gwozdzinski L, Hikisz P, Gwozdzinski K. Indoxyl Sulfate Generates Free Radicals, Decreases Antioxidant Defense, and Leads to Damage to Mononuclear Blood Cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:869-875. [PMID: 30110159 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Indoxyl sulfate (IS) is a uremic toxin that has been associated with inflammation and oxidative stress as well as with the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). IS is a protein metabolite that is concentrated in the serum of CKD patients. IS is a well-known uremic toxin, but there are very few reports on the effect of IS on cells including mononuclear cells (MNCs). We hypothesized that a high concentration of IS in CKD patients may induce changes in redox balance in the in vitro cells exposed. In the present study, we investigated the effect of IS on free radical production, antioxidant capacity, and protein damage in the mononuclear blood cells. As already determined, the concentrations (0.2 or 1 mM) of IS used in this study do not affect the survival rate of MNCs. For both the concentrations of IS, there was an increase in superoxide and nitric oxide and a release of other reactive oxygen species (ROS) inside the cells, as measured using fluorescent probes. However, an increase in other ROS as indicated by H2DCF-DA was found only for 1 mM of IS. Moreover, a decrease in the non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity and an increase in the superoxide dismutase activity after incubation of the cells with IS were observed. Furthermore, we found an increase in the levels of carbonyl compounds and peroxides in the cells treated with both the concentrations of IS. The obtained results show that IS induces oxidative stress and a decrease in antioxidant defense in cells leading to lipid and protein damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pieniazek
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection , University of Lodz , Lodz 90-236 , Poland
| | - Lukasz Gwozdzinski
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Medical University of Lodz , Lodz 90-752 , Poland
| | - Paweł Hikisz
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection , University of Lodz , Lodz 90-236 , Poland
| | - Krzysztof Gwozdzinski
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection , University of Lodz , Lodz 90-236 , Poland
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Borges NA, Barros AF, Nakao LS, Dolenga CJ, Fouque D, Mafra D. Protein-Bound Uremic Toxins from Gut Microbiota and Inflammatory Markers in Chronic Kidney Disease. J Ren Nutr 2016; 26:396-400. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jrn.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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