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Jasik K, Kleczka A, Filipowska S. Histopathological Analysis of Selected Organs of Rats with Congenital Babesiosis Caused by Babesia microti. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10040291. [PMID: 37104446 PMCID: PMC10141988 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10040291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Babesiosis is a tick-borne disease with an increasing number of cases each year. Due to the non-specific symptoms of babesiosis, insightful analyses of the pathogenesis of babesiosis are still very important. Transmission of the disease occurs in a few ways, which makes laboratory diagnosis of piroplasmosis important. Complications associated with the infection can be tragic, especially in patients with immunological disorders. The aim of this study was the histopathological analysis of the spleen and kidney of young Wistar rats infected transplacentally with Babesia microti. Female rats were infected with a reference strain of B. microti (ATCC 30221), and then, birth 3-week-old males were euthanized with isoflurane. Subsequently, the material was collected at autopsy for microscopic and ultrastructural examination. Microscopic and ultrastructural analysis of the spleen and kidney showed degenerative changes within the organ parenchyma and the capsules surrounding the organ. Regenerative and reparative changes through mitotic divisions of parenchymal cells were also evident. Merozoites of B. microti were visible in the section of erythrocytes and the cells building the organ stroma. The results presented in this study proved the negative effects of B. microti on cells and tissues in rats with congenital babesiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Jasik
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Ostrogórska 30, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Anna Kleczka
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Ostrogórska 30, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Sandra Filipowska
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Ostrogórska 30, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
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Lam HYP, Wu WJ, Liang TR, Li HC, Chang KC, Peng SY. Salmonella typhimurium exacerbates injuries but resolves fibrosis in liver and spleen during Schistosoma mansoni infection. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2023:S1684-1182(23)00070-1. [PMID: 36964051 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In most developing or undeveloped countries, patients are often co-infected with multiple pathogens rather than a single pathogen. While different pathogens have their impact on morbidity and mortality, co-infection of more than one pathogen usually made the disease outcome different. Many studies reported the co-infection of Schistosoma with Salmonella in pandemic areas. However, the link or the underlying mechanism in the pathogenesis caused by Schistosoma-Salmonella co-infection is still unknown. METHODS In this study, Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium) was challenged to Schistosoma mansoni (S. mansoni)-infected mice. Further experiments such as bacterial culture, histopathological examination, western blotting, and flow cytometry were performed to evaluate the outcomes of the infection. Cytokine responses of the mice were also determined by ELISA and real-time quantitative PCR. RESULTS Our results demonstrated that co-infected mice resulted in higher bacterial excretion in the acute phase but higher bacterial colonization in the chronic phase. Lesser egg burden was also observed during chronic schistosomiasis. Infection with S. typhimurium during schistosomiasis induces activation of the inflammasome and apoptosis, thereby leading to more drastic tissue damage. Interestingly, co-infected mice showed a lower fibrotic response in the liver and spleen. Further, co-infection alters the immunological functioning of the mice, possibly the reason for the observed pathological outcomes. CONCLUSION Collectively, our findings here demonstrated that S. mansoni-infected mice challenged with S. typhimurium altered their immunological responses, thereby leading to different pathological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Yin Pekkle Lam
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Jui Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Ruei Liang
- Ph.D. Program in Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chun Li
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Chih Chang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan.
| | - Shih-Yi Peng
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program in Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.
