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Zhou Z, Zhang Y, Zeng Y, Yang D, Mo J, Zheng Z, Zhang Y, Xiao P, Zhong X, Yan W. Effects of Nanomaterials on Synthesis and Degradation of the Extracellular Matrix. ACS NANO 2024; 18:7688-7710. [PMID: 38436232 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c09954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling is accompanied by the continuous synthesis and degradation of the ECM components. This dynamic process plays an important role in guiding cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, and differentiation, as well as in tissue development, body repair, and maintenance of homeostasis. Nanomaterials, due to their photoelectric and catalytic properties and special structure, have garnered much attention in biomedical fields for use in processes such as tissue engineering and disease treatment. Nanomaterials can reshape the cell microenvironment by changing the synthesis and degradation of ECM-related proteins, thereby indirectly changing the behavior of the surrounding cells. This review focuses on the regulatory role of nanomaterials in the process of cell synthesis of different ECM-related proteins and extracellular protease. We discuss influencing factors and possible related mechanisms of nanomaterials in ECM remodeling, which may provide different insights into the design and development of nanomaterials for the treatment of ECM disorder-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyan Zhou
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yanli Zhang
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Yuting Zeng
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Dehong Yang
- Department of Orthopedics - Spinal Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jiayao Mo
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Ziting Zheng
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Ping Xiao
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xincen Zhong
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Wenjuan Yan
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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Rahman M, Almalki WH, Afzal O, Alfawaz Altamimi AS, Najib Ullah SNM, Abul Barkat M, Beg S. Chiral-engineered supraparticles: Emerging tools for drug delivery. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103420. [PMID: 36309193 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.103420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The handedness of chiral-engineered supraparticles (CE-SPs) influences their interactions with cells and proteins, as evidenced by the increased penetration of breast, cervical, and myeloma cell membranes by d-chirality-coordinated SPs. Quartz crystal dissipation and isothermal titration calorimetry have been used to investigate such chiral-specific interactions. d-SPs are more thermodynamically stable compared with l-SPs in terms of their adhesion. Proteases and other endogenous proteins can be shielded by the opposite chirality of d-SPs, resulting in longer half-lives. Incorporating nanosystems with d-chirality increases uptake by cancer cells and prolongs in vivo stability, demonstrating the importance of chirality in biomaterials. Thus, as we discuss here, chiral nanosystems could enhance drug delivery systems, tumor markers, and biosensors, among other biomaterial-based technologies, by allowing for better control over their features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahfoozur Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, SIHAS, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad, India.
| | - Waleed H Almalki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Obaid Afzal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Md Abul Barkat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hafr Al Batin, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarwar Beg
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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Yadav N, Kumar U, Roopmani P, Krishnan UM, Sethuraman S, Chauhan MK, Chauhan VS. Ultrashort Peptide-Based Hydrogel for the Healing of Critical Bone Defects in Rabbits. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:54111-54126. [PMID: 36401830 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c18733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The use of hydrogels as scaffolds for three-dimensional (3D) cell growth is an active area of research in tissue engineering. Herein, we report the self-assembly of an ultrashort peptide, a tetrapeptide, Asp-Leu-IIe-IIe, the shortest peptide sequence from a highly fibrillogenic protein TDP-43, into the hydrogel. The hydrogel was mechanically strong and highly stable, with storage modulus values in MPa ranges. The hydrogel supported the proliferation and successful differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in its matrix as assessed by cell viability, calcium deposition, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and the expression of osteogenic marker gene studies. To check whether the hydrogel supports 3D growth and regeneration in in vivo conditions, a rabbit critical bone defect model was used. Micro-computed tomography (CT) and X-ray analysis demonstrated the formation of mineralized neobone in the defect areas, with significantly higher bone mineralization and relative bone densities in animals treated with the peptide hydrogel compared to nontreated and matrigel treatment groups. The ultrashort peptide-based hydrogel developed in this work holds great potential for its further development as tissue regeneration and/or engineering scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Yadav
- Molecular Medicine Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi110067, India
- Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Mehrauli-Badarpur Road, Sector-3, Pushpvihar, New Delhi110017, India
| | - Utkarsh Kumar
- Molecular Medicine Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi110067, India
