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Setiawati T, Arofah AN, Nurzaman M, Annisa A, Mutaqin AZ, Hasan R. Effect of sucrose as an elicitor in increasing quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside (quercitrin) content of chrysanthemum ( Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat) callus culture based on harvest time differences. BIOTECHNOLOGIA 2023; 104:289-300. [PMID: 37850113 PMCID: PMC10578125 DOI: 10.5114/bta.2023.130731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) contains secondary metabolites, such as flavonoid compounds, especially luteolin-7-glucoside and quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside (quercitrin), in its tissues. Utilizing sucrose as an elicitor through callus culture presents an alternative method to enhance the production of secondary metabolites. This research aimed to determine the best sucrose concentration and harvest time for maximizing quercitrin content in chrysanthemum callus culture. The research employed a completely randomized design with four treatment groups: 0, 30, 45, and 60 g/l of sucrose added to MS medium containing 4 ppm 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Callus samples were harvested on the 15th and 30th days of culture. The observed parameters included callus morphology (color and texture), fresh weight, dry weight, the diameter of the callus, and quercitrin content analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography. The results showed that all callus cultures exhibited intermediate textures and varied colors, predominantly shades of brown. The treatment involving 45 g/l of sucrose with a 30th-day harvest yielded the highest fresh weight, dry weight, and quercitrin content, namely 2.108 g, 0.051 g, and 0.437 mg/g DW, respectively. Notably, the quercitrin content exhibited a 63.67% increase compared to the control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tia Setiawati
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia
| | - Annisa N. Arofah
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia
| | - Mohamad Nurzaman
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia
| | - Annisa Annisa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia
| | - Asep Z. Mutaqin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia
| | - Rusdi Hasan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia
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Bala M, Rehana S, Singh MP. Self-incompatibility: a targeted, unexplored pre-fertilization barrier in flower crops of Asteraceae. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2023; 136:587-612. [PMID: 37452973 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-023-01480-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Asteraceae (synonym as Compositae) is one of the largest angiosperm families among flowering plants comprising one-tenth of all agri-horticultural species grown across various habitats except in Antarctica. These are commercially utilized as cut and loose flowers as well as pot and bedding plants in landscape gardens due to their unique floral traits. Consequently, ineffective seed setting and presence of an intraspecific reproductive barrier known as self-incompatibility (SI) severely reduces the effectiveness of hybridization and self-fertilization by traditional crossing. There have been very few detailed studies of pollen-stigma interactions in this family. Moreover, about 63% of Aster species can barely self-fertilize due to self-incompatibility (SI). The chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum × morifolium) is one of the most economically important ornamental plants in the Asteraceae family which hugely shows incompatibility. Reasons for the low fertility and reproductive capacity of species are still indefinite or not clear. Hence, the temporal pattern of inheritance of self-incompatibility and its effect on reproductive biology needs to be investigated further to improve the breeding efficiency. This review highlights the self-incompatible (SI) system operating in important Astraceous (ornamental) crops which are adversely affected by this mechanism along with different physiological and molecular techniques involved in breaking down self-incompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Bala
- Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141 004, India.
