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Madubuike H, Ferry N. Enhanced Activity and Stability of an Acetyl Xylan Esterase in Hydrophilic Alcohols through Site-Directed Mutagenesis. Molecules 2023; 28:7393. [PMID: 37959811 PMCID: PMC10647838 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Current demands for the development of suitable biocatalysts showing high process performance is stimulated by the need to replace current chemical synthesis with cleaner alternatives. A drawback to the use of biocatalysts for unique applications is their low performance in industrial conditions. Hence, enzymes with improved performance are needed to achieve innovative and sustainable biocatalysis. In this study, we report the improved performance of an engineered acetyl xylan esterase (BaAXE) in a hydrophilic organic solvent. The structure of BaAXE was partitioned into a substrate-binding region and a solvent-affecting region. Using a rational design approach, charged residues were introduced at protein surfaces in the solvent-affecting region. Two sites present in the solvent-affecting region, A12D and Q143E, were selected for site-directed mutagenesis, which generated the mutants MUT12, MUT143 and MUT12-143. The mutants MUT12 and MUT143 reported lower Km (0.29 mM and 0.27 mM, respectively) compared to the wildtype (0.41 mM). The performance of the mutants in organic solvents was assessed after enzyme incubation in various strengths of alcohols. The mutants showed improved activity and stability compared to the wild type in low strengths of ethanol and methanol. However, the activity of MUT143 was lost in 40% methanol while MUT12 and MUT12-143 retained over 70% residual activity in this environment. Computational analysis links the improved performance of MUT12 and MUT12-143 to novel intermolecular interactions that are absent in MUT143. This work supports the rationale for protein engineering to augment the characteristics of wild-type proteins and provides more insight into the role of charged residues in conferring stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Madubuike
- School of Science Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Manchester M5 4WT, UK
| | - Natalie Ferry
- School of Science Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Manchester M5 4WT, UK
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2
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Identification and characterization of a novel carboxylesterase EstQ7 from a soil metagenomic library. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:4113-4125. [PMID: 34057548 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02398-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A novel lipolytic gene, estq7, was identified from a fosmid metagenomic library. The recombinant enzyme EstQ7 consists of 370 amino acids with an anticipated molecular mass of 42 kDa. Multiple sequence alignments showed that EstQ7 contained a pentapeptide motif GHSMG, and a putative catalytic triad Ser174-Asp306-His344. Interestingly, EstQ7 was found to have very little similarity to the characterized lipolytic enzymes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that EstQ7 may be a member of a novel family of lipolytic enzymes. Biochemical characterization of the recombinant enzyme revealed that it constitutes a slightly alkalophilic, moderate thermophilic and highly active carboxylesterase against short-chain fatty acid esters with optimum temperature 50 ℃ and pH 8.2. The Km and kcat values toward p-nitrophenyl acetate were determined to be 0.17 mM and 1910s-1, respectively. Moreover, EstQ7 was demonstrated to have acyltransferase activity by GC-MS analysis. Structural modeling of the three-dimensional structure of this new enzyme showed that it exhibits a typical α/β hydrolase fold, and the catalytic triad residues are spatially close. Molecular docking revealed the interactions between the enzyme and the ligand. The high levels of lipolytic activity of EstQ7, combined with its moderate thermophilic property and acyltransferase activity, render this novel enzyme a promising candidate biocatalyst for food, pharmaceutical and biotechnological applications.
