Antimicrobial compounds from leaf extracts of Jatropha curcas, Psidium guajava, and Andrographis paniculata

Exploration of bioactive compounds from Olea dioica in Western Ghats of Karnataka using GC-MS

Bioactive compounds in plants are essential for the formation of novel chemotherapeutic drugs, which have been used in Ayurveda to treat a variety of illnesses. Indian medicinal herbs have been used for thousands of years to treat a variety of illnesses, such as fever, cancer, snake bites, rheumatism, skin problems, and neurodegenerative diseases. GC-MS was used to locate and categorize bioactive components in Olea dioica leaves. The results showed that presence of octanoic acid, methyl ester, decanoic acid, methyl ester, desulphosinigrin, l-gala-l-ido-octose, methyl tetradecanoate, Tetradecanoic acid, 6-benzoxazolesulfonamide, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-methyl-, 10-chloro-5-methoxy-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene, pentadecanoic acid, oleic acid, n-hexadecanoic acid, hexanedioic acid, dioctyl ester, and squalene. The methanol extract of Olea dioica was effective against a wide spectrum of pathogenic bacteria at four different concentrations, with the highest activity against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Xanthomonas campestris, and Salmonella typhimurium. It also showed moderate activity against Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptomyces pneumonia, and Pseudomonas syringae. The pharmacological properties of O. dioica, as well as their variety and comprehensive phytochemistry, could be exploited as a potent antimicrobial agent for future therapeutics.

Advancing Nanoscale Science: Synthesis and Bioprinting of Zeolitic Imidazole Framework-8 for Enhanced Anti-Infectious Therapeutic Efficacies

Bacterial infectious disorders are becoming a major health problem for public health. The zeolitic imidazole framework-8 with a novel Cordia myxa extract-based (CME@ZIF-8) nanocomposite showed variable functionality, high porosity, and bacteria-killing activity against Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli strains have been created by using a straightforward approach. The sizes of synthesized zeolitic imidazole framework-8 (ZIF-8) and CME@ZIF-8 were 11.38 nm and 12.44 nm, respectively. Prepared metal organic frameworks have been characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy, Fourier transform spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. An antibacterial potential comparison between CME@ZIF-8 and zeolitic imidazole framework-8 has shown that CME@ZIF-8 was 31.3%, 28.57%, 46%, and 47% more efficient than ZIF-8 against Staphylococcus aureus and 43.7%, 42.8%, 35.7%, and 70% more efficient against Escherichia coli, while it was 31.25%, 33.3%, 46%, and 46% more efficient than the commercially available ciprofloxacin drug against Staphylococcus aureus and 43.7%, 42.8%, 35.7%, and 70% more efficient against Escherichia coli, respectively, for 750, 500, 250, and 125 μg mL-1. Minimum inhibitory concentration values of CME@ZIF-8 for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were 15.6 and 31.25 μg/mL respectively, while the value of zeolitic imidazole framework-8 alone was 62.5 μg/mL for both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The reactive oxygen species generated by CME@ZIF-8 destroys the bacterial cell and its organelles. Consequently, the CME@ZIF-8 nanocomposites have endless potential applications for treating infectious diseases.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Eucommia ulmoides leaf extract for inhibiting stem end bacteria in cut tree peony flowers

Tree peony ( Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.) is a popular cut flower among ornamental plants. However, its short vase life severely hinders the production and application of cut tree peony flowers. To extend the postharvest longevity and improve the horticultural value, silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) was applied for reducing bacterial proliferation and xylem blockage in cut tree peony flowers in vitro and in vivo. Ag-NPs was synthesized with the leaf extract of Eucommia ulmoides and characterized. The Ag-NPs aqueous solution showed inhibitory activity against bacterial populations isolated from stem ends of cut tree peony 'Luoyang Hong' in vitro. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 10 mg L^-1. Compared with the control, pretreatments with Ag-NPs aqueous solution at 5 and 10 mg L^-1 for 24 h increased flower diameter, relative fresh weight (RFW), and water balance of tree peony 'Luoyang Hong' flowers. Additionally, malondialdehyde (MDA) and H₂O₂ content in pretreated petals were lower than the control during the vase life. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in pretreated petals were lower than that of the control at the early vase stage and higher at the late vase life. Furthermore, pretreatments with Ag-NPs aqueous solution at 10 mg L^-1 for 24 h could reduce bacterial proliferation in the xylem vessels on the stem ends by confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Overall, pretreatments with green synthesized Ag-NPs aqueous solution effectively reduced bacteria-induced xylem blockage of cut tree peony, resulting in improved water uptake, extended vase life, and enhanced postharvest quality. Therefore, this technique can be used as a promising postharvest technology in the cut flower industry.