| | - Shaik Rehana
- Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141 004, India
| | - Mohini Prabha Singh
- Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141 004, India
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Kishi-Kaboshi M, Nishizawa-Yokoi A, Mitsuhara I, Toki S, Sasaki K. Excision of DNA fragments with the piggyBac system in Chrysanthemum morifolium. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2023; 40:157-165. [PMID: 38250294 PMCID: PMC10797517 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.23.0324a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Chrysanthemum morifolium is one of the most popular ornamental plants in the world. However, as C. morifolium is a segmental hexaploid, self-incompatible, and has a sizable heterologous genome, it is difficult to modify its trait systematically. Genome editing technology is one of the attractive methods for modifying traits systematically. For the commercial use of genetically modified C. morifolium, rigorous stabilization of its quality is essential. This trait stability can be achieved by avoiding further genome modification after suitable trait modification by genome editing. Since C. morifolium is a vegetatively propagated plant, an approach for removing genome editing tools is required. In this study, we attempted to use the piggyBac transposon system to remove specific DNA sequences from the C. morifolium genome. Using the luminescence as a visible marker, we demonstrated that inoculation of Agrobacterium harboring hyperactive piggyBac transposase removes inserted 2.6 kb DNA, which harbors piggyBac recognition sequences, from the modified Eluc sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuko Kishi-Kaboshi
- Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1 Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0852, Japan
| | - Ayako Nishizawa-Yokoi
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-3 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8604, Japan
| | - Ichiro Mitsuhara
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Seiichi Toki
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-3 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8604, Japan
- Laboratory of Plant Genome Engineering, Department of Plant Life Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, 1-5 Yokotani, Seta Oe-cho, Otsu, Shiga 520-2194, Japan
| | - Katsutomo Sasaki
- Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1 Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0852, Japan
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Samarina LS, Malyarovskaya VI, Reim S, Yakushina LG, Koninskaya NG, Klemeshova KV, Shkhalakhova RM, Matskiv AO, Shurkina ES, Gabueva TY, Slepchenko NA, Ryndin AV. Transferability of ISSR, SCoT and SSR Markers for Chrysanthemum × Morifolium Ramat and Genetic Relationships Among Commercial Russian Cultivars. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1302. [PMID: 34199003 PMCID: PMC8309030 DOI: 10.3390/plants10071302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Characterization of genetic diversity in germplasm collections requires an efficient set of molecular markers. We assessed the efficiency of 36 new SCoT markers, 10 new ISSR markers, and 5 microsatellites for the characterization of genetic diversity in chrysanthemum core collection of 95 accessions (Russian and foreign cultivars). Seven new SCoT (SCoT12, 20, 21, 23, 29, 31, 34) and six new ISSR markers ((GA)8T, (CT)8G, (CTTCA)3, (GGAGA)3, (TC)8C, (CT)8TG) were efficient for the genetic diversity analysis in Chrysanthemum × morifolium collection. After STRUCTURE analysis, most Russian cultivars showed 20-50% of genetic admixtures of the foreign cultivars. Neighbor joining analysis based on the combination of SSR, ISSR, and SCoT data showed the best accordance with phenotype and origin compared to the separate analysis by each marker type. The position of the accessions within the phylogenetic tree corresponded with the origin and with some important traits, namely, plant height, stem and peduncle thickness, inflorescence type, composite flower and floret types, flower color, and disc color. In addition, several SCoT markers were suitable to separate the groups distinctly by the phenotypical traits such as plant height (SCoT29, SCoT34), thickness of the stem and peduncle (SCoT31, SCoT34), and leaf size and the floret type (SCoT31). These results provide new findings for the selection of markers associated with important traits in Chrysanthemum for trait-oriented breeding and germplasm characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia S. Samarina
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 354002 Sochi, Russia; (V.I.M.); (L.G.Y.); (N.G.K.); (K.V.K.); (R.M.S.); (A.O.M.); (E.S.S.); (T.Y.G.); (N.A.S.); (A.V.R.)
| | - Valentina I. Malyarovskaya
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 354002 Sochi, Russia; (V.I.M.); (L.G.Y.); (N.G.K.); (K.V.K.); (R.M.S.); (A.O.M.); (E.S.S.); (T.Y.G.); (N.A.S.); (A.V.R.)
| | - Stefanie Reim
- Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, 01326 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Lyudmila G. Yakushina
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 354002 Sochi, Russia; (V.I.M.); (L.G.Y.); (N.G.K.); (K.V.K.); (R.M.S.); (A.O.M.); (E.S.S.); (T.Y.G.); (N.A.S.); (A.V.R.)
| | - Natalia G. Koninskaya
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 354002 Sochi, Russia; (V.I.M.); (L.G.Y.); (N.G.K.); (K.V.K.); (R.M.S.); (A.O.M.); (E.S.S.); (T.Y.G.); (N.A.S.); (A.V.R.)
| | - Kristina V. Klemeshova
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 354002 Sochi, Russia; (V.I.M.); (L.G.Y.); (N.G.K.); (K.V.K.); (R.M.S.); (A.O.M.); (E.S.S.); (T.Y.G.); (N.A.S.); (A.V.R.)
| | - Ruset M. Shkhalakhova
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 354002 Sochi, Russia; (V.I.M.); (L.G.Y.); (N.G.K.); (K.V.K.); (R.M.S.); (A.O.M.); (E.S.S.); (T.Y.G.); (N.A.S.); (A.V.R.)
| | - Alexandra O. Matskiv
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 354002 Sochi, Russia; (V.I.M.); (L.G.Y.); (N.G.K.); (K.V.K.); (R.M.S.); (A.O.M.); (E.S.S.); (T.Y.G.); (N.A.S.); (A.V.R.)