| | - Purandhi Roopmani
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, SASTRA's Hub for Research & Innovation (SHRI), School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur613401, India
| | - Uma Maheswari Krishnan
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, SASTRA's Hub for Research & Innovation (SHRI), School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur613401, India
| | - Swaminathan Sethuraman
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, SASTRA's Hub for Research & Innovation (SHRI), School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur613401, India
| | - Meenakshi K Chauhan
- Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Mehrauli-Badarpur Road, Sector-3, Pushpvihar, New Delhi110017, India
| | - Virander S Chauhan
- Molecular Medicine Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi110067, India
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Guo W, Ma Y, Hu L, Feng Y, Liu Y, Yi X, Zhang W, Tang F. Modification Strategies for Ionic Complementary Self-Assembling Peptides: Taking RADA16-I as an Example. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235221. [PMID: 36501615 PMCID: PMC9739689 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Ion-complementary self-assembling peptides have been studied in many fields for their distinct advantages, mainly due to their self-assembly properties. However, their shortcomings, such as insufficient specific activity and poor mechanical properties, also limited their application. For the better and wider application of these promising biomaterials, ion-complementary self-assembling peptides can be modified with their self-assembly properties not being destroyed to the greatest extent. The modification strategies were reviewed by taking RADA16-I as an example. For insufficient specific activity, RADA16-I can be structurally modified with active motifs derived from the active domain of the extracellular matrix or other related active factors. For weak mechanical properties, materials with strong mechanical properties or that can undergo chemical crosslinking were used to mix with RADA16-I to enhance the mechanical properties of RADA16-I. To improve the performance of RADA16-I as drug carriers, appropriate adjustment of the RADA16-I sequence and/or modification of the RADA16-I-related delivery system with polymer materials or specific molecules can be considered to achieve sustained and controlled release of specific drugs or active factors. The modification strategies reviewed in this paper may provide some references for further basic research and clinical application of ion-complementary self-assembling peptides and their derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Guo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, China
- The Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy of Zuni City, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, China
| | - Yinping Ma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, China
- The Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy of Zuni City, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, China
| | - Lei Hu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, China
- The Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy of Zuni City, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, China
| | - Yujie Feng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, China
- The Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy of Zuni City, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, China
| | - Yanmiao Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy of Zuni City, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, China
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, China
| | - Xuedong Yi
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Wenzhi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Fushan Tang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, China
- The Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy of Zuni City, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, China
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +86-851-28642337
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Yi J, Liu Q, Zhang Q, Chew TG, Ouyang H. Modular protein engineering-based biomaterials for skeletal tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2022; 282:121414. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Zhu M, Zhong W, Cao W, Zhang Q, Wu G. Chondroinductive/chondroconductive peptides and their-functionalized biomaterials for cartilage tissue engineering. Bioact Mater 2022; 9:221-238. [PMID: 34820567 PMCID: PMC8585793 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The repair of articular cartilage defects is still challenging in the fields of orthopedics and maxillofacial surgery due to the avascular structure of articular cartilage and the limited regenerative capacity of mature chondrocytes. To provide viable treatment options, tremendous efforts have been made to develop various chondrogenically-functionalized biomaterials for cartilage tissue engineering. Peptides that are derived from and mimic the functions of chondroconductive cartilage extracellular matrix and chondroinductive growth factors, represent a unique group of bioactive agents for chondrogenic functionalization. Since they can be chemically synthesized, peptides bear better reproducibility, more stable efficacy, higher modifiability and yielding efficiency in comparison with naturally derived biomaterials and recombinant growth factors. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge in the designs of the chondroinductive/chondroconductive peptides, the underlying molecular mechanisms and their-functionalized biomaterials for cartilage tissue engineering. We also systematically compare their in-vitro and in-vivo efficacies in inducing chondrogenesis. Our vision is to stimulate the development of novel peptides and their-functionalized biomaterials for cartilage tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjing Zhu