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3
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Kahyaoglu S, Tarik Atmaca H. Experimental infection of Mongolian gerbils with Toxoplasma gondii: pathological and immunohistochemical evaluations. VETERINARY RESEARCH FORUM : AN INTERNATIONAL QUARTERLY JOURNAL 2022; 13:293-299. [PMID: 36320297 PMCID: PMC9548229 DOI: 10.30466/vrf.2020.126993.2937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoon parasite which causes toxoplasmosis both in human and warm-blooded animals. Toxoplasmosis is a worldwide disease and largely threats human and animal health consequently causing economic losses. Also, it affects the visceral organs in different severity degrees according to the strain of parasite and the host. In this study, experimental toxoplasmosis was performed via intra-peritoneal route in 12 gerbils by administrating 5.00 × 103 tachyzoites of T. gondii RH strain. The gerbils were sacrificed 7 days after inoculation. All systemic organs were obtained via necropsy and examined by immunohistochemical and histopathological methods. Lesions infected with T. gondii mostly observed in the serosa of abdominal cavity organs including stomach, liver, spleen, intestines, and kidneys. The lesions were most severe in liver. The parasite showed an affinity for the hepatic tissue. To our knowledge, this is the first experimental study of acute T. gondii infection in gerbil evaluating macroscopic, microscopic and immunohistochemical findings. It is concluded that Mongolian gerbils can be used as experimental animals to investigate toxoplasmosis. Also, these animals are very suitable hosts to study liver pathology and pathobiology of T. gondii-related hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sila Kahyaoglu
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Balcova, Izmir, Turkiye
| | - Hasan Tarik Atmaca
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Balikesir University, Balikesir, Turkiye.,Correspondence: Hasan Tarik Atmaca. DVM, PhD, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Balikesir University, Balikesir, Turkiye. E-mail:
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4
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Li B, Liu Y, Sun S. Pump proton inhibitors display anti-tumour potential in glioma. Cell Prolif 2022:e13321. [PMID: 35961680 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Glioma is one of the most aggressive brain tumours with poor overall survival despite advanced technology in surgical resection, chemotherapy and radiation. Progression and recurrence are the hinge causes of low survival. Our aim is to explain the concrete mechanism in the proliferation and progression of tumours based on tumour microenvironment (TME). The main purpose is to illustrate the mechanism of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) in affecting acidity, hypoxia, oxidative stress, inflammatory response and autophagy based on the TME to induce apoptosis and enhance the sensitivity of chemoradiotherapy. FINDINGS TME is the main medium for tumour growth and progression. Acidity, hypoxia, inflammatory response, autophagy, angiogenesis and so on are the main causes of tumour progress. PPIs, as a common clinical drug to inhibit gastric acid secretion, have the advantages of fast onset, long action time and small adverse reactions. Nowadays, several kinds of literature highlight the potential of PPIs in inhibiting tumour progression. However, long-term use of PPIs alone also has obvious side effects. Therefore, till now, how to apply PPIs to promote the effect of radio-chemotherapy and find the concrete dose and concentration of combined use are novel challenges. CONCLUSIONS PPIs display the potential in enhancing the sensitivity of chemoradiotherapy to defend against glioma based on TME. In the clinic, it is also necessary to explore specific concentrations and dosages in synthetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bihan Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Shilong Sun
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
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Albertyńska M, Okła H, Jasik K, Urbańska-Jasik D, Pol P. Interactions between Babesia microti merozoites and rat kidney cells in a short-term in vitro culture and animal model. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23663. [PMID: 34880327 PMCID: PMC8654915 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03079-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Babesiosis is one of the most common infections in free-living animals and is rapidly becoming significant among human zoonoses. Cases of acute renal failure in humans caused by Babesia spp. have been described in the literature. The kidneys are characterised by intense blood flow through the blood vessels, which increases the likelihood of contact with the intra-erythrocyte parasite. The aim of this study was to observe the influence of B. microti (ATCC 30221) on renal epithelial cells in vitro cultured (NRK-52E line) and Wistar rats' kidney. Both NRK-52E cells and rats' kidney sections were analysed by light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Necrotic changes in renal epithelial cells have been observed in vitro and in vivo. In many cross-sections through the rats' kidney, adhesion of blood cells to the vascular endothelium, accumulation of erythrocytes and emboli were demonstrated. In NRK-52E culture, elements with a distinctly doubled cell membrane resembling B. microti were found inside the cytoplasm and adjacent to the cell layer. The study indicates a chemotactic tendency for B. microti to adhere to the renal tubules' epithelium, a possibility of piroplasms entering the renal epithelial cells, their proliferation within the cytoplasm and emboli formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Albertyńska
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Ostrogórska 30, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland
- Provincial Sanitary and Epidemiological Station in Katowice, Raciborska 39, 40-074, Katowice, Poland
| | - Hubert Okła
- Provincial Sanitary and Epidemiological Station in Katowice, Raciborska 39, 40-074, Katowice, Poland.
