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Shi G, Lu X, Zheng Y, Yang T, Zhu E, Song Y, Huang P. Insights into the potential dual-antibacterial mechanism of Kelisha capsule on Escherichia coli. BMC Complement Med Ther 2024; 24:207. [PMID: 38807130 PMCID: PMC11134901 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-024-04500-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), AYURVEDA and Indian medicine are essential in disease prevention and treatment. Kelisha capsule (KLSC), a TCM formula listed in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, has been clinically proven to possess potent antibacterial properties. However, the precise antimicrobial mechanism of KLSC remained unknown. This study aimed to elucidate the dual antibacterial mechanism of KLSC using network pharmacology, molecular docking, and experimental validation. By analyzing the growth curve of Escherichia coli (E. coli), it was observed that KLSC significantly inhibited its growth, showcasing a remarkable antibacterial effect. Furthermore, SEM and TEM analysis revealed that KLSC damaged the cell wall and membrane of E. coli, resulting in cytoplasmic leakage, bacterial death, and the exertion of antibacterial effects. The network pharmacology analysis revealed that KLSC exhibited an effect on E. coli ATP synthase, thereby influencing the energy metabolism process. The molecular docking outcomes provided evidence that the active compounds of KLSC could effectively bind to the ATP synthase subunit. Subsequently, experimental findings substantiated that KLSC effectively suppressed the activity of ATP synthase in E. coli and consequently decreased the ATP content. This study highlighted the dual antibacterial mechanism of KLSC, emphasizing its effects on cell structure and energy metabolism, suggesting its potential as a natural antibacterial agent for E. coli-related infections. These findings offered new insights into exploring the antibacterial mechanisms of TCM by focusing on the energy metabolism process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guolin Shi
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, School of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, 310009, China
- Post-Doctoral Research Center, Zhejiang SUKEAN Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 311228, China
| | - Xiao Lu
- Post-Doctoral Research Center, Zhejiang SUKEAN Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 311228, China
| | - Yuanhang Zheng
- Post-Doctoral Research Center, Zhejiang SUKEAN Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 311228, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Post-Doctoral Research Center, Zhejiang SUKEAN Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 311228, China
| | - Enyuan Zhu
- Post-Doctoral Research Center, Zhejiang SUKEAN Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 311228, China
| | - Yanhong Song
- Post-Doctoral Research Center, Zhejiang SUKEAN Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 311228, China
| | - Pintong Huang
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, School of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
- Research Center of Ultrasound in Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
- Research Center for Life Science and Human Health, Binjiang Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
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2
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Kong X, Gao P, Wang J, Fang Y, Hwang KC. Advances of medical nanorobots for future cancer treatments. J Hematol Oncol 2023; 16:74. [PMID: 37452423 PMCID: PMC10347767 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-023-01463-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Early detection and diagnosis of many cancers is very challenging. Late stage detection of a cancer always leads to high mortality rates. It is imperative to develop novel and more sensitive and effective diagnosis and therapeutic methods for cancer treatments. The development of new cancer treatments has become a crucial aspect of medical advancements. Nanobots, as one of the most promising applications of nanomedicines, are at the forefront of multidisciplinary research. With the progress of nanotechnology, nanobots enable the assembly and deployment of functional molecular/nanosized machines and are increasingly being utilized in cancer diagnosis and therapeutic treatment. In recent years, various practical applications of nanobots for cancer treatments have transitioned from theory to practice, from in vitro experiments to in vivo applications. In this paper, we review and analyze the recent advancements of nanobots in cancer treatments, with a particular emphasis on their key fundamental features and their applications in drug delivery, tumor sensing and diagnosis, targeted therapy, minimally invasive surgery, and other comprehensive treatments. At the same time, we discuss the challenges and the potential research opportunities for nanobots in revolutionizing cancer treatments. In the future, medical nanobots are expected to become more sophisticated and capable of performing multiple medical functions and tasks, ultimately becoming true nanosubmarines in the bloodstream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyi Kong
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital and Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen, 518116, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
- Division of Breast Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Breast Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
| | - Yi Fang
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
| | - Kuo Chu Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan ROC.