- Department of Temporomandibular Joint, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Pathology, Amsterdam UMC and Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU), Amsterdam Movement Science (AMS), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wenchao Zhong
- Department of Temporomandibular Joint, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
| | - Wei Cao
- Department of Temporomandibular Joint, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Pathology, Amsterdam UMC and Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU), Amsterdam Movement Science (AMS), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Qingbin Zhang
- Department of Temporomandibular Joint, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Pathology, Amsterdam UMC and Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU), Amsterdam Movement Science (AMS), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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7
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Shen Y, Wang Y, Hamley IW, Qi W, Su R, He Z. Chiral self-assembly of peptides: Toward the design of supramolecular polymers with enhanced chemical and biological functions. Prog Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.101469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Panebianco C, Meyers J, Gansau J, Hom W, Iatridis J. Balancing biological and biomechanical performance in intervertebral disc repair: a systematic review of injectable cell delivery biomaterials. Eur Cell Mater 2020; 40:239-258. [PMID: 33206993 PMCID: PMC7706585 DOI: 10.22203/ecm.v040a15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Discogenic back pain is a common condition without approved intervertebral disc (IVD) repair therapies. Cell delivery using injectable biomaterial carriers offers promise to restore disc height and biomechanical function, while providing a functional niche for delivered cells to repair degenerated tissues. This systematic review advances the injectable IVD cell delivery biomaterials field by characterising its current state and identifying themes of promising strategies. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta- Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used to screen the literature and 183 manuscripts met the inclusion criteria. Cellular and biomaterial inputs, and biological and biomechanical outcomes were extracted from each study. Most identified studies targeted nucleus pulposus (NP) repair. No consensus exists on cell type or biomaterial carrier, yet most common strategies used mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) delivery with interpenetrating network/co-polymeric (IPN/CoP) biomaterials composed of natural biomaterials. All studies reported biological outcomes with about half the studies reporting biomechanical outcomes. Since the IVD is a load-bearing tissue, studies reporting compressive and shear moduli were analysed and two major themes were found. First, a competitive balance, or 'seesaw' effect, between biomechanical and biological performance was observed. Formulations with higher moduli had inferior cellular performance, and vice versa. Second, several low-modulus biomaterials had favourable biological performance and matured throughout culture duration with enhanced extracellular matrix synthesis and biomechanical moduli. Findings identify an opportunity to develop next-generation biomaterials that provide high initial biomechanical competence to stabilise and repair damaged IVDs with a capacity to promote cell function for long-term healing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - J.C. Iatridis
- Address for correspondence: James C. Iatridis, Ph.D., One Gustave Levy Place, Box 1188, Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA. Telephone number: +1 2122411517
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Ding X, Zhao H, Li Y, Lee AL, Li Z, Fu M, Li C, Yang YY, Yuan P. Synthetic peptide hydrogels as 3D scaffolds for tissue engineering. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 160:78-104. [PMID: 33091503 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The regeneration of tissues and organs poses an immense challenge due to the extreme complexity in the research work involved. Despite the tissue engineering approach being considered as a promising strategy for more than two decades, a key issue impeding its progress is the lack of ideal scaffold materials. Nature-inspired synthetic peptide hydrogels are inherently biocompatible, and its high resemblance to extracellular matrix makes peptide hydrogels suitable 3D scaffold materials. This review covers the important aspects of peptide hydrogels as 3D scaffolds, including mechanical properties, biodegradability and bioactivity, and the current approaches in creating matrices with optimized features. Many of these scaffolds contain peptide sequences that are widely reported for tissue repair and regeneration and these peptide sequences will also be discussed. Furthermore, 3D biofabrication strategies of synthetic peptide hydrogels and the recent advances of peptide hydrogels in tissue engineering will also be described to reflect the current trend in the field. In the final section, we will present the future outlook in the design and development of peptide-based hydrogels for translational tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ding
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China.
| | - Huimin Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Yuzhen Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Ashlynn Lingzhi Lee
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Zongshao Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Mengjing Fu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Chengnan Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Yi Yan Yang
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore.
| | - Peiyan Yuan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China.