Assessing the efficacy of probiotics in augmenting bovine reproductive health: an integrated in vitro, in silico, and in vivo study

The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize bovine-vaginal probiotics genotypically and phenotypically using in silico and evaluate their in vivo performance in buffaloes with endometritis. For the in vitro isolation and characterization, vaginal swabs were collected from 34 cows and 17 buffaloes, and 709 primary bacterial isolates with probiotic activity were obtained using MRS agar media. Two isolates Lactiplantibacillus plantarum KUGBRC (LPKUGBRC) and Pediococcus pentosaceus GBRCKU (PPGBRCKU) demonstrated optimum in vitro probiotic activities as compared to Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG including, acid production, secretion of fatty acids and exopolysaccharide, cell surface hydrophobicity, self-aggregating and co-aggregating capacity with pathogens, anti-microbial activity and bacteriocin-like compounds against pathogens Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in cell-free supernatant and absence of hemolytic activity. Their phenotypic capacity was confirmed by analyzing the whole genome sequencing data and identifying genes and pathways associated with probiotic properties. These probiotic isolates have shown no virulence genes were discovered in their genomic study. In vivo study of 92 buffaloes suffering from clinical endometritis with purulent cervico-vaginal mucus (CVM) were randomly allocated 40 × 10⁸ CFU/ml LPKUGBRC and PPGBRCKU and 40 ml Normal saline. The LPKUGBRC reduced the duration between administration of probiotic to induction of healthy estrus significantly. However, no effect was observed on pregnancy rate. These results suggest that LPKUGBRC and PPGBRCKU probiotic bacteria demonstrate probiotic efficiency and adaptability. Further sourced from the same niche as the targeted infection, they offer a distinct advantage in targeting the specific microbial population associated with endometritis. The findings of this study highlight the potential of LPKUGBRC and PPGBRCKU probiotics in treating endometritis and suggest further exploration of their clinical applications.

Bioprospecting the Biological Effects of Cultivating Pleurotus ostreatus Mushrooms from Selected Agro-Wastes and Maize Flour Supplements

Pleurotus mushrooms are valuable food supplements with health and environmental restorative potential. In this paper, we sought to evaluate the biological activities and profile the bioactive compounds found in Pleurotus ostreatus cultivated from agro-waste supplemented with maize flour. We investigated carbon to nitrogen (C/N), antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antimalarial potential for the varying supplementation during mushroom cultivation. GCMS was utilized for screening bioactive compounds found in P. ostreatus. Changes in supplementation directly correlate with changes in compound profiling. Nonetheless, some compounds were found to be common amongst the tested mushrooms, including pentadecanoic acid; 9,12-octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester; pentadecanoic acid, methyl ester; octadecanoic acid; and diisooctyl phthalate. The highest antimicrobial potential against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus was observed when maize flour supplements were increased to 12% and 18%. Our data demonstrated that the observed antioxidant (DPPH, ABTS, and reducing power) and antimicrobial activity could emanate from various supplementation conditions. Furthermore, supplementation has an impact on the mushroom yield and phytochemical profiles of the produced mushroom.

Phytochemical Characterization and In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Evaluation in RAW 264.7 Cells of Jatropha cordata Bark Extracts

The inflammatory process, although beneficial, can produce tissue damage and systemic damage when uncontrolled. Effective therapeutic alternatives with little or no side effects are of great therapeutic interest. This study aimed to determine the phytochemical composition of bark extracts from J. cordata, an endemic plant from México, and evaluate their in vitro anti-inflammatory activity. Hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts were characterized by qualitative phytochemical tests, and their bioactive groups were identified by ¹H NMR and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The extract's anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated as nitric oxide (NO) production and their cytotoxicity by an MTS cell proliferation assay in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 cells at concentrations of 1-100 μg/mL. The hexane extract contained fatty acids, fatty esters, phytosterols, alkanes, vitamin E, and terpenoids; the ethyl acetate extract showed fatty acids, fatty esters, aromatic aldehyde, phytosterols, vitamin E, and terpenoids, while the methanolic extract showed fatty esters, fatty acid, aromatics aldehydes, and alcohol. The ethyl acetate extract showed the highest inhibition of NO production, followed by the methanolic extract and the hexane extract, without affecting the viability of RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. The results suggest that J. cordata extracts are a potential source of bioactive compounds with anti-inflammatory potential.

Isolation of Haematococcus lacustris as source of novel anti-multi-antibiotic resistant microbes agents; fractionation and identification of bioactive compounds

In this work, freshwater microalga, Haematococcus lacustris was isolated from the River Nile, identified and deposited in genebank under name of H. lacustris isolate REH10 with accession number OK336515. N-hexane extract was produced high inhibition effects against multi-antibiotic resistant pathogens. The n-Hexane extract was fractionated and 2 fractions (F3 & F4) exhibited high antibacterial activity (15 - 20 mm) compared with other fractions. Thus, they sub-fractionated and 2 sub-fractions produced from the F3 had high inhibition activity against all tested pathogens (18-20 mm). To identify the main compounds responsible for inhibition growth of multi-drug resistance bacteria, GC-MS chromatogram analyses was applied on the F3 and its sub-fractions 2 and 3. Five compounds detected in the 2 sub-fractions. Palmitic acid was identified as the first report antibacterial agent. The antioxidant activity of SF3-3 was reached to 86 and 80.5% for DPPH and ABTS.⁺ tests, respectively.