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3
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Meneses DP, Paixão LMN, Fonteles TV, Gudiña EJ, Rodrigues LR, Fernandes FA, Rodrigues S. Esterase production by Aureobasidium pullulans URM 7059 in stirred tank and airlift bioreactors using residual biodiesel glycerol as substrate. Biochem Eng J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.107954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Leite AET, Briganti L, de Araújo EA, Pellegrini VDOA, Camilo CM, Polikarpov I. Low-resolution molecular shape, biochemical characterization and emulsification properties of a halotolerant esterase from Bacillus licheniformis. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2020; 49:435-447. [PMID: 32683479 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-020-01448-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial esterases are highly versatile enzymes, currently widely used in detergents, biosurfactants, bioemulsifiers and as biocatalysts in paper and food industries. Present work describes heterologous expression, purification, and biophysical and biochemical characterization of a halotolerant esterase from Bacillus licheniformis (BlEstA). BlEstA preferentially cleaves pNP-octanoate and both activity and stability of the enzyme increased in the presence of 2 M NaCl, and also with several organic solvents (ethanol, methanol and DMSO). Furthermore, BlEstA has considerable emulsifying properties, particularly with olive oil as substrate. Our studies also show that the enzyme is monomeric in solution and its small-angle X-ray scattering low-resolution molecular envelope fits well its high-resolution homology model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Elisa T Leite
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Lorenzo Briganti
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Cesar Moyses Camilo
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Igor Polikarpov
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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Park JM, Kang CH, Won SM, Oh KH, Yoon JH. Characterization of a Novel Moderately Thermophilic Solvent-Tolerant Esterase Isolated From a Compost Metagenome Library. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:3069. [PMID: 32038535 PMCID: PMC6993047 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.03069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel esterase, EstCS1, was isolated from a compost metagenomics library. The EstCS1 protein, which consists of 309 amino acid residues with an anticipated molecular mass of 34 kDa, showed high amino acid sequence identities to predicted esterases and alpha/beta hydrolases (59%) from some cultured bacteria and to predicted lipases/esterases from uncultured bacteria. The phylogenetic analysis suggested that the EstCS1 belongs to the hormone-sensitive lipase family of lipolytic enzyme classification and contains a catalytic triad including Ser155–Asp255–His285. The Ser155 residue of the catalytic triad in the EstCS1 was located in the consensus active-site motif, GXSXG. Besides, a conserved HGGG motif placed in an oxyanion hole of the hormone-sensitive lipase family was discovered, too. The EstCS1 demonstrated the highest activity toward p-nitrophenyl propionate (C3) and caproate (C6) and was normally stable up to 60°C with optimal activity at 50°C. In addition, an optimal activity was observed at pH 8, and the EstCS1 possessed its stability within the pH range between 5 and 10. Interestingly, EstCS1 had an outstanding stability in up to 30% (v/v) organic solvents and activity over 50% in the presence of 50% (v/v) acetone, ethanol, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and N,N-dimethylformamide. The EstCS1 hydrolyzed sterically hindered tertiary alcohol esters of t-butyl acetate and linalyl acetate. Considering the properties, such as the moderate thermostability, stability against organic solvents, and activity toward esters of tertiary alcohols, the EstCS1 will be worthwhile to be used for organic synthesis and related industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Min Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Chul-Hyung Kang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea.,Green Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology Program, School of Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Sung-Min Won
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Ki-Hoon Oh
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jung-Hoon Yoon
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
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Biochemical characterization of an esterase from Clostridium acetobutylicum with novel GYSMG pentapeptide motif at the catalytic domain. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 47:169-181. [PMID: 31807968 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-019-02253-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gene CA_C0816 codes for a serine hydrolase protein from Clostridium acetobutylicum (ATCC 824) a member of hormone-sensitive lipase of lipolytic family IV. This gene was overexpressed in E. coli strain BL21and purified using Ni2+-NTA affinity chromatography. Size exclusion chromatography revealed that the protein is a dimer in solution. Optimum pH and temperature for recombinant Clostridium acetobutylicum esterase (Ca-Est) were found to be 7.0 and 60 °C, respectively. This enzyme exhibited high preference for p-nitrophenyl butyrate. KM and kcat/KM of the enzyme were 24.90 µM and 25.13 s-1 µM-1, respectively. Sequence analysis of Ca-Est predicts the presence of catalytic amino acids Ser 89, His 224, and Glu 196, presence of novel GYSMG conserved sequence (instead of GDSAG and GTSAG motif), and undescribed variation of HGSG motif. Site-directed mutagenesis confirmed that Ser 89 and His 224 play a major role in catalysis. This study reports that Ca-Est is hormone-sensitive lipase with novel GYSMG pentapeptide motif at a catalytic domain.