| | - Ekaterina S. Shurkina
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 354002 Sochi, Russia; (V.I.M.); (L.G.Y.); (N.G.K.); (K.V.K.); (R.M.S.); (A.O.M.); (E.S.S.); (T.Y.G.); (N.A.S.); (A.V.R.)
| | - Tatiana Y. Gabueva
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 354002 Sochi, Russia; (V.I.M.); (L.G.Y.); (N.G.K.); (K.V.K.); (R.M.S.); (A.O.M.); (E.S.S.); (T.Y.G.); (N.A.S.); (A.V.R.)
| | - Natalia A. Slepchenko
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 354002 Sochi, Russia; (V.I.M.); (L.G.Y.); (N.G.K.); (K.V.K.); (R.M.S.); (A.O.M.); (E.S.S.); (T.Y.G.); (N.A.S.); (A.V.R.)
| | - Alexey V. Ryndin
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 354002 Sochi, Russia; (V.I.M.); (L.G.Y.); (N.G.K.); (K.V.K.); (R.M.S.); (A.O.M.); (E.S.S.); (T.Y.G.); (N.A.S.); (A.V.R.)
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Abid S, Kaliraj L, Arif MH, Hurh J, Ahn JC, Yang DC, Jung SK. Molecular and morphological discrimination of Chrysanthemum indicum using allele-specific PCR and T-shaped trichome. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:7699-7708. [PMID: 32974840 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05844-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chrysanthemum indicum L. is a traditional oriental medicinal herb prepared as a tea from flowers that have been used in China and South Korea since ancient times. It has a long history in the treatment of hypertension, inflammation, and respiratory diseases. Among Chrysanthemum species, C. indicum has more active chemical components as well as better therapeutic effects, and C. indicum is mostly used for medicinal purposes in South Korea. However, the usage of C. indicum has become problematic over the years due to the abundance of adulterated Chrysanthemum and confusion with morphologically related species such as C. morifolium, C. boreale, and Aster spathulifolius. Thus, here we developed a method for molecular authentication using chloroplast universal region rpoC2 and morphological authentication based on T-shaped trichomes of the adaxial leaf surface. By using a species-specific primer derived from the rpoC2 region, we established a multiplex allele-specific PCR for the discrimination of C. indicum. Amplicons of 675 bp for C. indicum and 1026 bp for other Chrysanthemum species were produced using both rpoC2-specific and common primers. These primers can be used to analyze dried samples of Chrysanthemum. Morphological discrimination was performed using T-shaped trichomes present only on the adaxial leaf surface of C. indicum species, and then molecular markers were utilized to authenticate C. indicum products from adulterant samples available in the market. Our results indicate that these molecular markers in combination with morphological differentiation can serve as an effective tool for identifying C. indicum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suleman Abid
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin si, Gyeonggi do, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Lalitha Kaliraj
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin si, Gyeonggi do, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Huzaifa Arif
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin si, Gyeonggi do, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Hurh
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin si, Gyeonggi do, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Chan Ahn
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin si, Gyeonggi do, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok Chun Yang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin si, Gyeonggi do, 17104, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin si, Gyeonggi do, 17104, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seok-Kyu Jung
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin si, Gyeonggi do, 17104, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin si, Gyeonggi do, 17104, Republic of Korea.
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Kishi-Kaboshi M, Aida R, Sasaki K. Parsley ubiquitin promoter displays higher activity than the CaMV 35S promoter and the chrysanthemum actin 2 promoter for productive, constitutive, and durable expression of a transgene in Chrysanthemum morifolium. BREEDING SCIENCE 2019; 69:536-544. [PMID: 31598089 PMCID: PMC6776152 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.19036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) is one of the most popular ornamental plants in the world. Genetic transformation is a promising tool for improving traits, editing genomes, and studying plant physiology. Promoters are vital components for efficient transformation, determining the level, location, and timing of transgene expression. The cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter is most frequently used in dicotyledonous plants but is less efficient in chrysanthemums than in tobacco or torenia plants. Previously, we used the parsley ubiquitin (PcUbi) promoter in chrysanthemums for the first time and analyzed its activity in transgenic calli. To expand the variety of constitutive promoters in chrysanthemums, we cloned the upstream region of the actin 2 (CmACT2) gene and compared its promoter activity with the 35S and PcUbi promoters in several organs, as well as its durability for long-term cultivation. The CmACT2 promoter has higher activity than the 35S promoter in calli but is less durable. The PcUbi promoter has the highest activity not only in calli but also in leaves, ray florets, and disk florets, and retains its activity after long-term cultivation. In conclusion, we have provided useful information and an additional type of promoter available for transgene expression in chrysanthemums.
