Epigenetic modifier G9a is involved in regulation of mouse tongue development

OBJECTIVES

The tongue comprises multiple tissues of different embryonic origins, including pharyngeal arch, somite, and cranial neural crest (CNC). However, its developmental regulatory mechanisms, especially those involving epigenetic modifiers, remain poorly understood. This study examined the roles of the epigenetic modifier G9a in murine tongue development.

METHODS

We deleted G9a using Sox 9 (SRY-related HMG-box gene 9)-Cre recombinase, which acts in tongue progenitor cells, including CNC-derived cells, to generate G9a conditional knockout (cKO) mice. Histochemical and immunohistochemical analyses were conducted on sections prepared from tongue tissues of control and cKO mice.

RESULTS

Cre-dependent LacZ reporter mice, generated by crossing Rosa-LacZ mice with sox9-Cre mice, revealed Cre recombinase activity in the mucosal epithelium and tongue connective tissue of the embryonic tongue. Tongue volume was significantly reduced on embryonic day 17.5 (E17.5) and postnatal day 0 (P0) in cKO mice. Histological sections showed that the lingual mucosal epithelium was thinner in cKO mice. Reduced G9a levels were accompanied by decreased levels of a G9a substrate, dimethylated lysine 9 in histone H3, in the embryonic tongue. BrdU injection at E16.5 revealed reduced numbers of BrdU-positive cells in the mucosal epithelium and underlying connective tissue at E17.5 in cKO mice, indicating suppression of cell proliferation in both tissues. Investigation of keratin 5 and 8 protein localization showed significantly suppressed expression in the lingual mucosal epithelium in cKO mice.

CONCLUSIONS

G9a is required for proper proliferation and differentiation of sox9-expressing tongue progenitor cells and is thereby involved in tongue development.