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1, 41-500, Chorzów, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Jasik
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Ostrogórska 30, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Danuta Urbańska-Jasik
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007, Katowice, Poland
| | - Przemysław Pol
- Department of Small Livestock Breeding, The National Research Institute of Animal in Kraków, Krakowska 1, 32-083, Balice, Poland
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6
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El Bakary NM, Thabet NM, El Fatih NM, Abdel-Rafei MK, El Tawill G, Azab KS. Fucoxanthin alters the apelin-13/APJ pathway in certain organs of γ-irradiated mice. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2021; 62:600-617. [PMID: 33929015 PMCID: PMC8273792 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rraa141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Apelin-13 and APJ are implicated in different key physiological processes. This work aims at exploring the radioprotective effect of fucoxanthin (FX) on γ-radiation (RAD)-induced changes in the apelin-13/APJ pathway, which causes damage in the liver, kidney, lung and spleen of mice. Mice were administered FX (10 mg kg-1 day-1, i.p) and exposed to γ-radiation (2.5 Gy week-1) for four consecutive weeks. The treatment of irradiated mice by FX resulted in a significant amendment in protein expression of the apelin-13/APJ/NF-κB signalling pathway concurrently with reduced hypoxia (hypoxia-inducible factor-1α), suppressed oxidative stress marker (malondialdehyde), enhanced antioxidant defence mechanisms (reduced glutathione and glutathione peroxidase), a modulated inflammatory response [interleukin-6 (IL-6), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, IL-10 and α-7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor) and ameliorated angiogenic regulators [matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-2), MMP-9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1), as well as the tissue damage indicator (lactate dehydrogenase) in organ tissues. In addition, there were significant improvement in serum inflammatory markers tumour necrosis factor-α, IL-10, IL-1β and C-reactive protein compared with irradiated mice. The histopathological investigation of the FX + RAD organ tissues support the biochemical findings where the improvements in the tissues' architecture were obvious when compared with those of RAD. FX was thus shown to have a noticeable radioprotective action mediated through its regulatory effect on the apelin-13/APJ/NF-κB signalling pathway attributed to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity that was reflected in different physiological processes. It could be recommended to use FX in cases of radiation exposure to protect normal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nermeen M El Bakary
- Corresponding authors. Radiation Biology Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt; , or
| | - Noura Magdy Thabet
- Corresponding authors. Radiation Biology Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt; , or
| | - Neama M El Fatih
- Radiation Biology Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Khairy Abdel-Rafei
- Radiation Biology Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ghada El Tawill
- Radiation Biology Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Khaled Shaaban Azab
- Corresponding authors. Radiation Biology Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt; , or
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7
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Wang P, Jiang LN, Wang C, Li Y, Yin M, Du HB, Zhang H, Fan ZH, Liu YX, Zhao M, Kang AL, Feng DY, Li SG, Niu CY, Zhao ZG. Estradiol-induced inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress normalizes splenic CD4 + T lymphocytes following hemorrhagic shock. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7508. [PMID: 33820957 PMCID: PMC8021564 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87159-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim is to investigate that 17β-estradiol (E2)/estrogen receptors (ERs) activation normalizes splenic CD4 + T lymphocytes proliferation and cytokine production through inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) following hemorrhage. The results showed that hemorrhagic shock (hemorrhage through femoral artery, 38–42 mmHg for 90 min followed by resuscitation of 30 min and subsequent observation period of 180 min) decreased the CD4+ T lymphocytes proliferation and cytokine production after isolation and incubation with Concanavalin A (5 μg/mL) for 48 h, induced the splenic injury with evidences of missed contours of the white pulp, irregular cellular structure, and typical inflammatory cell infiltration, upregulated the expressions of ERS biomarkers 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6). Either E2, ER-α agonist propyl pyrazole triol (PPT) or ERS inhibitor 4-Phenylbutyric acid administration normalized these parameters, while ER-β agonist diarylpropionitrile administration had no effect. In contrast, administrations of either