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Nassar A, Kodi T, Satarker S, Chowdari Gurram P, Upadhya D, SM F, Mudgal J, Nampoothiri M. Astrocytic MicroRNAs and Transcription Factors in Alzheimer's Disease and Therapeutic Interventions. Cells 2022; 11:cells11244111. [PMID: 36552875 PMCID: PMC9776935 DOI: 10.3390/cells11244111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are important for maintaining cholesterol metabolism, glutamate uptake, and neurotransmission. Indeed, inflammatory processes and neurodegeneration contribute to the altered morphology, gene expression, and function of astrocytes. Astrocytes, in collaboration with numerous microRNAs, regulate brain cholesterol levels as well as glutamatergic and inflammatory signaling, all of which contribute to general brain homeostasis. Neural electrical activity, synaptic plasticity processes, learning, and memory are dependent on the astrocyte-neuron crosstalk. Here, we review the involvement of astrocytic microRNAs that potentially regulate cholesterol metabolism, glutamate uptake, and inflammation in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The interaction between astrocytic microRNAs and long non-coding RNA and transcription factors specific to astrocytes also contributes to the pathogenesis of AD. Thus, astrocytic microRNAs arise as a promising target, as AD conditions are a worldwide public health problem. This review examines novel therapeutic strategies to target astrocyte dysfunction in AD, such as lipid nanodiscs, engineered G protein-coupled receptors, extracellular vesicles, and nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajmal Nassar
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Triveni Kodi
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Sairaj Satarker
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Prasada Chowdari Gurram
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Dinesh Upadhya
- Centre for Molecular Neurosciences, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Fayaz SM
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Jayesh Mudgal
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Madhavan Nampoothiri
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
- Correspondence:
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Sedgwick A, Olivia Balmert M, D'Souza-Schorey C. The formation of giant plasma membrane vesicles enable new insights into the regulation of cholesterol efflux. Exp Cell Res 2018. [PMID: 29522754 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant cellular cholesterol accumulation contributes to the pathophysiology of many diseases including neurodegenerative disorders such as Niemann-Pick Type C (NPC) and Alzheimer's Disease1-4. Many aspects of cholesterol efflux from cells remain elusive. Here we describe the utility of cholesterol-rich giant plasma membrane vesicles (GPMVs) as a means to monitor cholesterol that is translocated to the plasma membrane for secretion. We demonstrate that small molecules known to enhance lipid efflux, including those in clinical trials for lipid storage disorders, enhance this GPMV formation. Conversely, pharmacological inhibition of cholesterol efflux blocks GPMV formation. We show that microtubule stabilization via paclitaxel treatment and increased tubulin acetylation via HDAC6 inhibition promotes the formation of GPMVs with concomitant reduction in cellular cholesterol in a cell model of NPC disease. The pan-deacetylase inhibitor panobinostat, which has been shown to reduce the severity of cholesterol storage in NPC, elicited a similar response. Further, the disruption of actin polymerization inhibits the formation of GPMVs, whereas the small GTP-binding protein Arl4c promotes actin remodeling at sites overlapping with GPMV formation. Thus, monitoring the formation of GPMVs provides a new avenue to better understand diseases whose pathology may be sensitive to alterations in cellular cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alanna Sedgwick
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556-0369, USA
| | - M Olivia Balmert
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556-0369, USA
| | - Crislyn D'Souza-Schorey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556-0369, USA.