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3
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Mackieh R, Al-Bakkar N, Kfoury M, Roufayel R, Sabatier JM, Fajloun Z. Inhibitors of ATP Synthase as New Antibacterial Candidates. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12040650. [PMID: 37107012 PMCID: PMC10135114 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12040650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
ATP, the power of all cellular functions, is constantly used and produced by cells. The enzyme called ATP synthase is the energy factory in all cells, which produces ATP by adding inorganic phosphate (Pi) to ADP. It is found in the inner, thylakoid and plasma membranes of mitochondria, chloroplasts and bacteria, respectively. Bacterial ATP synthases have been the subject of multiple studies for decades, since they can be genetically manipulated. With the emergence of antibiotic resistance, many combinations of antibiotics with other compounds that enhance the effect of these antibiotics have been proposed as approaches to limit the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. ATP synthase inhibitors, such as resveratrol, venturicidin A, bedaquiline, tomatidine, piceatannol, oligomycin A and N,N-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide were the starting point of these combinations. However, each of these inhibitors target ATP synthase differently, and their co-administration with antibiotics increases the susceptibility of pathogenic bacteria. After a brief description of the structure and function of ATP synthase, we aim in this review to highlight therapeutic applications of the major bacterial ATP synthase inhibitors, including animal’s venoms, and to emphasize their importance in decreasing the activity of this enzyme and subsequently eradicating resistant bacteria as ATP synthase is their source of energy.
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4
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Fiorillo M, Ózsvári B, Sotgia F, Lisanti MP. High ATP Production Fuels Cancer Drug Resistance and Metastasis: Implications for Mitochondrial ATP Depletion Therapy. Front Oncol 2021; 11:740720. [PMID: 34722292 PMCID: PMC8554334 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.740720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we presented evidence that high mitochondrial ATP production is a new therapeutic target for cancer treatment. Using ATP as a biomarker, we isolated the “metabolically fittest” cancer cells from the total cell population. Importantly, ATP-high cancer cells were phenotypically the most aggressive, with enhanced stem-like properties, showing multi-drug resistance and an increased capacity for cell migration, invasion and spontaneous metastasis. In support of these observations, ATP-high cells demonstrated the up-regulation of both mitochondrial proteins and other protein biomarkers, specifically associated with stemness and metastasis. Therefore, we propose that the “energetically fittest” cancer cells would be better able to resist the selection pressure provided by i) a hostile micro-environment and/or ii) conventional chemotherapy, allowing them to be naturally-selected for survival, based on their high ATP content, ultimately driving tumor recurrence and distant metastasis. In accordance with this energetic hypothesis, ATP-high MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells showed a dramatic increase in their ability to metastasize in a pre-clinical model in vivo. Conversely, metastasis was largely prevented by treatment with an FDA-approved drug (Bedaquiline), which binds to and inhibits the mitochondrial ATP-synthase, leading to ATP depletion. Clinically, these new therapeutic approaches could have important implications for preventing treatment failure and avoiding cancer cell dormancy, by employing ATP-depletion therapy, to target even the fittest cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Fiorillo
- Translational Medicine, School of Science, Engineering and Environment (SEE), University of Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom.,The Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Calabria, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Béla Ózsvári
- Translational Medicine, School of Science, Engineering and Environment (SEE), University of Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Federica Sotgia
- Translational Medicine, School of Science, Engineering and Environment (SEE), University of Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Michael P Lisanti
- Translational Medicine, School of Science, Engineering and Environment (SEE), University of Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom
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5
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Subjakova V, Oravczova V, Hianik T. Polymer Nanoparticles and Nanomotors Modified by DNA/RNA Aptamers and Antibodies in Targeted Therapy of Cancer. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:341. [PMID: 33494545 PMCID: PMC7866063 DOI: 10.3390/polym13030341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymer nanoparticles and nano/micromotors are novel nanostructures that are of increased interest especially in the diagnosis and therapy of cancer. These structures are modified by antibodies or nucleic acid aptamers and can recognize the cancer markers at the membrane of the cancer cells or in the intracellular side. They can serve as a cargo for targeted transport of drugs or nucleic acids in chemo- immuno- or gene therapy. The various mechanisms, such as enzyme, ultrasound, magnetic, electrical, or light, served as a driving force for nano/micromotors, allowing their transport into the cells. This review is focused on the recent achievements in the development of polymer nanoparticles and nano/micromotors modified by antibodies and nucleic acid aptamers. The methods of preparation of polymer nanoparticles, their structure and properties are provided together with those for synthesis and the application of nano/micromotors. The various mechanisms of the driving of nano/micromotors such as chemical, light, ultrasound, electric and magnetic fields are explained. The targeting drug delivery is based on the modification of nanostructures by receptors such as nucleic acid aptamers and antibodies. Special focus is therefore on the method of selection aptamers for recognition cancer markers as well as on the comparison of the properties of nucleic acid aptamers and antibodies. The methods of immobilization of aptamers at the nanoparticles and nano/micromotors are provided. Examples of applications of polymer nanoparticles and nano/micromotors in targeted delivery and in controlled drug release are presented. The future perspectives of biomimetic nanostructures in personalized nanomedicine are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tibor Hianik
- Department of Nuclear Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, Mlynska dolina F1, 842 48 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.S.); (V.O.)