ERs antagonist ICI 182,780 or G15 abolished the salutary effects of E2. Likewise, ERS inducer tunicamycin induced an adverse effect similarly to that of hemorrhagic shock in sham rats, and aggravated shock-induced effects, also abolished the beneficial effects of E2 and PPT, respectively. Together, the data suggest that E2 produces salutary effects on CD4+ T lymphocytes function, and these effects are mediated by ER-α and GPR30, but not ER-β, and associated with the attenuation of hemorrhagic shock-induced ERS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Institute of Microcirculation, Hebei North University, Diamond South Road 11, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, 075000, People's Republic of China.,Pathophysiology Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medical College, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Na Jiang
- Institute of Microcirculation, Hebei North University, Diamond South Road 11, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, 075000, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Wang
- Institute of Microcirculation, Hebei North University, Diamond South Road 11, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, 075000, People's Republic of China.,Pathophysiology Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medical College, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Li
- Institute of Microcirculation, Hebei North University, Diamond South Road 11, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, 075000, People's Republic of China.,Pathophysiology Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medical College, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Yin
- Institute of Microcirculation, Hebei North University, Diamond South Road 11, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, 075000, People's Republic of China.,Pathophysiology Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medical College, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Bo Du
- Institute of Microcirculation, Hebei North University, Diamond South Road 11, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, 075000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Institute of Microcirculation, Hebei North University, Diamond South Road 11, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, 075000, People's Republic of China.,Pathophysiology Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medical College, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ze-Hua Fan
- Institute of Microcirculation, Hebei North University, Diamond South Road 11, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, 075000, People's Republic of China.,Pathophysiology Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medical College, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Xu Liu
- Institute of Microcirculation, Hebei North University, Diamond South Road 11, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, 075000, People's Republic of China.,Pathophysiology Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medical College, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Zhao
- Institute of Microcirculation, Hebei North University, Diamond South Road 11, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, 075000, People's Republic of China.,Pathophysiology Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medical College, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, People's Republic of China
| | - An-Ling Kang
- Institute of Microcirculation, Hebei North University, Diamond South Road 11, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, 075000, People's Republic of China.,Pathophysiology Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medical College, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ding-Ya Feng
- Institute of Microcirculation, Hebei North University, Diamond South Road 11, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, 075000, People's Republic of China.,Pathophysiology Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medical College, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Guang Li
- Institute of Microcirculation, Hebei North University, Diamond South Road 11, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, 075000, People's Republic of China.,Department of Gastrointestinal Oncological Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Yu Niu
- Basic Medical College, Hebei Medical University, Zhongshan East Road 361, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 075000, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Critical Disease Mechanism and Intervention in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang and Zhangjiakou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zi-Gang Zhao
- Institute of Microcirculation, Hebei North University, Diamond South Road 11, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, 075000, People's Republic of China. .,Pathophysiology Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medical College, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Critical Disease Mechanism and Intervention in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang and Zhangjiakou, People's Republic of China.