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Ma W, Lin M, Ding H, Lin G, Zhang Z. β-COP as a Component of Transport Vesicles for HDL Apolipoprotein-Mediated Cholesterol Exocytosis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151767. [PMID: 26986486 PMCID: PMC4795675 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective HDL and its apolipoproteins protect against atherosclerotic disease partly by removing excess cholesterol from macrophage foam cells. But the underlying mechanisms of cholesterol clearance are still not well defined. We investigated roles of vesicle trafficking of coatomer β-COP in delivering cholesterol to the cell surface during apoA-1 and apoE-mediated lipid efflux from fibroblasts and THP-1 macrophages. Methods shRNA knockout, confocal and electron microscopy and biochemical analysis were used to investigate the roles of β-COP in apolipoprotein-mediated cholesterol efflux in fibroblasts and THP-1 macrophages. Results We showed that β-COP knockdown by lentiviral shRNA resulted in reduced apoA-1-mediated cholesterol efflux, while increased cholesterol accumulation and formation of larger vesicles were observed in THP-1 macrophages by laser scanning confocal microscopy. Immunogold electron microscopy showed that β-COP appeared on the membrane protrusion complexes and colocalized with apoA-1 or apoE during cholesterol efflux. This was associated with releasing heterogeneous sizes of small particles into the culture media of THP-1 macrophage. Western blotting also showed that apoA-1 promotes β-COP translocation to the cell membrane and secretion into culture media, in which a total of 17 proteins were identified by proteomics. Moreover, β-COP exclusively associated with human plasma HDL fractions. Conclusion ApoA-1 and apoE promoted transport vesicles consisting of β-COP and other candidate proteins to exocytose cholesterol, forming the protrusion complexes on cell surface, which were then released from the cell membrane as small particles to media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilie Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China
| | - Margarita Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China
| | - Hang Ding
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China
| | - Guorong Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China
- * E-mail: (GL); (ZZ)
| | - Zhizhen Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China
- * E-mail: (GL); (ZZ)
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Wang S, Peng DQ, Yi Y. The unsolved mystery of apoA-I recycling in adipocyte. Lipids Health Dis 2016; 15:35. [PMID: 26911989 PMCID: PMC4765186 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-016-0203-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
As the major storage site for triglycerides and free cholesterol, adipose tissue plays a central role in energy metabolism. ApoA-I is the main constituent of HDL and plays an important role in removal of excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues. Recently, multiple studies have shown beneficial effects of apoA-I on adipose metabolism and function. ApoA-I was reported to improve insulin sensitivity and exert anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity effect in animal studies. Interestingly, Uptake and resecretion of apoA-I by adipocytes has been detected. However, the significance of apoA-I recycling by adipocytes is still not clear. This article reviewed methods used to study cellular recycling of apoA-I and summarized the current knowledge on the mechanisms involved in apoA-I uptake by adipocytes. Since the main function of apoA-I is to mediate reverse cholesterol transport from peripheral tissues, the role of apoA-I internalization and re-secretion by adipocytes in intracellular cholesterol transport under physiological and pathological conditions were discussed. In addition, findings on the correlation between apoA-I recycling and obesity were discussed. Finally, it was proposed that during intracellular transport, apoA-I-protein complex may acquire cargoes other than lipids and deliver regulatory information when they were resecreted into the plasma. Although apoA-I recycling by adipocytes is still an unsolved mystery, it's likely that it is more than a redundant pathway especially under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Dao-quan Peng
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Yuhong Yi
- The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Kumar A, Baycin-Hizal D, Zhang Y, Bowen MA, Betenbaugh MJ. Cellular traffic cops: the interplay between lipids and proteins regulates vesicular formation, trafficking, and signaling in mammalian cells. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2015; 36:215-21. [PMID: 26540512 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Protein secretion and vesicular trafficking in mammalian cells rely on several key lipids including sphingolipids, phospholipids, and neutral lipids crucial to protein processing and other intracellular events. Proteins interact with these lipids to alter the shape of lipid bilayer, thereby playing a pivotal role in cellular sorting. Although some efforts have elucidated the role of these components, extensive studies are needed to further decipher the protein-lipid interactions along with the effect of membrane curvature and rafts in sorting of proteins. The regulatory role of proteins in subcellular localization and metabolism of lipids also needs to be described. Recent studies on the role of lipid-protein interactions in modulating membrane shape, signal transduction, and vesicular trafficking are presented in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Deniz Baycin-Hizal
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Michael A Bowen
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Michael J Betenbaugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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