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Chen CA, Li CX, Zhang ZH, Xu WX, Liu SL, Ni WC, Wang XQ, Cheng FF, Wang QG. Qinzhizhudan formula dampens inflammation in microglia polarization of vascular dementia rats by blocking MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway: Through integrating network pharmacology and experimental validation. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 318:116769. [PMID: 37400007 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Qinzhizhudan Formula (QZZD) is composed of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (Huang Qin) extract, Gardenia jasminoides (Zhizi) extract and Suis Fellis Pulvis (Zhudanfen) (ratio of 4:5:6). This formula is optimized from Qingkailing (QKL) injection. Regarding brain injury, QZZD is protective. However, the mechanism by which QZZD treats vascular dementia (VD) has not been elucidated. AIM OF THE STUDY To ascertain QZZD's effect on the treatment of VD and further investigate the molecular mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we screened the possible components and targets of QZZD against VD and microglia polarization using network pharmacology (NP), then an animal model of bilateral common carotid artery ligation method (2VO) was induced. Afterward, The Morris water maze was employed to evaluate cognitive ability, and pathological alterations in the CA1 area of the hippocampus were detected using HE and Nissl staining. To confirm the affect of QZZD on VD and its molecular mechanism, the contents of inflammatory factors IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-4, and IL-10 were performed to detect by ELISA, the phenotype polarization of microglia cells was detected by immunofluorescence staining, and the expressions of MyD88, p-IκBα and p-NF-κB p65 in brain tissue were detected by western blot. RESULTS A total of 112 active compounds and 363 common targets of QZZD, microglia polarization, and VD were identified, according to the NP analysis. 38 hub targets were screened out from the PPI network. GO analysis and KEGG pathway analysis showed that QZZD may regulate microglia polarization through anti-inflammatory mechanism such as Toll-like receptor signaling pathway and NF-κB signaling pathway. The further results showed that QZZD can alleviate the memory impairment induced by 2VO. QZZD profoundly rescued brain hippocampus neuronal damage and increased the number of neurons. These advantageous outcomes were linked to the control of microglia polarization. QZZD decreased M1 phenotypic marker expression while increasing M2 phenotypic marker expression. QZZD may controll the polarization of the M1 microglia by blocking the core part of Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, that is the MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway, which reduced the neurotoxic effects of the microglia. CONCLUSION Here, we explored the anti-VD microglial polarization characteristic of QZZD for the first time and clarified its mechanisms. These findings will provide valuable clues for the discovery of anti-VD agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Ai Chen
- Dongzhimen Hospital Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China; Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Chang-Xiang Li
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Ze-Han Zhang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Wen-Xiu Xu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Shu-Ling Liu
- Dongzhimen Hospital Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China; Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Wen-Chao Ni
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Xue-Qian Wang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Fa-Feng Cheng
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Qing-Guo Wang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
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Network Pharmacology and Bioinformatics Methods Reveal the Mechanism of Berberine in the Treatment of Ischaemic Stroke. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:5160329. [PMID: 35815278 PMCID: PMC9259241 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5160329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Aim To elucidate the mechanism of action of berberine on ischaemic stroke based on network pharmacology, bioinformatics, and experimental verification. Methods Berberine-related long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) were screened from public databases. Differentially expressed lncRNAs in ischaemic stroke were retrieved from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. GSE102541 was comprehensively analysed using GEO2R. The correlation between lncRNAs and ischaemic stroke was evaluated by the mammalian noncoding RNA-disease repository (MNDR) database. The component-target-disease network and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of berberine in the treatment of ischaemic stroke were constructed by using network pharmacology. We then performed gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses. Finally, according to the molecular docking analysis and the binding probability between the lncRNA and key proteins, the effectiveness of the results was further verified by in vitro experiments. Results After matching stroke-related lncRNAs with berberine-related lncRNAs, four genes were selected as potential targets of berberine in the treatment of ischaemic stroke. Subsequently, lncRNA H19 was identified as the potential crucial regulatory lncRNA of berberine. Here, 52 target proteins of berberine in the treatment of ischaemic stroke were identified through database mining. Through topological analysis, 20 key targets were identified which were enriched in inflammation, apoptosis, and immunity. Molecular docking results showed that MAPK8, JUN, and EGFR were central genes. Finally, in vitro experiments demonstrated that lncRNA H19, p-JNK1/JNK1, p-c-Jun/c-Jun, and EGFR expressions were significantly increased in hypoxia-treated SH-SY5Y cells and were restored by berberine treatment. Conclusion The potential targets and biological effects of berberine in the treatment of ischaemic stroke were predicted in this study. The lncRNA H19/EGFR/JNK1/c-Jun signalling pathway may be a key mechanism of berberine-induced neuroprotection in ischaemic stroke.