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Lv X, Sun C, Hu B, Chen S, Wang Z, Wu Q, Fu K, Xia Z, Shao Z, Wang B. Simultaneous Recruitment of Stem Cells and Chondrocytes Induced by a Functionalized Self-Assembling Peptide Hydrogel Improves Endogenous Cartilage Regeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:864. [PMID: 33015049 PMCID: PMC7493663 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of treating articular cartilage (AC) injury is to regenerate cartilage tissue and to integrate the neo-cartilage with surrounding host cartilage. However, most current studies tend to focus on engineering cartilage; interface integration has been somewhat neglected. An endogenous regenerative strategy that simultaneously increases the recruitment of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and chondrocytes may improve interface integration and cartilage regeneration. In this study, a novel functionalized self-assembling peptide hydrogel (KLD-12/KLD-12-LPP, KLPP) containing link protein N-peptide (LPP) was designed to optimize cartilage repair. KLPP hydrogel was characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and rheometry. KLPP hydrogel shared a similar microstructure to KLD-12 hydrogel which possesses a nanostructure with a fiber diameter of 25–35 nm. In vitro experiments showed that KLPP hydrogel had little cytotoxicity, and significantly induced chondrocyte migration and increased BMSC migration compared to KLD-12 hydrogel. In vivo results showed that defects treated with KLPP hydrogel had higher overall International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) scores, Safranin-O staining scores and cumulative histology scores than untreated defects or defects treated with KLD-12 hydrogel, although defects treated with KLD-12 and KLPP hydrogels received similar type II collagen immunostaining scores. All these findings indicated that the simple injectable functionalized self-assembling peptide hydrogel KLPP facilitated simultaneous recruitment of endogenous chondrocytes and BMSCs to promote interface integration and improve cartilage regeneration, holding great potential as a one-step surgery strategy for endogenous cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Lv
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Caixia Sun
- Department of Gynecology, General Hospital of the Yangtze River Shipping, Wuhan, China
| | - Binwu Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Songfeng Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kun Fu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan, China
| | - Zhidao Xia
- Centre for Nanohealth, ILS2, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Zengwu Shao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Baichuan Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Centre for Nanohealth, ILS2, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
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Restu WK, Nishida Y, Yamamoto S, Ishii J, Maruyama T. Short Oligopeptides for Biocompatible and Biodegradable Supramolecular Hydrogels. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:8065-8074. [PMID: 29897242 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Short Phe-rich oligopeptides, consisting of only four and five amino acids, worked as effective supramolecular hydrogelators for buffer solutions at low gelator concentrations (0.5-1.5 wt %). Among 10 different oligopeptides synthesized, peptide P1 (Ac-Phe-Phe-Phe-Gly-Lys) showed high gelation ability. Transmission electron microscopy observations suggested that the peptide molecules self-assembled into nanofibrous networks, which turned into gels. The hydrogel of peptide P1 showed reversible thermal gel-sol transition and viscoelastic properties typical of a gel. Circular dichroism spectra revealed that peptide P1 formed a β-sheetlike structure, which decreased with increasing temperature. The self-assembly of peptide P1 occurred even in the presence of nutrients in culture media and common surfactants. Escherichia coli and yeast successfully grew on the hydrogel. The hydrogel exhibited low cytotoxicity to animal cells. Finally, we demonstrated that functional compounds can be released from the hydrogel in different manners based on the interaction between the compounds and the hydrogel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witta Kartika Restu
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering , Kobe University , 1-1 Rokkodaicho , Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501 , Japan
- Research Center for Chemistry , Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Kawasan Puspiptek Serpong , Tangerang Selatan , Banten 15314 , Indonesia
| | - Yuki Nishida
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering , Kobe University , 1-1 Rokkodaicho , Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501 , Japan
| | - Shota Yamamoto
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering , Kobe University , 1-1 Rokkodaicho , Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501 , Japan
| | - Jun Ishii
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation , Kobe University , 1-1 Rokkodaicho , Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501 , Japan
| | - Tatsuo Maruyama