Potential application of postbiotics metabolites from bioprotective culture to fabricate bacterial nanocellulose based antimicrobial packaging material

Postbiotics (P) of FreshQ, a food protective culture, was prepared and used to develop an antimicrobial membrane by bacterial nanocellulose (BNC). Postbiotics were prepared in de Man, Rogosa and Sharpe medium and freeze-dried. The chemical composition was investigated by GC-MS and the antibacterial activity of postbiotics on different bacterial and fungal strains was investigated. Finally, postbiotics were included in wet and lyophilized BNC by ex-situ method, and their antibacterial activity and FTIR specifications were studied. The GC-MS analysis of postbiotics revealed the presence of fatty acids, alkanes, aldehydes, hydrocarbones fatty acid esters, propionic acid, and certain antibacterial and antifungal compounds such as 2,4-Di-tert-butyl phenol and dotriacontane. Postbiotics revealed antibacterial activity on all investigated strains in a concentration-dependent manner and as the concentation decreased, there was a significant reduction in antimicrobial effects. The zone of inhibition for all bacterial pathogens exceeded 20 mm, then they were classified as "extremely sensitive microorganisms" to the postbiotics at 50 % concentration, while fungal strains revealed a lower zone of inhibition (<17 mm). The order of antimicrobial susceptibility was as follows: Listeria monocytogenes > Staphylococcus aureus > Escherichia coli > Salmonella Typhimurium > Aspergillus flavus > Penicillium citrinum. We also recognized that P-BNC in wet form has significant antimicrobial activity than lyophilized form due to the high adsorption capacity and open 3D structure of BNC in wet form. The fabricated material can serve as an antimicrobial membrane for food applications.

Antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiviral activity, and gas chromatographic analysis of Varanus griseus oil extracts

There is an urgent need to develop natural antimicrobials for the control of rapidly mutating drug-resistant bacteria and poultry viruses. Five extracts were prepared using diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, methanol, 1-butanol and n-hexane from abdominal fats of Varanus griseus locally known as Indian desert monitor. Antibacterial, antioxidant and antiviral activities from oil extracts were done through disc diffusion method, stable 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay and in ovo antiviral assay, respectively. The gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses were used to determine principal active compounds and chemical profile of each oil extract. n-Hexane extract showed clear zones of inhibition (ZOI) against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae (12 ± 0.5 mm, 9 ± 0.5 mm, and 9 ± 0.5 mm) while diethyl ether extract exhibited significant antibacterial activity (11 ± 0.5 mm) against Proteus vulgaris only. In case of drug-resistant strains, methanol extract was active (6 ± 0.5 mm) against Staphylococcus aureus, whereas n-hexane extract has shown ZOI 11 ± 0.5 mm against P. aeruginosa. Range of percentage scavenging activity of V. griseus oil extracts from DPPH free radical assay was 34.9-70.7%. For antiviral potential, growth of new castle disease virus (NDV) was effectively inhibited by all five extracts (HA titer = 0-4). The highest antiviral activity against avian influenza virus (H9N2) was observed from methanol, diethyl ether and 1-Butanol oil extracts with HA titers of 2, 2 and 0, respectively. Methanol, diethyl ether, 1-butanol and n-hexane oil extracts produced best hemagglutination assay (HA) titer values (0, 0, 4 and 0) against infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Ethyl acetate and 1-Butanol extract exhibited good antiviral potential against infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) with indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA) titers of 8 and 4, respectively. Main classes of identified compounds through gas chromatography were aldehydes, fatty acids, phenols and esters. GC-MS identified 11 bioactive compounds in V. griseus oil extracts. It is summarized that V. griseus oil has strong antioxidant activity and good antimicrobial potential because of its bioactive compounds.

Anti-inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Properties of Lepidium sativum

Background

Lepidium sativum (garden cress) is a member of the Brassicaceae family that has been utilized for medicinal and culinary purposes in centuries. Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, antihypertensive, antiasthmatic, and hypoglycemic properties are found in various portions of the plant. The anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory effects of L. sativum were the subject of this review.

Methods

The required information was gathered by searching the Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus databases for the terms anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, immune system, and Lepidium sativum. Up until February 2022, the search was conducted.

Results

TNF-, IL-6, IL-1, NO, iNOS, and HO-1 levels were reduced, indicating that L. sativum has anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. Flavonoids, alkaloids, cyanogenic glycosides, tannins, glucosinolates, sterols, and triterpenes are the key chemical components that contribute to the anti-inflammatory effects. In peritoneal neutrophils, L. sativum reduced oxidative stress by scavenging free radicals, as evidenced by a drop in superoxide anion and an increase in glutathione.

Conclusion

The anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory activities of L. sativum could be explored in clinical trials to treat inflammatory and immune system illnesses.

Comprehensive Phytochemical Profiling, Biological Activities, and Molecular Docking Studies of Pleurospermum candollei: An Insight into Potential for Natural Products Development