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Chamekh R, Deniel F, Donot C, Jany JL, Nodet P, Belabid L. Isolation, Identification and Enzymatic Activity of Halotolerant and Halophilic Fungi from the Great Sebkha of Oran in Northwestern of Algeria. MYCOBIOLOGY 2019; 47:230-241. [PMID: 31448143 PMCID: PMC6691801 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2019.1623979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Great Sebkha of Oran is a closed depression located in northwestern of Algeria. Despite the ranking of this sebkha among the wetlands of global importance by Ramsar Convention in 2002, no studies on the fungal community in this area have been carried out. In our study, samples were collected from two different regions. The first region is characterized by halophilic vegetation and cereal crops and the second by a total absence of vegetation. The isolated strains were identified morphologically then by molecular analysis. The biotechnological interest of the strains was evaluated by testing their ability to grow at different concentration of NaCl and to produce extracellular enzymes (i.e., lipase, amylase, protease, and cellulase) on solid medium. The results showed that the soil of sebkha is alkaline, with the exception of the soil of cereal crops that is neutral, and extremely saline. In this work, the species Gymnoascus halophilus, Trichoderma gamsii, the two phytopathogenic fungi, Fusarium brachygibbosum and Penicillium allii, and the teleomorphic form of P. longicatenatum observed for the first time in this species, were isolated for the first time in Algeria. The halotolerance test revealed that the majority of the isolated are halotolerant. Wallemia sp. and two strains of G. halophilus are the only obligate halophilic strains. All strains are capable to secrete at least one of the four tested enzymes. The most interesting species presenting the highest enzymatic index were Aspergillus sp. strain A4, Chaetomium sp. strain H1, P. vinaceum, G. halophilus, Wallemia sp. and Ustilago cynodontis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajaa Chamekh
- Faculty of Science of Nature and Life, Laboratory Research on Biological Systems and Geomatics, Mascara University, Mascara, Algeria
| | - Franck Deniel
- Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Microbienne, EA3882, Université de Brest, ESIAB, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Plouzané, France
| | - Christelle Donot
- Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Microbienne, EA3882, Université de Brest, ESIAB, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Plouzané, France
| | - Jean-Luc Jany
- Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Microbienne, EA3882, Université de Brest, ESIAB, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Plouzané, France
| | - Patrice Nodet
- Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Microbienne, EA3882, Université de Brest, ESIAB, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Plouzané, France
| | - Lakhder Belabid
- Faculty of Science of Nature and Life, Laboratory Research on Biological Systems and Geomatics, Mascara University, Mascara, Algeria
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Sukul P, Lupilov N, Leichert LI. Characterization of ML-005, a Novel Metaproteomics-Derived Esterase. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1925. [PMID: 30210461 PMCID: PMC6119806 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel gene encoding for a lipolytic enzyme, designated ML-005, was recently identified using a functional metaproteomics approach. We heterologously expressed this protein in Escherichia coli and biochemically characterized it. ML-005 exhibited lipolytic activity toward short-chained substrates with the preferred substrate being p-nitrophenyl-butyrate, suggesting that ML-005 is an esterase. According to homology analysis and site-directed mutagenesis, the catalytic triad of the enzyme was identified as Ser-99, Asp-164, and His-191. Its optimal pH was determined to be at pH 8. Optimal activity was observed at 45°C. It also exhibited temperature, pH and salt tolerance. Residual relative activity after incubating at 50–60°C for 360 min was above 80% of its initial activity. It showed tolerance over a broad range of pH (5–12) and retained most of its initial activity. Furthermore, incubating ML-005 in 1 – 5M NaCl solution had negligible effect on its activity. DTT, EDTA, and ß-mercaptoethanol had no significant effect on ML-005’s activity. However, addition of PMSF led to almost complete inactivation consistent with ML-005 being a serine hydrolase. ML-005 remains stable in the presence of a range of metal ions, but addition of Cu2+ significantly reduces its relative activity. Organic solvents have an inhibitory effect on ML-005, but it retained 21% of activity in 10% methanol. SDS had the most pronounced inhibitory effect on ML-005 among all detergents tested and completely inactivated it. Furthermore, the Vmax of ML-005 was determined to be 59.8 μM/min along with a Km of 137.9 μM. The kcat of ML-005 is 26 s-1 and kcat/Km is 1.88 × 105 M-1 s-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Premankur Sukul
- Department of Microbial Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Natalie Lupilov
- Department of Microbial Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lars I Leichert