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Wang F, Zhong X, Wang H, Song A, Chen F, Fang W, Jiang J, Teng N. Investigation of Differences in Fertility among Progenies from Self-Pollinated Chrysanthemum. Int J Mol Sci 2018. [PMID: 29533976 PMCID: PMC5877693 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Most chrysanthemum cultivars are self-incompatible, so it is very difficult to create pure lines that are important in chrysanthemum breeding and theoretical studies. In our previous study, we obtained a self-compatible chrysanthemum cultivar and its self-pollinated seed set was 56.50%. It was interesting that the seed set of its ten progenies ranged from 0% to 37.23%. Examination of the factors causing the differences in the seed set will lead to an improved understanding of chrysanthemum self-incompatibility, and provide valuable information for creating pure lines. Pollen morphology, pollen germination percentage, pistil receptivity and embryo development were investigated using the in vitro culture method, the paraffin section technique, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Moreover, RNA sequencing and bioinformatics were applied to analyzing the transcriptomic profiles of mature stigmas and anthers. It was found that the self-pollinated seed set of "Q10-33-1①","Q10-33-1③","Q10-33-1④" and "Q10-33-1⑩" were 37.23%, 26.77%, 7.97% and 0%, respectively. The differences in fertility among four progenies were mainly attributable to differences in pollen germination percentage and pistil receptivity. Failure of the seed set in "Q10-33-1⑩" was possibly due to self-incompatibility. In the transcriptomic files, 22 potential stigma S genes and 8 potential pollen S genes were found out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Landscape Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Xinghua Zhong
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Landscape Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Haibin Wang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Landscape Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Aiping Song
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Landscape Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Fadi Chen
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Landscape Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Weimin Fang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Landscape Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Jiafu Jiang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Landscape Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Nianjun Teng
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Landscape Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Sasaki K, Mitsuda N, Nashima K, Kishimoto K, Katayose Y, Kanamori H, Ohmiya A. Generation of expressed sequence tags for discovery of genes responsible for floral traits of Chrysanthemum morifolium by next-generation sequencing technology. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:683. [PMID: 28870156 PMCID: PMC5584320 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4061-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chrysanthemum morifolium is one of the most economically valuable ornamental plants worldwide. Chrysanthemum is an allohexaploid plant with a large genome that is commercially propagated by vegetative reproduction. New cultivars with different floral traits, such as color, morphology, and scent, have been generated mainly by classical cross-breeding and mutation breeding. However, only limited genetic resources and their genome information are available for the generation of new floral traits. Results To obtain useful information about molecular bases for floral traits of chrysanthemums, we read expressed sequence tags (ESTs) of chrysanthemums by high-throughput sequencing using the 454 pyrosequencing technology. We constructed normalized cDNA libraries, consisting of full-length, 3′-UTR, and 5′-UTR cDNAs derived from various tissues of chrysanthemums. These libraries produced a total number of 3,772,677 high-quality reads, which were assembled into 213,204 contigs. By comparing the data obtained with those of full genome-sequenced species, we confirmed that our chrysanthemum contig set contained the majority of all expressed genes, which was sufficient for further molecular analysis in chrysanthemums. Conclusion We confirmed that our chrysanthemum EST set (contigs) contained a number of contigs that encoded transcription factors and enzymes involved in pigment and aroma compound metabolism that was comparable to that of other species. This information can serve as an informative resource for identifying genes involved in various biological processes in chrysanthemums. Moreover, the findings of our study will contribute to a better understanding of the floral characteristics of chrysanthemums including the myriad cultivars at the molecular level. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-4061-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsutomo Sasaki
- Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2-1 Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0852, Japan.
| | - Nobutaka Mitsuda
- Plant Gene Regulation Research Group, Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan
| | - Kenji Nashima
- Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2-1 Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8605, Japan.,College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Kyutaro Kishimoto
- Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2-1 Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0852, Japan
| | - Yuichi Katayose
- Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8634, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kanamori
- Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8634, Japan
| | - Akemi Ohmiya
- Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2-1 Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0852, Japan
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