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6
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Steiner A, Raheem S, Ahmad Z. Significance of Leu and Ser in the βDELSEED-loop of Escherichia coli ATP synthase. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:2588-2597. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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7
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Biomimetic Membranes with Transmembrane Proteins: State-of-the-Art in Transmembrane Protein Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061437. [PMID: 30901910 PMCID: PMC6472214 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In biological cells, membrane proteins are the most crucial component for the maintenance of cell physiology and processes, including ion transportation, cell signaling, cell adhesion, and recognition of signal molecules. Therefore, researchers have proposed a number of membrane platforms to mimic the biological cell environment for transmembrane protein incorporation. The performance and selectivity of these transmembrane proteins based biomimetic platforms are far superior to those of traditional material platforms, but their lack of stability and scalability rule out their commercial presence. This review highlights the development of transmembrane protein-based biomimetic platforms for four major applications, which are biosensors, molecular interaction studies, energy harvesting, and water purification. We summarize the fundamental principles and recent progress in transmembrane protein biomimetic platforms for each application, discuss their limitations, and present future outlooks for industrial implementation.
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8
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Zhang L, Pu H, Duan Z, Li Y, Liu B, Zhang Q, Li W, Rochaix JD, Liu L, Peng L. Nucleus-Encoded Protein BFA1 Promotes Efficient Assembly of the Chloroplast ATP Synthase Coupling Factor 1. THE PLANT CELL 2018; 30:1770-1788. [PMID: 30012777 PMCID: PMC6139693 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.18.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
F-type ATP synthases produce nearly all of the ATP found in cells. The catalytic module F1 commonly comprises an α3β3 hexamer surrounding a γ/ε stalk. However, it is unclear how these subunits assemble to form a catalytic motor. In this work, we identified and characterized a chloroplast protein that interacts with the CF1β, γ, and ε subunits of the chloroplast ATP synthase and is required for assembly of its F1 module. We named this protein BIOGENESIS FACTOR REQUIRED FOR ATP SYNTHASE1 (BFA1) and determined its crystal structure at 2.8-Å resolution. BFA1 is comprised primarily of two interacting β-barrels that are oriented nearly perpendicularly to each other. The contact region between BFA1 and the CF1β and γ subunits was further mapped by yeast two-hybrid assays. An in silico molecular docking analysis was performed and revealed close fitting contact sites without steric conflicts between BFA1 and CF1β/γ. We propose that BFA1 acts mainly as a scaffold protein promoting the association of a CF1α/β heterodimer with CF1γ. The subsequent assembly of other CF1α/β heterodimers may shift the position of the CF1γ subunit to complete assembly of the CF1 module. This CF1 assembly process is likely to be valid for other F-type ATP synthases, as their structures are highly conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Hua Pu
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Zhikun Duan
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Yonghong Li
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Bei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Qiqi Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Wenjing Li
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Jean-David Rochaix
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lin Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Lianwei Peng
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
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9
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Zhao Z, Zhang H, Shu D, Montemagno C, Ding B, Li J, Guo P. Construction of Asymmetrical Hexameric Biomimetic Motors with Continuous Single-Directional Motion by Sequential Coordination. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13:10.1002/smll.201601600. [PMID: 27709780 PMCID: PMC5217803 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201601600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The significance of bionanomotors in nanotechnology is analogous to mechanical motors in daily life. Here the principle and approach for designing and constructing biomimetic nanomotors with continuous single-directional motion are reported. This bionanomotor is composed of a dodecameric protein channel, a six-pRNA ring, and an ATPase hexamer. Based on recent elucidations of the one-way revolving mechanisms of the phi29 double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) motor, various RNA and protein elements are designed and tested by single-molecule imaging and biochemical assays, with which the motor with active components has been constructed. The motor motion direction is controlled by three operation elements: (1) Asymmetrical ATPase with ATP-interacting domains for alternative DNA binding/pushing regulated by an arginine finger in a sequential action manner. The arginine finger bridges two adjacent ATPase subunits into a non-covalent dimer, resulting in an asymmetrical hexameric complex containing one dimer and four monomers. (2) The dsDNA translocation channel as a one-way valve. (3) The hexameric pRNA ring geared with left-/right-handed loops. Assessments of these constructs reveal that one inactive subunit of pRNA/ATPase is sufficient to completely block motor function (defined as K = 1), implying that these components work sequentially based on the principle of binomial distribution and Yang Hui's triangle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyi Zhao