The purpose of this study was to find the biological propensities of the vegetable plant Pleurospermum candollei by investigating its phytochemical profile and biological activities. Phytochemical analysis was done by spectroscopic methods to investigate the amount of total polyphenols, and biological evaluation was done by the different antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory (tyrosinase, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase), thrombolytic, and antibacterial activities. The highest amount of total phenolic and flavonoid contents was observed in methanolic extract (240.69 ± 2.94 mg GAE/g and 167.59 ± 3.47 mg QE/g); the fractions showed comparatively less quantity (57.02 ± 1.31 to 144.02 ± 2.11 mg GAE/g, and 48.21 ± 0.75 to 96.58 ± 2.30 mg QE/g). The effect of these bioactive contents was also related to biological activities. GCMS analysis led to the identification of bioactive compounds with different biological effects from methanolic extract (antioxidant; 55.07%, antimicrobial; 56.41%), while the identified compounds from the n-hexane fraction with antioxidant properties constituted 67.86%, and those with antimicrobial effects constituted 82.95%; however, the synergetic effect of polyphenols may also have contributed to the highest value of biological activities of methanolic extract. Molecular docking was also performed to understand the relationship of identified secondary metabolites with enzyme-inhibitory activities. The thrombolytic activity was also significant (40.18 ± 1.80 to 57.15 ± 1.10 % clot lysis) in comparison with streptokinase (78.5 ± 1.53 to 82.34 ± 1.25% clot lysis). Methanolic extract also showed good activity against Gram-positive strains of bacteria, and the highest activity was observed against Bacillus subtilis. The findings of this study will improve our knowledge of phytochemistry, and biological activities of P. candollei, which seems to be a ray of hope to design formulations of natural products for the improvement of health and prevention of chronic diseases; however, further research may address the development of novel drugs for use in pharmaceuticals.

Phytochemical Profiling of Allium subhirsutum L. Aqueous Extract with Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Antibiofilm, and Anti-Quorum Sensing Properties: In Vitro and In Silico Studies

The present study was the first to evaluate the phytochemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and anti-quorum sensing potential of Allium subhirsutum L. (hairy garlic) aqueous extract through in vitro and in silico studies. The phytochemical profile revealed the presence of saponins, terpenes, flavonols/flavonones, flavonoids, and fatty acids, particularly with flavonoids (231 ± 0.022 mg QE/g extract), tannins (159 ± 0.006 mg TAE/g extract), and phenols (4 ± 0.004 mg GAE/g extract). Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis identified 15 bioactive compounds, such as 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (37.04%), methyl methanethiolsulfonate (21.33%), furfural (7.64%), beta-D-glucopyranose, 1,6-anhydro- (6.17%), 1,6-anhydro-beta-D-glucofuranose (3.6%), trisulfide, di-2-propenyl (2.70%), and diallyl disulfide (1.93%). The extract was found to be non-toxic with 50% cytotoxic concentration higher than 30,000 µg/mL. The investigation of the antioxidant activity via DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and FRAP (IC₅₀ = 1 μg/mL), ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid); IC₅₀ = 0.698 ± 0.107 μg/mL), and β-carotene (IC₅₀ = 0.811 ± 0.036 mg/mL) was assessed. Nevertheless, good antimicrobial potential against a diverse panel of microorganisms with bacteriostatic and fungistatic effect was observed. Quorum sensing inhibition effects were also assessed, and the data showed the ability of the extract to inhibit the production of violacein by the mutant C. violaceum strain in concentration-dependent manner. Similarly, the biofilm formation by all tested strains was inhibited at low concentrations. In silico pharmacokinetic and toxicological prediction indicated that, out of the sixteen identified compounds, fourteen showed promising drug ability and could be used as lead compounds for further development and drug design. Hence, these findings support the popular use of hairy garlic as a source of bioactive compounds with potential application for human health.

Phytochemical Profiling, In Vitro Biological Activities, and In Silico Molecular Docking Studies of Dracaena reflexa

Dracaena reflexa, a traditionally significant medicinal plant, has not been extensively explored before for its phytochemical and biological potential. The present study was conducted to evaluate the bioactive phytochemicals and in vitro biological activities of D. reflexa, and perform in silico molecular docking validation of D. reflexa. The bioactive phytochemicals were assessed by preliminary phytochemical testing, total bioactive contents, and GC-MS analysis. For biological evaluation, the antioxidant (DPPH, ABTS, CUPRAC, and ABTS), antibacterial, thrombolytic, and enzyme inhibition (tyrosinase and cholinesterase enzymes) potential were determined. The highest level of total phenolic contents (92.72 ± 0.79 mg GAE/g extract) was found in the n-butanol fraction while the maximum total flavonoid content (110 ± 0.83 mg QE/g extract) was observed in methanolic extract. The results showed that n-butanol fraction exhibited very significant tyrosinase inhibition activity (73.46 ± 0.80) and acetylcholinesterase inhibition activity (64.06 ± 2.65%) as compared to other fractions and comparable to the standard compounds (kojic acid and galantamine). The methanolic extract was considered to have moderate butyrylcholinesterase inhibition activity (50.97 ± 063) as compared to the standard compound galantamine (53.671 ± 0.97%). The GC-MS analysis of the n-hexane fraction resulted in the tentative identification of 120 bioactive phytochemicals. Furthermore, the major compounds as identified by GC-MS were analyzed using in silico molecular docking studies to determine the binding affinity between the ligands and the enzymes (tyrosinase, acetylcholinesterase, and butyrylcholinesterase enzymes). The results of this study suggest that Dracaena reflexa has unquestionable pharmaceutical importance and it should be further explored for the isolation of secondary metabolites that can be employed for the treatment of different diseases.

GC/MS Profiling and Ex Vivo Antibacterial Activity of Salvadora persica (Siwak) against Enterococcus faecalis as Intracanal Medicament

INTRODUCTION

Salvadora persica L. (S. persica, Siwak) has been used for many centuries as oral hygiene tools, particularly in Saudi Arabia. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of S. persica petroleum ether extract (SPE) as an intracanal bactericidal for endodontic treatment against Enterococcus faecalis. Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)₂ gold standard intracanal medicament was used for comparison.