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Detection of DNA of Babesia canis in tissues of laboratory rodents following oral inoculation with infected ticks. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:166. [PMID: 32245520 PMCID: PMC7118908 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04051-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Babesia spp. are apicomplexan parasites which infect a wide range of mammalian hosts. Historically, most Babesia species were described based on the assumed host specificity and morphological features of the intraerythrocytic stages. New DNA-based approaches challenge the traditional species concept and host specificity in Babesia. Using such tools, the presence of Babesia DNA was reported in non-specific mammalian hosts, including B. canis in feces and tissues of insectivorous bats, opening questions on alternative transmission routes. The aim of the present study was to evaluate if B. canis DNA can be detected in tissues of laboratory rodents following oral inoculation with infected ticks. Methods Seventy-five questing adult Dermacentor reticulatus ticks were longitudinally cut in two halves and pooled. Each pool consisted of halves of 5 ticks, resulting in two analogous sets. One pool set (n = 15) served for DNA extraction, while the other set (n = 15) was used for oral inoculation of experimental animals (Mus musculus, line CD-1 and Meriones unguiculatus). Blood was collected three times during the experiment (before the inoculation, at 14 days post-inoculation and at 30 days post-inoculation). All animals were euthanized 30 days post-inoculation. At necropsy, half of the heart, lung, liver, spleen and kidneys were collected from each animal. The presence of Babesia DNA targeting the 18S rRNA gene was evaluated from blood and tissues samples. For histopathology, the other halves of the tissues were used. Stained blood smears were used for the light microscopy detection of Babesia. Results From the 15 pools of D. reticulatus used for the oral inoculation, six were PCR-positive for B. canis. DNA of B. canis was detected in blood and tissues of 33.3% of the animals (4 out of 12) inoculated with a B. canis-positive pool. No Babesia DNA was detected in the other 18 animals which received B. canis-negative tick pools. No Babesia was detected during the histological examination and all blood smears were microscopically negative. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that B. canis DNA can be detected in tissues of mammalian hosts following ingestion of infected ticks and opens the question of alternative transmission routes for piroplasms.![]()
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Henning A, Clift SJ, Leisewitz AL. The pathology of the spleen in lethal canine babesiosis caused by Babesia rossi. Parasite Immunol 2020; 42:e12706. [PMID: 32119124 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To provide useful information based on the macropathology, histopathology and immunohistochemical investigation in the spleens of dogs with Babesia rossi infection. Control spleens were collected from four healthy dogs euthanized for welfare reasons. Nine dogs that died naturally because of a mono-infection with Babesia rossi were selected for the diseased group. One haematoxylin-and-eosin-stained section of splenic tissue from each of the infected and control dogs was examined under the light microscope. Immunohistochemical markers were applied to characterize different immunocyte populations. The application of analytic software enabled semi-quantitative comparison of leucocyte subpopulations. Routine splenic histopathology revealed diffuse intermingling of white and red pulp from infected dogs with a clear loss of distinction between these zones. Immunohistochemistry revealed an increase in the proportion of tissue resident and bone marrow origin macrophages in the infected spleens. Apart from a few remnant lymphocytes within the peri-arteriolar lymphatic sheaths and follicles, the majority of the immunocytes redistributed to the red pulp, supporting the observation of white and red pulp intermingling. The majority of our findings are in agreement with histomorphological descriptions of the spleen in a variety of noncanid mammalian hosts with lethal malaria or babesiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alischa Henning
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Sarah Jane Clift
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Andrew Lambert Leisewitz
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