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering , Kobe University , 1-1 Rokkodaicho , Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501 , Japan
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12
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Duruksu G, Aciksari A. Guiding the Differentiation Direction of Pancreatic Islet-Derived Stem Cells by Glycated Collagen. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:6143081. [PMID: 30057625 PMCID: PMC6051021 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6143081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The microenvironment is an important factor of stem cells regulating their maintenance, survival, and differentiation. The glycation of proteins with reducing sugars through nonenzymatic reactions induces the collagen cross-linking, which causes tissue stiffening, which is enhanced during aging and diabetes. In this study, we aimed to analyze the effect of glycated collagen on the stem cell culture and differentiation. The collagen type 1 was modified by glycation with mannose, rhamnose, arabinose, and glucose. After the culture of mesenchymal stem cells on the coated surfaces with glycated collagen, the differences in cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation were compared. The results showed that the modifications did not induce apoptosis or cause cell death. However, the culture of cells on modified collagens improved the proliferation. It was found that the mannose-modified collagen stimulated the adipogenic differentiation of stem cells, and rhamnose-modified collagen supports the differentiation into both osteogenic and insulin-producing cells. The low concentration of monosaccharides during glycation process improved the characteristics of the matrix protein in favor of stem cell differentiation. Modification of the collagen by glycation might be used as a tool to improve natural polymers for material-induced stem cell differentiation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokhan Duruksu
- Center for Stem Cell and Gene Therapies Research and Practice, Kocaeli University, 41380 Izmit, Kocaeli, Turkey
- Institute of Health Sciences, Stem Cell Department, Kocaeli University, 41380 Izmit, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Aysegul Aciksari
- Institute of Health Sciences, Stem Cell Department, Kocaeli University, 41380 Izmit, Kocaeli, Turkey
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Pan P, Chen X, Metavarayuth K, Su J, Wang Q. Self-assembled supramolecular systems for bone engineering applications. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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14
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Wang Z, Li K, Sun H, Wang J, Fu Z, Liu M. Icariin promotes stable chondrogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in self‑assembling peptide nanofiber hydrogel scaffolds. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:8237-8243. [PMID: 29693145 PMCID: PMC5984004 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Icariin, a traditional Chinese medicine, has previously been demonstrated to promote chondrogenesis of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in traditional 2D cell culture. The present study investigated whether icariin has the potential to promote stable chondrogenic differentiation of BMSCs without hypertrophy in a 3D microenvironment. BMSCs were cultivated in a self-assembling peptide nanofiber hydrogel scaffold in chondrogenic medium for 3 weeks. Icariin was added to the medium throughout the culture period at concentrations of 1×10−6 M. Chondrogenic differentiation markers, including collagen II and SRY-type high mobility group box 9 (SOX9) were detected by immunofluorescence, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and toluidine blue staining. Hypertrophic differentiation was further assessed by detecting collagen X and collagen I gene expression levels and alkaline phosphatase activity. The results demonstrated that icariin significantly enhanced cartilage extracellular matrix synthesis and gene expression levels of collagen II and SOX9, and additionally promoted more chondrocyte-like rounded morphology in BMSCs. Furthermore, chondrogenic medium led to hypertrophic differentiation via upregulation of collagen X and collagen I gene expression levels and alkaline phosphatase activity, which was not potentiated by icariin. In conclusion, these results suggested that icariin treatment may promote chondrogenic differentiation of BMSCs, and inhibit the side effect of growth factor activity, thus preventing further hypertrophic differentiation. Therefore, icariin may be a potential compound for cartilage tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicong Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, People's Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, Sichuan 618000, P.R. China
| | - Kaihua Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, General Hospital of Fengfeng Group, Handan, Hebei 056200, P.R. China
| | - Huijun Sun
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Ji Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Zhuodong Fu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Mozhen Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