- College of Pharmacy; College of Medicine/Department of Physiology & Cell Biology/Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Pharmacy; College of Medicine/Department of Physiology & Cell Biology/Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Dan Shu
- College of Pharmacy; College of Medicine/Department of Physiology & Cell Biology/Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Carlo Montemagno
- Chemical and Materials Engineering and Ingenuity Lab, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Baoquan Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Jingyuan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China and Institute of High Energy Physics, Beijing, China
| | - Peixuan Guo
- College of Pharmacy; College of Medicine/Department of Physiology & Cell Biology/Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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10
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Kiristi M, Singh VV, Esteban-Fernández de Ávila B, Uygun M, Soto F, Aktaş Uygun D, Wang J. Lysozyme-Based Antibacterial Nanomotors. ACS NANO 2015; 9:9252-9. [PMID: 26308491 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b04142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
An effective and rapid bacterial killing nanotechnology strategy based on lysozyme-modified fuel-free nanomotors is demonstrated. The efficient antibacterial property of lysozyme, associated with the cleavage of glycosidic bonds of peptidoglycans present in the bacteria cell wall, has been combined with ultrasound (US)-propelled porous gold nanowire (p-AuNW) motors as biocompatible dynamic bacteria nanofighters. Coupling the antibacterial activity of the enzyme with the rapid movement of these p-AuNWs, along with the corresponding fluid dynamics, promotes enzyme-bacteria interactions and prevents surface aggregation of dead bacteria, resulting in a greatly enhanced bacteria-killing capability. The large active surface area of these nanoporous motors offers a significantly higher enzyme loading capacity compared to nonporous AuNWs, which results in a higher antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Detailed characterization studies and control experiments provide useful insights into the underlying factors controlling the antibacterial performance of the new dynamic bacteria nanofighters. Rapid and effective killing of the Gram-positive Micrococcus lysodeikticus bacteria (69-84% within 1-5 min) is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melek Kiristi
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California-San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Virendra V Singh
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California-San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | | | - Murat Uygun
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California-San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Fernando Soto
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California-San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Deniz Aktaş Uygun
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California-San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California-San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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11
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Thymoquinone Inhibits Escherichia coli ATP Synthase and Cell Growth. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127802. [PMID: 25996607 PMCID: PMC4440651 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the thymoquinone induced inhibition of purified F1 or membrane bound F1FO E. coli ATP synthase. Both purified F1 and membrane bound F1FO were completely inhibited by thymoquinone with no residual ATPase activity. The process of inhibition was fully reversible and identical in both membrane bound F1Fo and purified F1 preparations. Moreover, thymoquinone induced inhibition of ATP synthase expressing wild-type E. coli cell growth and non-inhibition of ATPase gene deleted null control cells demonstrates that ATP synthase is a molecular target for thymoquinone. This also links the beneficial dietary based antimicrobial and anticancer effects of thymoquinone to its inhibitory action on ATP synthase.
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12
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Ahmad Z, Tayou J, Laughlin TF. Asp residues of βDELSEED-motif are required for peptide binding in the Escherichia coli ATP synthase. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 75:37-43. [PMID: 25603139 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrates the requirement of Asp-380 and Asp-386 in the βDELSEED-motif of Escherichia coli ATP synthase for peptide binding and inhibition. We studied the inhibition profiles of wild-type and mutant E. coli ATP synthase in presence of c-terminal amide bound melittin and melittin related peptide. Melittin and melittin related peptide inhibited wild-type ATPase almost completely while only partial inhibition was observed in single mutations with replacement of Asp to Ala, Gln, or Arg. Additionally, very little or no inhibition occurred among double mutants βD380A/βD386A, βD380Q/βD386Q, or βD380R/βD386R signifying that removal of one Asp residue allows limited peptide binding. Partial or substantial loss of oxidative phosphorylation among double mutants demonstrates the functional requirement of βD380 and βD386 Asp residues. Moreover, abrogation of wild-type E. coli cell growth and normal growth of mutant cells in presence of peptides provides strong evidence for the requirement of βDELSEED-motif Asp residues for peptide binding. It is concluded that while presence of one Asp residue may allow partial peptide binding, both Asp residues, βD380 and βD386, are essential for proper peptide binding and inhibition of ATP synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulfiqar Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, A. T. Still University of Health Sciences, Kirksville, MO 63501, United States.