METHODS

The gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis was carried out to identify the components of SPE. First, the consistency of SPE was accomplished according to ANSI/ADA specification no 57. Forty-five single-rooted mandibular premolars were infected with that of E. faecalis suspension. Colony-forming units (CFU) were counted before the medicaments' application (CFU-1) and after seven days of their applications (CFU-2). Group I: SPE, Group II: positive control Ca(OH)₂, and Group III: saline solution negative control. The microdilution method was applied to determine minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of SPE.

RESULTS

Thirty-two compounds were identified (89.09%), with main components of benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) (33.32%) and steroids (34%). CFU before and after using SPE and Ca(OH)₂ recorded a statistically significant reduction in bacterial count (P=0.006) and (P=0.01), respectively. There was an insignificant difference between CFU after using SPE and Ca(OH)₂ (P=0.210). On the contrary, comparing both medicaments with the negative control saline group resulted in significant differences, (P=0.001) and (P=0.007), respectively. Moreover, the equality of minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of SPE is recorded.

CONCLUSION

This finding could be referred to the high content of bactericidal BITC in synergism with other antimicrobial components, representing 70.71% of SPE. Thus, SPE is a good candidate as an intracanal medicament, which warrants further investigation.

Potential secondary metabolite from Indonesian Actinobacteria (InaCC A758) against Mycobacterium tuberculosis

OBJECTIVES

This study explored Indonesian Actinobacteria which were isolated from Curcuma zedoaria endophytic microbes and mangrove ecosystem for new antimycobacterial compounds.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Antimycobacterial activity test was carried out against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. Chemical profiling of secondary metabolite using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) and High Resolution-Mass Spectroscopy (HR-MS) was done to the ethyl acetate extract of active strain InaCC A758. Molecular taxonomy analysis based on 16S rRNA gene and biosynthetic gene clusters analysis of polyketide synthase (PKS) and non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) from InaCC A758 have been carried out. Bioassay guided isolation of ethyl acetate extract was done, then structural elucidation of active compound was performed using UV-Vis, FT-IR, and NMR spectroscopy methods.

RESULTS

The chemical profiling using HR-MS revealed that InaCC A758 has the potential to produce new antimycobacterial compounds. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that InaCC A758 has the closest homology to Streptomyces parvus strain NBRC 14599 (99.64%). In addition, InaCC A758 has NRPS gene and related to S. parvulus (92% of similarity), and also PKS gene related to PKS-type borrelidin of S. rochei and S. parvulus (74% of similarity). Two compounds with potential antimycobacterial were predicted as 1) Compound 1, similar to dimethenamid (C₁₂H₁₈ClNO₂S; MW 275.0723), with MIC value of 100 µg/ml, and 2) Compound 2, actinomycin D (C₆2H₈₆N₁₂O₁₆; MW 1254.6285), with MIC value of 0.78 µg/ml.

CONCLUSION

Actinomycin D has been reported to have antimycobacterial activity, however the compound has been predicted to resemble dimethenamid had not been reported to have similar activity.

Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees: An Updated Review of Phytochemistry, Antimicrobial Pharmacology, and Clinical Safety and Efficacy

Infectious disease (ID) is one of the top-most serious threats to human health globally, further aggravated by antimicrobial resistance and lack of novel immunization options. Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees and its metabolites have been long used to treat IDs. Andrographolide, derived from A. paniculata, can inhibit invasive microbes virulence factors and regulate the host immunity. Controlled clinical trials revealed that A. paniculata treatment is safe and efficacious for acute respiratory tract infections like common cold and sinusitis. Hence, A. paniculata, mainly andrographolide, could be considered as an excellent candidate for antimicrobial drug development. Considering the importance, medicinal values, and significant role as antimicrobial agents, this study critically evaluated the antimicrobial therapeutic potency of A. paniculata and its metabolites, focusing on the mechanism of action in inhibiting invasive microbes and biofilm formation. A critical evaluation of the secondary metabolites with the aim of identifying pure compounds that possess antimicrobial functions has further added significant values to this study. Notwithstanding that A. paniculata is a promising source of antimicrobial agents and safe treatment for IDs, further empirical research is warranted.

Extracts of the Tiger Milk Mushroom (Lignosus rhinocerus) Enhance Stress Resistance and Extend Lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans via the DAF-16/FoxO Signaling Pathway

The tiger milk mushroom, Lignosus rhinocerus (LR), exhibits antioxidant properties, as shown in a few in vitro experiments. The aim of this research was to study whether three LR extracts exhibit antioxidant activities in Caenorhabditis elegans. In wild-type N2 nematodes, we determined the survival rate under oxidative stress caused by increased intracellular ROS concentrations. Transgenic strains, including TJ356, TJ375, CF1553, CL2166, and LD1, were used to detect the expression of DAF-16, HSP-16.2, SOD-3, GST-4, and SKN-1, respectively. Lifespan, lipofuscin, and pharyngeal pumping rates were assessed. Three LR extracts (ethanol, and cold and hot water) protected the worms from oxidative stress and decreased intracellular ROS. The extracts exhibited antioxidant properties through the DAF-16/FOXO pathway, leading to SOD-3 and HSP-16.2 modification. However, the expression of SKN-1 and GST-4 was not changed. All the extracts extended the lifespan. They also reduced lipofuscin (a marker for aging) and influenced the pharyngeal pumping rate (another marker for aging). The extracts did not cause dietary restriction. This novel study provides evidence of the functional antioxidant and anti-aging properties of LR. Further studies must confirm that they are suitable for use as antioxidant supplements.