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Noorwali H, Grant MP, Epure LM, Madiraju P, Sampen H, Antoniou J, Mwale F. Link N as a therapeutic agent for discogenic pain. JOR Spine 2018; 1:e1008. [PMID: 31463438 PMCID: PMC6686832 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophins (NTs) are the major contributors of sensory axonal sprouting, neural survival, regulation of nociceptive sensory neurons, inflammatory hyperalgesia, and neuropathic pain. Intervertebral disc (IVD) cells constitutively express NTs. Their expression is upregulated by proinflammatory cytokines present in the IVD during degeneration, which can promote peripheral nerve ingrowth and hyperinnervation, leading to discogenic pain. Currently, there are no targeted therapies that decrease hyperinnervation in degenerative disc disease. Link N is a naturally occurring peptide with a high regenerative potential in the IVD. Therefore, the suitability of Link N as a therapeutic peptide for suppressing NTs, which are known modulators and mediators of pain, was investigated. The aim of the present study is to determine the effect of Link N on NTs expression, nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and their cognate receptors TrkA and TrkB as they are directly correlated with symptomatic back pain. Furthermore, the neurotransmitter (substance P) was also evaluated in human annulus fibrosus (AF) cells stimulated with cytokines. Human AF cells isolated from normal IVDs were stimulated with interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the presence or absence of Link N. NGF release in the media was evaluated by Western blotting. Total RNA was isolated and gene expression was measured using real-time PCR. Gene expression of NGF, BDNF, TrkA, and TrkB significantly decreased in human disc cells stimulated with either IL-1β or TNF-α supplemented with Link N when compared to the cells stimulated only with IL-1β or TNF-α. NGF protein expression was also suppressed in AF cells coincubated with Link N and IL-1β when compared to the cells stimulated only with IL-1β. Link N can suppress the stimulation of NGF, BDNF, and their receptors TrkA and TrkB in AF cells in an inflammatory milieu. Thus, coupled with previous observations, this suggests that administration of Link N has the potential to not only repair the discs in early stages of the disease but also suppress pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussain Noorwali
- Division of Orthopaedic SurgeryMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
- SMBD‐Jewish General HospitalLady Davis Institute for Medical ResearchMontrealQCCanada
- Division of Orthopaedic SurgeryKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahSaudi Arabia
| | - Michael P. Grant
- SMBD‐Jewish General HospitalLady Davis Institute for Medical ResearchMontrealQCCanada
| | - Laura M. Epure
- SMBD‐Jewish General HospitalLady Davis Institute for Medical ResearchMontrealQCCanada
| | - Padma Madiraju
- SMBD‐Jewish General HospitalLady Davis Institute for Medical ResearchMontrealQCCanada
| | - Hee‐Jeong Sampen
- Department of BiochemistryRush University Medical CenterChicagoIllinois
| | - John Antoniou
- Division of Orthopaedic SurgeryMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
- SMBD‐Jewish General HospitalLady Davis Institute for Medical ResearchMontrealQCCanada
| | - Fackson Mwale
- Division of Orthopaedic SurgeryMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
- SMBD‐Jewish General HospitalLady Davis Institute for Medical ResearchMontrealQCCanada
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Link Protein N-Terminal Peptide as a Potential Stimulating Factor for Stem Cell-Based Cartilage Regeneration. Stem Cells Int 2018. [PMID: 29531532 PMCID: PMC5831317 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3217895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Link protein N-terminal peptide (LPP) in extracellular matrix (ECM) of cartilage could induce synthesis of proteoglycans and collagen type II in cartilaginous cells. Cartilage stem/progenitor cells (CSPCs), the endogenous stem cells in cartilage, are important in cartilage degeneration and regeneration. We hypothesized that LPP could be a stimulator for stem cell-based cartilage regeneration by affecting biological behaviors of CSPC. Methods CSPCs were isolated from rat knee cartilage. We evaluated the promoting effect of LPP on proliferation, migration, and chondrogenic differentiation of CSPCs. The chondrogenic differentiation-related genes and proteins were quantitated. Three-dimensional culture of CSPC was conducted in the presence of TGF-β3 or LPP, and the harvested pellets were analyzed to assess the function of LPP on cartilage regeneration. Results LPP stimulated the proliferation of CSPC and accelerated the site-directional migration. Higher expression of SOX9, collagen II, and aggrecan were demonstrated in CSPCs treated with LPP. The pellets treated with LPP showed more distinct characteristics of chondroid differentiation than those with TGF-β3. Conclusion LPP showed application prospect in cartilage regeneration medicine by stimulating proliferation, migration, and chondrogenic differentiation of cartilage stem/progenitor cells.