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Zhang H, Zhai JY, Du HB, Zhang LM, Li LF, Bian AQ, Jiang LN, Zhao ZG. Mesenteric lymph drainage alleviates hemorrhagic shock-induced spleen injury and inflammation. Acta Cir Bras 2019; 34:e201900903. [PMID: 31778525 PMCID: PMC6887095 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-865020190090000003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of mesenteric lymph drainage on the spleen injury and the expressions of inflammatory cytokines in splenic tissue in mice following hemorrhagic shock. METHODS Male C57 mice were randomly divided into the sham shock, shock and shock+drainage groups. The mice in both shock and shock+drainage groups suffered femoral artery bleeding, maintained mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 40±2 mmHg for 90 min, and were resuscitated. And mesenteric lymph drainage was performed in the shock+drainage group at the time of resuscitation. After three hours of resuscitation, the splenic tissues were harvested for the histological observation and protein and mRNA expression analysis of cytokines. RESULTS The spleen in the shock group revealed a significantly structural damage and increased mRNA expressions of MyD88 and TRAF6 and protein expressions of TIPE2, MyD88, TRIF and TRAF3 compared to the sham group. By contrast, the splenic pathological injury in the shock+drainage group was alleviated significantly, and the mRNA and protein expressions of TIPE2, MyD88, TRIF, TRAF3 and TRAF6 were significantly lower than those in the shock group. CONCLUSION These results indicate that post-hemorrhagic shock mesenteric lymph drainage alleviates hemorrhagic shock-induced spleen injury and the expressions of inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- MB, Institute of Microcirculation, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China. Acquisition, analysis and interpretation of data; technical procedures; statistics analysis; histopathological examinations; manuscript writing
| | - Jia-Yi Zhai
- MB, Institute of Microcirculation, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China. Acquisition of data, technical procedures, statistics analysis
| | - Hui-Bo Du
- MB, Institute of Microcirculation, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China. Technical procedures
| | - Li-Min Zhang
- MB, Institute of Microcirculation, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China. Technical procedures
| | - Lin-Feng Li
- MB, Institute of Microcirculation, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China. Technical procedures
| | - An-Qi Bian
- MB, Institute of Microcirculation, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China. Technical procedures
| | - Li-Na Jiang
- PhD, Institute of Microcirculation, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China. Conception and design of the study, analysis and interpretation of data, technical procedures, critical revision
| | - Zi-Gang Zhao
- PhD, Institute of Microcirculation, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China. Conception and design of the study, analysis and interpretation of data, manuscript preparation, critical revision, final approval
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Alvarez JA, Rojas C, Figueroa JV. Diagnostic Tools for the Identification of Babesia sp. in Persistently Infected Cattle. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8030143. [PMID: 31505741 PMCID: PMC6789608 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8030143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine babesiosis is a tick-borne disease of cattle caused by the protozoan parasites of the genus Babesia. Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina and Babesia divergens are considered by International health authorities (OIE) as the principal species of Babesia that cause bovine babesiosis. Animals that recover from a babesial primo infection may remain as persistent carriers with no clinical signs of disease and can be the source of infection for ticks that are able to acquire Babesia parasites from infected cattle and to transmit Babesia parasites to susceptible cattle. Several procedures that have been developed for parasite detection and diagnosis of this infectious carrier state constitute the basis for this review: A brief description of the direct microscopic detection of Babesia-infected erytrocytes; PCR-based diagnostic assays, which are very sensitive particularly in detecting Babesia in carrier cattle; in-vitro culture methods, used to demonstrate presence of carrier infections of Babesia sp.; animal inoculation, particularly for B. divergens isolation are discussed. Alternatively, persistently infected animals can be tested for specific antibabesial antibodies by using indirect serological assays. Serological procedures are not necessarily consistent in identifying persistently infected animals and have the disadvantage of presenting with cross reactions between antibodies to Babesia sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Antonio Alvarez
- Babesia Unit, CENID-Salud Animal e Inocuidad, INIFAP, 62550 Jiutepec, Mexico.
| | - Carmen Rojas
- Babesia Unit, CENID-Salud Animal e Inocuidad, INIFAP, 62550 Jiutepec, Mexico.
| | - Julio V Figueroa
- Babesia Unit, CENID-Salud Animal e Inocuidad, INIFAP, 62550 Jiutepec, Mexico.