- Department of Microbial Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Gao H, Li C, Bandikari R, Liu Z, Hu N, Yong Q. A novel cold-adapted esterase from Enterobacter cloacae: Characterization and improvement of its activity and thermostability via the site of Tyr193Cys. Microb Cell Fact 2018; 17:45. [PMID: 29554914 PMCID: PMC5858142 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-018-0885-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In industries lipolytic reactions occur in insensitive conditions such as high temperature thus novel stout esterases with unique properties are attracts to the industrial application. Protein engineering is the tool to obtain desirable characters of enzymes. A novel esterase gene was isolated from South China Sea and subjected to a random mutagenesis and site directed mutagenesis for higher activity and thermo-stability compared to wild type. Results A novel esterase showed the highest hydrolytic activity against p-nitrophenyl acetate (pNPA, C2) and the optimal activity at 40 °C and pH 8.5. It was a cold-adapted enzyme and retained approximately 40% of its maximum activity at 0 °C. A mutant, with higher activity and thermo-stability was obtained by random mutagenesis. Kinetic analysis indicated that the mutant Val29Ala/Tyr193Cys shown 43.5% decrease in Km, 2.6-fold increase in Kcat, and 4.7-fold increase in Kcat/Km relative to the wild type. Single mutants V29A and Y193C were constructed and their kinetic parameters were measured. The results showed that the values of Km, Kcat, and Kcat/Km of V29A were similar to those of the wild type while Y193C showed 52.7% decrease in Km, 2.7-fold increase in Kcat, and 5.6-fold increase in Kcat/Km compared with the wild type. The 3-D structure and docking analysis revealed that the replacement of Tyr by Cys could enlarge the binding pocket. Moreover Y193C also showed a better thermo-stability for the reason its higher hydrophobicity and retained 67% relative activity after incubation for 3 h at 50 °C. Conclusions The superior quality of modified esterase suggested it has great potential application in extreme conditions and the mutational work recommended that important information for the study of esterase structure and function. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12934-018-0885-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haofeng Gao
- College of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, 210018, China.,College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, 211800, China
| | - Chanjuan Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ramesh Bandikari
- College of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ziduo Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Nan Hu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, 211800, China.
| | - Qiang Yong
- College of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, 210018, China.
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Biotechnological production of value-added compounds by ustilaginomycetous yeasts. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:7789-7809. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8516-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lopes JLS, Yoneda JS, Martins JM, DeMarco R, Jameson DM, Castro AM, Bossolan NRS, Wallace BA, Araujo APU. Environmental Factors Modulating the Stability and Enzymatic Activity of the Petrotoga mobilis Esterase (PmEst). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158146. [PMID: 27351338 PMCID: PMC4924860 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzymes isolated from thermophilic organisms found in oil reservoirs can find applications in many fields, including the oleochemical, pharmaceutical, bioenergy, and food/dairy industries. In this study, in silico identification and recombinant production of an esterase from the extremophile bacteria Petrotoga mobilis (designated PmEst) were performed. Then biochemical, bioinformatics and structural characterizations were undertaken using a combination of synchrotron radiation circular dichroism (SRCD) and fluorescence spectroscopies to correlate PmEst stability and hydrolytic activity on different substrates. The enzyme presented a high Michaelis-Menten constant (KM 0.16 mM) and optimum activity at ~55°C for p-nitrophenyl butyrate. The secondary structure of PmEst was preserved at acid pH, but not under alkaline conditions. PmEst was unfolded at high concentrations of urea or guanidine through apparently different mechanisms. The esterase activity of PmEst was preserved in the presence of ethanol or propanol and its melting temperature increased ~8°C in the presence of these organic solvents. PmEst is a mesophilic esterase with substrate preference towards short-to medium-length acyl chains. The SRCD data of PmEst is in agreement with the prediction of an α/β protein, which leads us to assume that it displays a typical fold of esterases from this family. The increased enzyme stability in organic solvents may enable novel applications for its use in synthetic biology. Taken together, our results demonstrate features of the PmEst enzyme that indicate it may be suitable for applications in industrial processes, particularly, when the use of polar organic solvents is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L. S. Lopes
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana S. Yoneda
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julia M. Martins
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Ricardo DeMarco
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - David M. Jameson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Hawai’i at Manoa, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Aline M. Castro
- Biotechnology Division, Research and Development Center, Petrobras, Brazil
| | - Nelma R. S. Bossolan
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - B. A. Wallace
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ana P. U. Araujo
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
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Characterization of a novel cold active and salt tolerant esterase from Zunongwangia profunda. Enzyme Microb Technol 2016; 85:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2015.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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