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Kim JE, Lee JH, Kim SH, Jung Y. Skin Regeneration with Self-Assembled Peptide Hydrogels Conjugated with Substance P in a Diabetic Rat Model. Tissue Eng Part A 2018; 24:21-33. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2016.0517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Eun Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Biomaterials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hwa Lee
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Biomaterials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Hyun Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Biomaterials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngmee Jung
- Biomaterials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, Republic of Korea
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18
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Chen S, Zhou A, He B, Zhao W, Chen X, Jiang D. Designer D-form self-assembling peptide scaffolds promote the proliferation and migration of rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Int J Mol Med 2017; 40:679-688. [PMID: 28677805 PMCID: PMC5547947 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-assembling peptide (SAP) nanofiber hydrogel scaffolds have become increasingly important in tissue engineering due to their outstanding bioactivity and biodegradability. However, there is an initial concern on their long-term clinical use, since SAPs made of L-form amino acid sequences are sensitive to enzymatic degradation. In this study, we present a designer SAP, D-RADA16, made of all D-amino acid. We investigated the nanofiber morphology of D-RADA16, its potential for the culture of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), and the proteolytic resistance of the biomaterial. The results revealed that D-RADA16 exhibited stable β-sheets and formed interwoven nanofiber scaffolds in water. D-RADA16 and L-RADA16 hydrogel scaffolds were both found to promote the proliferation and migration of rat BMSCs in the 3D cell culture microenvironment. Furthermore, the D-RADA16 scaffolds exhibited a higher proteolytic resistance against proteinase K than the L-RADA16 scaffolds. These observations indicate that D-RADA16 hydrogel scaffolds have excellent bioactivity, biocompatibility and biostability, and thus may serve as promising candidates for long-term application in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Ao Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Bin He
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Weikang Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojun Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Dianming Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
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Chan KH, Lee WH, Zhuo S, Ni M. Harnessing supramolecular peptide nanotechnology in biomedical applications. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:1171-1182. [PMID: 28223805 PMCID: PMC5310635 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s126154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The harnessing of peptides in biomedical applications is a recent hot topic. This arises mainly from the general biocompatibility of peptides, as well as from the ease of tunability of peptide structure to engineer desired properties. The ease of progression from laboratory testing to clinical trials is evident from the plethora of examples available. In this review, we compare and contrast how three distinct self-assembled peptide nanostructures possess different functions. We have 1) nanofibrils in biomaterials that can interact with cells, 2) nanoparticles that can traverse the bloodstream to deliver its payload and also be bioimaged, and 3) nanotubes that can serve as cross-membrane conduits and as a template for nanowire formation. Through this review, we aim to illustrate how various peptides, in their various self-assembled nanostructures, possess great promise in a wide range of biomedical applications and what more can be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wei Hao Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Krieger School of Arts & Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shuangmu Zhuo
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Photonics Technology, Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Ni
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Photonics Technology, Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
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20
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Thota CK, Yadav N, Chauhan VS. "A novel highly stable and injectable hydrogel based on a conformationally restricted ultrashort peptide". Sci Rep 2016; 6:31167. [PMID: 27507432 PMCID: PMC4979021 DOI: 10.1038/srep31167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanostructures including hydrogels based on peptides containing non protein amino acids are being considered as platform for drug delivery because of their inherent biocompatibility and additional proteolytic stability. Here we describe instantaneous self-assembly of a conformationally restricted dipeptide, LeuΔPhe, containing an α,β-dehydrophenylalanine residue into a highly stable and mechanically strong hydrogel, under mild physiological aqueous conditions. The gel successfully entrapped several hydrophobic and hydrophilic drug molecules and released them in a controlled manner. LeuΔPhe was highly biocompatible and easily injectable. Administration of an antineoplastic drug entrapped in the gel in tumor bearing mice significantly controlled growth of tumors. These characteristics make LeuΔPhe an attractive candidate for further development as a delivery platform for various biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitanya Kumar Thota
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering &Biotechnology Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi-110067, India
| | - Nitin Yadav
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering &Biotechnology Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi-110067, India
| | - Virander Singh Chauhan
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering &Biotechnology Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi-110067, India
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21
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Rad-Malekshahi M, Lempsink L, Amidi M, Hennink WE, Mastrobattista E. Biomedical Applications of Self-Assembling Peptides. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 27:3-18. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mazda Rad-Malekshahi
- Department of Pharmaceutics,
Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584
CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ludwijn Lempsink
- Department of Pharmaceutics,
Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584
CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maryam Amidi
- Department of Pharmaceutics,
Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584
CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wim E. Hennink
- Department of Pharmaceutics,
Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584
CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Enrico Mastrobattista
- Department of Pharmaceutics,
Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584
CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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