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Dai F, Zhuo X, Kong Q, Du J, Yu H, Zhou S, Song X, Tong Q, Lou D, Lou Q, Lu L, Lv Y, Sa X, Lu S. Early Detection of Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Mongolian Gerbil by Quantitative Real-Time Pcr. J Parasitol 2019. [DOI: 10.1645/18-95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fangwei Dai
- Laboratory Animal Centre of Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Xunhui Zhuo
- Department of Immunity and Biochemistry, Institute of Parasitic Disease, Zhejiang Academy of Medical
| | - Qingming Kong
- Department of Immunity and Biochemistry, Institute of Parasitic Disease, Zhejiang Academy of Medical
| | - Jiangtao Du
- Laboratory Animal Centre of Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Haijie Yu
- Jiaxing Vocational Technical College, Jiaxing, China
| | - Shasang Zhou
- Laboratory Animal Centre of Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Xiaoming Song
- Laboratory Animal Centre of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, China
| | - Qunbo Tong
- Department of Immunity and Biochemistry, Institute of Parasitic Disease, Zhejiang Academy of Medical
| | - Di Lou
- Department of Immunity and Biochemistry, Institute of Parasitic Disease, Zhejiang Academy of Medical
| | - Qi Lou
- Laboratory Animal Centre of Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Lingqun Lu
- Laboratory Animal Centre of Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Yu Lv
- Laboratory Animal Centre of Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Xiaoying Sa
- Laboratory Animal Centre of Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Shaohong Lu
- Department of Immunity and Biochemistry, Institute of Parasitic Disease, Zhejiang Academy of Medical
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13
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Hermida MDR, de Melo CVB, Lima IDS, Oliveira GGDS, Dos-Santos WLC. Histological Disorganization of Spleen Compartments and Severe Visceral Leishmaniasis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:394. [PMID: 30483481 PMCID: PMC6243053 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The spleen is a secondary lymphoid organ responsible for immune surveillance against blood-circulating pathogens. Absence of the spleen is associated with increased susceptibility to systemic spread and fatal infection by different pathogens. Severe forms of visceral leishmaniasis are associated with disorganization of spleen compartments where cell interactions essential for splenic immunological function take place. White pulp atrophies, secondary lymphoid follicles and marginal zones vanish, and the boundaries separating white and red pulp blur. Leukocyte populations are reduced or disappear or are replaced by plasma cells. In this paper, we review the published data on spleen disorganization in severe forms of visceral leishmaniasis and propose a histological classification to help the exchange of information among research groups.
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Tabar MD, Movilla R, Serrano L, Altet L, Francino O, Roura X. PCR evaluation of selected vector-borne pathogens in dogs with pericardial effusion. J Small Anim Pract 2018; 59:248-252. [PMID: 29355984 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate evidence for selected vector-borne pathogen infections in dogs with pericardial effusion living in a Mediterranean area in which several canine vector-borne diseases are endemic. MATERIALS AND METHODS Archived EDTA blood (n=68) and pericardial fluid samples (n=58) from dogs with pericardial effusion (n=68) were included. Dogs without pericardial effusion examined for other reasons were included as controls (n=60). Pericardial effusion was classified as neoplastic in 40 dogs, idiopathic in 23 dogs and of unknown aetiology in 5 dogs. Real-time PCR was performed for Leishmania infantum, Ehrlichia/Anaplasma species, Hepatozoon canis, Babesia species, Rickettsia species and Bartonella species, and sequencing of PCR products from positive samples was used to confirm species specificity. RESULTS Vector-borne pathogens were found in 18 dogs: 16 of 68 dogs with pericardial effusion (23·5%) and two of 60 control dogs (3·3%). Positive dogs demonstrated DNA of Leishmania infantum (n=7), Anaplasma platys (n=2, one dog coinfected with Leishmania infantum), Babesia canis (n=5), Babesia gibsoni (n=3) and Hepatozoon canis (n=2). Vector-borne pathogens were more commonly detected among dogs with pericardial effusion than controls (P=0·001). There was no relationship between aetiology of the pericardial effusion and evidence of vector-borne pathogens (P=0·932). CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Vector-borne pathogens are often detected in dogs with pericardial effusion and require further investigation, especially in dogs with idiopathic pericardial effusion. PCR can provide additional information about the potential role of vector-borne pathogens in dogs with pericardial effusion living in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-D Tabar
- Hospital Veterinario San Vicente, Alicante, 03540, Spain
| | - R Movilla
- Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - L Serrano
- Vetgenomics, Parc de recerca UAB, Edifici Eureka, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - L Altet
- Vetgenomics, Parc de recerca UAB, Edifici Eureka, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - O Francino