Synthesis, optimization and characterization of silver nanoparticles using the catkin extract of Piper longum for bactericidal effect against food-borne pathogens via conventional and mathematical approaches

Inspired with an increasing environmental awareness, we performed an eco-friendly amenable process for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the catkins of Piper longum as an alternative approach with the existing methods of using plant extracts. The fabrication of nanoparticles occurred within 10 min. This was initially observed by colour change of the solution. UV-visible spectroscopic studies (UV-Vis) were performed for further confirmation. The analysis elucidated that the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) was specifically corresponding to AgNPs. Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry (FTIR) studies indicated that polyphenols could possibly be the encapsulating agents. The size and shape of the nanoparticles was analysed using Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The nanoparticles were predominant spheres ranging between 10 and 42 nm at two different scales. The formation of elemental silver was confirmed further by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). GC-MS analysis was used to identify the possible encapsulates on the nanoparticles. The antibacterial effect of the biosynthesized AgNPs was tested against two gram-positive (Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus), and five gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhi) bacteria. Outcomes of the study suggest that these pathogens were susceptible to the AgNPs. This is the first ever international report on correlating the antibacterial effect of silver nanoparticles using mathematical modelling with a conventional antimicrobial assay. The results indicate that nanoparticles of silver synthesized using catkin extract of P. longum can be exploited towards the development of potential antibacterial agents.

Bioactive Variability and In Vitro and In Vivo Antioxidant Activity of Unprocessed and Processed Flour of Nine Cultivars of Australian lupin Species: A Comprehensive Substantiation

The aim of this present investigation was to analyze bioactive compounds, as well as demonstrate the antioxidant activities of nine cultivars of Australian lupin species accompanied by observing the effect of domestic heat processing on their antioxidant activities adopting in vivo and in vitro approaches. Gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis was performed for profiling bioactive compounds present in lupin cultivars. Multiple assay techniques involving quantification of polyphenolics, flavonoids and flavonol, electron transfer (ET) based assay, hydrogen atom transfer (HAT)-based assay and in vivo assays were performed. The major compounds found were hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid methyl ester, methyl stearate, lupanine,13-docosenamide and 11-octadecenoic acid (Z)- methyl ester. Mandelup was found to show excellent antioxidant activity. Moreover, Jurien, Gunyidi and Barlock had strong antioxidant activity. Both positive and negative impacts of heat processing were observed on antioxidant activity. Heating and usage of excess water during processing were the key determinants of loss of antioxidants. Negligible loss of antioxidant activity was observed in most of the assays whereas inhibition of both lipid peroxidation (33.53%) and hemolysis of erythrocytes (37.75%) were increased after processing. In addition, in vitro and in vivo antioxidant assays are found to show statistically significant (* p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.01) results, which are supported by the presence of a number of antioxidant compounds in GC-MS analysis.

Phytocomponents from Anacardium occidentale, Psidium guajava, and Terminalia catappa altered membrane osmotic stability of sickle erythrocytes

Background

The present study identified, quantified, and characterized the combinations of phytocomponents from fractionated leaf extracts of Anacardium occidentale, Psidium guajava, and Terminalia catappa that stabilized sickle erythrocyte membrane against osmotic stress, or otherwise, using standard chromatographic-spectrophotometric techniques, namely GC-MS, FT-IR, and UV-visible systems.

Results

The percentage hemolysis of the control sample, in 0.9 g/100 mL NaCl, was 35.08 ± 11.64%, whereas those of the samples containing 40 mg/100 mL, 60 mg/100 mL, and 80 mg/100 mL of ethylacetate extracts of T. catappa ranged between 31.82 ± 8.32 and 39.18 ± 6.94%. Ethylacetate extract of T. catappa contained comparative high quantities of hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, 9,11-octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester, (E, E)-, trans-13-octadecenoic acid methyl ester, and methyl stearate. FT-IR and UV-visible spectra showed that ethylacetate extract of T. catappa contained aromatic compounds as well as nitro-compounds, phenolics, and esters.

Conclusion

To mention but a few, the combinations of major phytocomponents that stabilized sickle erythrocyte membrane against osmotic stress were hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester, 11-octadecenoic acid, methyl ester, dibutyl phthalate, pentacosane, trans-13-octadecenoic acid, methyl ester, whereas the minor phytocomponents include methyl tetradecanoate, methoxyacetic acid, 3-pentadecyl ester, methyl stearate, hexadecanoic acid, isoxazole, 4,5-dimethyl-.