| | - Junior Tayou
- Department of Biochemistry, Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, A. T. Still University of Health Sciences, Kirksville, MO 63501, United States
| | - Thomas F Laughlin
- Department of Biochemistry, Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, A. T. Still University of Health Sciences, Kirksville, MO 63501, United States
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13
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Nesci S, Trombetti F, Ventrella V, Pagliarani A. The a subunit asymmetry dictates the two opposite rotation directions in the synthesis and hydrolysis of ATP by the mitochondrial ATP synthase. Med Hypotheses 2014; 84:53-7. [PMID: 25497387 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The main and best known role of the mitochondrial ATP synthase is to synthesize ATP by exploiting the transmembrane electrochemical gradient of protons and their downhill movement. However, under different conditions, the same enzyme can also switch to the opposite function of ATP hydrolysis and exploits its energy to pump protons against their gradient and energize the membrane. The change in functionality is linked to the change of direction of rotation of the two matched sectors of this unique complex, namely the hydrophilic F1, which performs the catalysis, and the hydrophobic membrane-embedded FO, which channels protons. Accordingly, viewed from the matrix side, ATP synthesis is driven by counterclockwise rotation and ATP hydrolysis by clockwise rotation of the FO rotor which is transmitted to F1. ATP dissipation through this mechanism features some diseases such as myocardial ischemia. Increasing evidence shoulders the hypothesis that the asymmetry of the a subunit of FO and particularly the steric arrangement of the two inner semi-channels for protons, play a key role in conferring to the coupled bi-functional complex the ability to reverse rotation by switching from ATP synthesis to ATP hydrolysis and vice versa. Accordingly, the conserved steric arrangement of the chiral a subunit of FO yields the same direction of rotation for all the ATP synthases. According to this hypothesis, the a subunit chirality imposes the direction of rotation of the rotor according to the proton gradient across the membrane. It seems likely that the direction of rotation of the membrane-embedded c-ring, which is adjacent to the a-subunit and acts as a rotor, may be under multiple control, being rotation essential to make the whole enzyme machinery work. However, the asymmetric features of the a subunit would make it the master regulator, thus directly determining which of the two functions, ATP production or ATP dissipation, will be performed. The handedness of a subunit should be considered in drug design to counteract tissue damage under all pathological conditions linked to functional impairment of ATP synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Nesci
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabiana Trombetti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
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14
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Ahmad Z, Winjobi M, Kabir MA. Significance of αThr-349 in the catalytic sites of Escherichia coli ATP synthase. Biochemistry 2014; 53:7376-85. [PMID: 25375895 PMCID: PMC4255642 DOI: 10.1021/bi5013063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
![]()
This
paper describes the role of α-subunit VISIT-DG sequence
residue αThr-349 in the catalytic sites of Escherichia
coli F1Fo ATP synthase. X-ray structures
show the highly conserved αThr-349 in the proximity (2.68 Å)
of the conserved phosphate binding residue βR182 in the phosphate
binding subdomain. αT349A, -D, -Q, and -R mutations caused 90–100-fold
losses of oxidative phosphorylation and reduced ATPase activity of
F1Fo in membranes. Double mutation αT349R/βR182A
was able to partially compensate for the absence of known phosphate
binding residue βR182. Azide, fluoroaluminate, and fluoroscandium
caused insignificant inhibition of αT349A, -D, and -Q mutants,
slight inhibition of the αT349R mutant, partial inhibition of
the αT349R/βR182A double mutant, and complete inhibition
of the wild type. Whereas NBD-Cl (7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole)
inhibited wild-type ATPase and its αT349A, -D, -R, and -Q mutants
essentially completely, βR182A ATPase and double mutant αT349A/βR182A
were inhibited partially. Inhibition characteristics supported the
conclusion that NBD-Cl reacts in βE (empty) catalytic sites,
as shown previously by X-ray structure analysis. Phosphate protected
against NBD-Cl inhibition in the wild type, αT349R, and double
mutant αT349R/βR182A but not in αT349A, αT349D,
or αT349Q. The results demonstrate that αThr-349 is a
supplementary residue involved in phosphate binding and transition
state stabilization in ATP synthase catalytic sites through its interaction
with βR182.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulfiqar Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, A. T. Still University of Health Sciences , Kirksville, Missouri 63501, United States
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