- Servei Veterinari de Genètica Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - X Roura
- Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
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Movilla R, Altet L, Serrano L, Tabar MD, Roura X. Molecular detection of vector-borne pathogens in blood and splenic samples from dogs with splenic disease. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:131. [PMID: 28285583 PMCID: PMC5346854 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2074-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The spleen is a highly perfused organ involved in the immunological control and elimination of vector-borne pathogens (VBP), which could have a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of splenic disease. This study aimed to evaluate certain VBP in samples from dogs with splenic lesions. Methods Seventy-seven EDTA-blood and 64 splenic tissue samples were collected from 78 dogs with splenic disease in a Mediterranean area. Babesia spp., Bartonella spp., Ehrlichia/Anaplasma spp., Hepatozoon canis, Leishmania infantum, hemotropic Mycoplasma spp. and Rickettsia spp. were targeted using PCR assays. Sixty EDTA-blood samples from dogs without evidence of splenic lesions were included as a control group. Results More than half (51.56%) of the biopsies (33/64) were consistent with benign lesions and 48.43% (31/64) with malignancy, mostly hemangiosarcoma (25/31). PCR yielded positive results in 13 dogs with spleen alterations (16.67%), for Babesia canis (n = 3), Babesia gibsoni (n = 2), hemotropic Mycoplasma spp. (n = 2), Rickettsia massiliae (n = 1) and “Babesia vulpes” (n = 1), in blood; and for B. canis, B. gibsoni, Ehrlichia canis and L. infantum (n = 1 each), in spleen. Two control dogs (3.3%) were positive for B. gibsoni and H. canis (n = 1 each). Benign lesions were detected in the 61.54% of infected dogs (8/13); the remaining 38.46% were diagnosed with malignancies (5/13). Infection was significantly associated to the presence of splenic disease (P = 0.013). There was no difference in the prevalence of infection between dogs with benign and malignant splenic lesions (P = 0.69); however B. canis was more prevalent in dogs with hemangiosarcoma (P = 0.006). Conclusions VBP infection could be involved in the pathogenesis of splenic disease. The immunological role of the spleen could predispose to alterations of this organ in infected dogs. Interestingly, all dogs with B. canis infection were diagnosed with hemangiosarcoma in the present survey. As previously reported, results support that VBP diagnosis could be improved by analysis of samples from different tissues. The sample size included here warrants further investigation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2074-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Movilla
- Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Carrer de L'Hospital s/n, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Altet
- Vetgenomics, Edifici Eureka, Parc de Recerca de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lorena Serrano
- Vetgenomics, Edifici Eureka, Parc de Recerca de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María-Dolores Tabar
- Hospital Veterinario San Vicente, Calle del Veterinario Manuel Isidro Rodríguez García N°17, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain
| | - Xavier Roura
- Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Carrer de L'Hospital s/n, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
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Phenotypic characterization of the Francisella tularensis ΔpdpC and ΔiglG mutants. Microbes Infect 2016; 18:768-776. [PMID: 27477000 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Several bacterial pathogens interact with their host through protein secretion effectuated by a type VI secretion system (T6SS). Francisella tularensis is a highly pathogenic intracellular bacterium that causes the disease tularemia. Proteins encoded by the Francisella pathogenicity island (FPI), which constitute a type VI secretion system, are essential for the virulence of the bacterium and a key mechanism behind this is the escape from the phagosome followed by productive cytosolic replication. It has been shown that T6SS in Francisella is distinct since all putative substrates of F. tularensis T6SS, except for VgrG, are unique to the species. Many of the FPI proteins are secreted into the macrophage cytosol and this is dependent on the functional components of DotU, VgrG, IglC and IglG. In addition, PdpC seems to have a regulatory role for the expression of iglABCD. Since previous results showed peculiar phenotypes of the ΔpdpC and ΔiglG mutants in mouse macrophages, their unique behavior was characterized in human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDM) in this study. Our results show that both ΔpdpC and ΔiglG mutants of the live vaccine strain (LVS) of F. tularensis did not replicate within HMDMs. The ΔpdpC mutant did not escape from the Francisella containing phagosome (FCP), neither caused cytopathogenicity in primary macrophages and was attenuated in a mouse model. Interestingly, the ΔiglG mutant escaped from the HMDMs FCP and also caused pathological changes in the spleen and liver tissues of intradermally infected C57BL/6 mice. The ΔiglG mutant, with its unique phenotype, is a potential vaccine candidate.
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