Isolation and Characterization of Plant Growth-Promoting Endophytic Bacteria Paenibacillus polymyxa SK1 from Lilium lancifolium

Paenibacillus polymyxa is a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium that has immense potential to be used as an environmentally friendly replacement of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. In the present study, Paenibacillus polymyxa SK1 was isolated from bulbs of Lilium lancifolium. The isolated endophytic strain showed antifungal activities against important plant pathogens like Botryosphaeria dothidea, Fusarium oxysporum, Botrytis cinerea, and Fusarium fujikuroi. The highest percentage of growth inhibition, i.e., 66.67 ± 2.23%, was observed for SK1 against Botryosphaeria dothidea followed by 61.19 ± 3.12%, 60.71 ± 3.53%, and 55.54 ± 2.89% against Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium fujikuroi, and Fusarium oxysporum, respectively. The metabolite profiling of ethyl acetate fraction was assessed through the UHPLC-LTQ-IT-MS/MS analysis, and putative identification was done with the aid of the GNPS molecular networking workflow. A total of 29 compounds were putatively identified which included dipeptides, tripeptides, cyclopeptides (cyclo-(Leu-Leu), cyclo(Pro-Phe)), 2-heptyl-3-hydroxy 4-quinolone, 6-oxocativic acid, anhydrobrazilic acid, 1-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-2-piperidin-1-ylethane-1,2-dione, octadecenoic acid, pyochelin, 15-hydroxy-5Z,8Z,11Z, 13E-eicosatetraenoic acid, (Z)-7-[(2R,3S)-3-[(2Z,5E)-Undeca-2,5-dienyl]oxiran-2-yl]hept-5-enoic acid, arginylasparagine, cholic acid, sphinganine, elaidic acid, gossypin, L-carnosine, tetrodotoxin, and ursodiol. The high antifungal activity of SK1 might be attributed to the presence of these bioactive compounds. The isolated strain SK1 showed plant growth-promoting traits such as the production of organic acids, ACC deaminase, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), siderophores, nitrogen fixation, and phosphate solubilization. IAA production was strongly correlated with the application of exogenous tryptophan concentrations in the medium. Furthermore, inoculation of SK1 enhanced plant growth of two Lilium varieties, Tresor and White Heaven, under greenhouse condition. In the light of these findings, the P. polymyxa SK1 may be utilized as a source of plant growth promotion and disease control in sustainable agriculture.

Determination of chemical composition of the Ligularia narynensis root by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Ligularia is a medicinally important herb of the family Compositae. Ligularia narynensis is a perennial herb growing in the mountains, rich in sesquiterpenes, triterpenes, lignans, alkaloids, and steroids. In this work chemical constituents of the root part of medicinal plant L. narynensis from Kazakhstan have been determined for the first time. The constituents of the root part of L. narynensis were extracted with hexane and analyzed by gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Thirty compounds were detected, and their concentrations were determined by the method of normalization of peak areas. Among them, the major components are (9Z,12E)-octadeca-9,12-dienoic acid (16.7%), ethyl (9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoate (11.1%), n-hexadecanoic acid (11.0%), (3a,5a,5b,8,8,11a-hexamethyl-1-prop-1-en-2-yl-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,7a,9,10,11,11b,12,13,13a,13b-hexadecahydrocyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl) acetate (9.1%), [(3R)-4,4,6a,6b,8a,11,11,14b-octamethyl-1,2,3,4a,5,6,7,8,9,10,12,12a,14,14a-tetradecahydropicen-3-yl] acetate (5.1%). Presence of these bioactive constituents may indicate that the plant extract possesses anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and anticancer activities, which can serve as a basis for the development of new phytopreparations.

Wound Healing and the Use of Medicinal Plants

Cutaneous wound healing is the process by which skin repairs itself. It is generally accepted that cutaneous wound healing can be divided into 4 phases: haemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodelling. In humans, keratinocytes re-form a functional epidermis (reepithelialization) as rapidly as possible, closing the wound and reestablishing tissue homeostasis. Dermal fibroblasts migrate into the wound bed and proliferate, creating “granulation tissue” rich in extracellular matrix proteins and supporting the growth of new blood vessels. Ultimately, this is remodelled over an extended period, returning the injured tissue to a state similar to that before injury. Dysregulation in any phase of the wound healing cascade delays healing and may result in various skin pathologies, including nonhealing, or chronic ulceration. Indigenous and traditional medicines make extensive use of natural products and derivatives of natural products and provide more than half of all medicines consumed today throughout the world. Recognising the important role traditional medicine continues to play, we have undertaken an extensive survey of literature reporting the use of medical plants and plant-based products for cutaneous wounds. We describe the active ingredients, bioactivities, clinical uses, formulations, methods of preparation, and clinical value of 36 medical plant species. Several species stand out, including Centella asiatica, Curcuma longa, and Paeonia suffruticosa, which are popular wound healing products used by several cultures and ethnic groups. The popularity and evidence of continued use clearly indicates that there are still lessons to be learned from traditional practices. Hidden in the myriad of natural products and derivatives from natural products are undescribed reagents, unexplored combinations, and adjunct compounds that could have a place in the contemporary therapeutic inventory.

Ethnomedicinal Uses of Plant Resources in the Machhapuchchhre Rural Municipality of Kaski District, Nepal

Background: Medicinal plants are being used by the majority of the population throughout the world for their primary health care needs. The reliance is also prevalent in Nepal, aided by its ethnic and biological diversity. This study aimed to catalogue the ethnomedicinal knowledge of plants used by local people of Machhapuchchhre Rural Municipality of Kaski district. Methods: Data were collected between February 2017 and April 2018 from eight different villages of the Kaski district by using semi-structured interviews, guided field works, focus group discussions, and in-depth interviews. The reported traditional uses were supported by local assistants, cataloguing vernacular names and crosschecking with the earlier published and gray literature. Results: A total of 105 medicinal plants, belonging to 58 families and 99 genera were documented to treat 70 different diseases and ailments. The highest numbers of plants (37) were used for gastrointestinal disorders and the lowest (4) were used for female genital disorders. Commonly used parts were underground portions (28 species) followed by fruits and seeds (25 species each). The most preferred dosage form was juice, used for 50 ailments, and the oral route was the most favored route of administration (77 species). The medicinal properties of 22 plant species were found hitherto unreported in the district. Conclusions: The study area was found to be rich in plant resources and the people have ample knowledge on the use of medicinal plants. Due to a lack of proper documentation, conservation, and cultivation practices, valuable plant species are at risk of extinction. Thus, appropriate conservation measures and scientific assessment of plant-lore in the district is immediately required.

Effects of replacement of Moringa oleifera for berseem clover in the diets of Nubian goats on feed utilisation, and milk yield, composition and fatty acid profile

Replacement of conventional feedstuffs with cheap non-conventional ingredients may improve livestock performance and the quality of their products, particularly milk. The study considered the effects of Moringa oleifera (MO) foliage in replacement of berseem clover (BC) on feed utilisation and lactational performance in Nubian goats. A total of 16 lactating Nubian does, weighing 36.2±0.8 kg, were randomly assigned to four experimental treatments containing 0, 125, 250 and 375 g of MO per kg diet to replace 0 (M0), 25 (M25), 50 (M50) and 75% (M75) of BC (on dry matter (DM) basis) in a quadruplicated 4×4 Latin square design. The MO diets increased (P<0.01) feed intake and nutrient digestibility. Feeding MO diets improved (P<0.01) ruminal volatile fatty acids, acetate and propionate but reduced (P<0.01) valerate and iso-butyrate. Moringa diets increased (P<0.01) serum total protein, albumin and glucose but decreased (P<0.05) cholesterol and triglycerides. Milk yield and energy corrected milk, and milk total solids, fat and energy content were increased (P<0.01) in MO diets. Yields of milk components and energy were greater (P<0.05) for MO diets than for control diet. Milk total saturated fatty acids and athrogenicity index were lower (P<0.01), and unsaturated fatty acids, conjugated fatty acids and UFA/SFA ratio higher (P<0.05) for MO diets. It is concluded that feeding MO to replace 75% DM of BC improved feed utilisation, ruminal fermentation, and milk yield and quality in lactating Nubian goats.

Root Exudates of Cyperus alternifolius in Partial Hydroponic Condition under Heavy Metal Stress

Secondary metabolites play a vital role in the treatment of various ailments as well as in phytoremediation. The link between secondary metabolites and phytoremediation needs exploration. Hitherto, no information is available regarding the phytochemical components that exist in the root exudates of Cyperus alternifolius. This study was designed to determine the phytocomponents in the root exudates of C. alternifolius under heavy metal stress. C. alternifolius was grown by a novel technique in partial hydroponic conditions and imperiled to a mixture of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Zn, Pb, and Fe) at different concentrations. The root exudates were collected, freeze-dried, redissolved and reconstituted in hexane and analyzed in gas chromatography–mass spectrometry using JEOL GCMATE II in SAIF IIT-Madras. The analysis revealed that the profile of phytochemicals in root exudates is diverse with biological properties. Few phytochemicals found in the root exudates are not cited earlier in any literature. The composition and percentage of phytochemicals could not be correlated to heavy metal concentration. Phytochemical composition decreased with an increase in heavy metal concentration. Control plant released more phytochemicals than the plants under heavy metal stress. From the results, it is evident that root exudates of C. alternifolius contain various bioactive components. Further research can be extended to evaluate the pharmaceutical importance of the species and explore its role in phytoremediation of heavy metals.

Endophytic Nocardiopsis sp. from Zingiber officinale with both antiphytopathogenic mechanisms and antibiofilm activity against clinical isolates

Novel and potential antimicrobial compounds are essential to tackle the frequently emerging multidrug-resistant pathogens and also to develop environment friendly agricultural practices. In the current study, endophytic actinomycetes from rhizome of Zingiber officinale were explored in terms of its diversity and bioactive properties. Fourteen different organisms were isolated, identified and screened for activity against Pythium myriotylum and human clinical pathogens. Among these, Nocardiopsis sp. ZoA1 was found to have highest inhibition with excellent antibacterial effects compared to standard antibiotics. Remarkable antibiofilm property was also shown by the extract of ZoA1. Its antifungal activity against Pythium and other common phytopathogens was also found to be promising as confirmed by scanning electron microscopic analysis. By PCR-based sequence analysis of phz E gene, the organism was confirmed for the genetic basis of phenazine biosynthesis. Further GC-MS analysis of Nocardiopsis sp. revealed the presence of various compounds including Phenol, 2,4-bis (1,1-dimethylethyl) and trans cinnamic acid which can have significant role in the observed result. The current study is the first report on endophytic Nocardiopsis sp. from ginger with promising applications. In vivo treatment of Nocardiopsis sp. on ginger rhizome has revealed its inhibition towards the colonization of P. myriotylum which makes the study to have promises to manage the severe diseases in ginger like rhizome rot.