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Tang L, Zhang C, Lu L, Tian H, Liu K, Luo D, Qiu Q, Xu GT, Zhang J. Melatonin Maintains Inner Blood-Retinal Barrier by Regulating Microglia via Inhibition of PI3K/Akt/Stat3/NF-κB Signaling Pathways in Experimental Diabetic Retinopathy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:831660. [PMID: 35371022 PMCID: PMC8964465 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.831660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial activation and melatonin protection have been reported in diabetic retinopathy (DR). Whether melatonin could regulate microglia to protect the inner blood–retinal barrier (iBRB) remains unknown. In this study, the role of microglia in iBRB breakdown and the mechanisms of melatonin’s regulation on microglia were explored. In diabetic rat retinas, activated microglia proliferated and migrated from the inner retina to the outer retina, accompanied by the obvious morphological changes. Meanwhile, significant leakage of albumin was evidenced at the site of close interaction between activated microglia and the damaged pericytes and endothelial cells. In vitro, inflammation-related cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin (IL)-1β, and arginase-1 (Arg-1), were increased significantly in CoCl2-treated BV2 cells. The supernatant derived from CoCl2-treated BV2 cells significantly decreased the cell viability and disrupted the junctional proteins in both pericytes and endothelial cells, resulting in severe leakage. Melatonin suppressed the microglial overactivation, i.e., decreasing the cell number and promoting its anti-inflammatory properties in diabetic rat retinas. Moreover, the leakage of iBRB was alleviated and the pericyte coverage was restored after melatonin treatment. In vitro, when treated with melatonin in CoCl2-treated BV2 cells, the inflammatory factors were decreased, while the anti-inflammatory factors were increased, further reducing the pericyte loss and increasing the tight junctions. Melatonin deactivated microglia via inhibition of PI3K/Akt/Stat3/NF-κB signaling pathways, thus maintaining the integrity of iBRB. The present data support a causal role for activated microglia in iBRB breakdown and highlight the therapeutic potential of melatonin in the treatment of DR by regulating microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology of Tongji Hospital and Laboratory of Clinical and Visual Sciences of Tongji Eye Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chaoyang Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Lixia Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology of Tongji Hospital and Laboratory of Clinical and Visual Sciences of Tongji Eye Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haibin Tian
- Department of Ophthalmology of Tongji Hospital and Laboratory of Clinical and Visual Sciences of Tongji Eye Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Dawei Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinghua Qiu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Tong Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology of Tongji Hospital and Laboratory of Clinical and Visual Sciences of Tongji Eye Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingfa Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
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Research Trends, Hot Spots, and Prospects for Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Field of Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2021:4548367. [PMID: 35003301 PMCID: PMC8731293 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4548367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is one of the most common phenomena in ischemic disease or processes that causes progressive disability or even death. It has a major impact on global public health. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has a long history of application in ischemic diseases and has significant clinical effect. Numerous studies have shown that the formulas or single herbs in TCM have specific roles in regulating oxidative stress, anti-inflammatory, inhibiting cell apoptosis, etc., in I/R injury. We used bibliometrics to quantitatively analyze the global output of publications on TCM in the field of I/R injury published in the period 2001–2021 to identify research hotspots and prospects. We included 446 related documents published in the Web of Science during 2001–2021. Visualization analysis revealed that the number of publications related to TCM in the field of I/R injury has increased year by year, reaching a peak in 2020. China is the country with the largest number of publications. Keywords and literature analyses demonstrated that neuroregeneration is likely one of the research hotspots and future directions of research in the field. Taken together, our findings suggest that although the inherent limitations of bibliometrics may affect the accuracy of the literature-based prediction of research hotspots, the results obtained from the included publications can provide a reference for the study of TCM in the field of I/R injury.
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Xie H, Zhang C, Zhang J, Xu Y, Liu K, Luo D, Qiu Q, Xu GT, Zhang J. An in vitro cell model to study microglia activation in diabetic retinopathy. Cell Biol Int 2022; 46:129-138. [PMID: 34647397 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Microglial activation has been studied extensively in diabetic retinopathy. We have previously detected activation and migration of microglia in 8-week-old diabetic rat retinas. It is widely acknowledged that microglia-mediated inflammation contributes to the progression of diabetic retinopathy. However, existing cell models do not explore the role of activated microglia in vitro. In this study, microglia were subject to various conditions mimicking diabetic retinopathy, including high glucose, glyoxal, and hypoxia. Under high glucose or glyoxal treatment, microglia demonstrated only partially functional changes, while under hypoxia, microglia became fully activated showing enlarged cell bodies, enhanced migration and phagocytosis as well as increased production of pro-inflammatory factors such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). The data indicate that hypoxia-treated microglia is an optimal in vitro model for exploration of microglia activation in diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji Eye Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Pharmacology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chaoyang Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingting Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Yihua Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Dawei Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinghua Qiu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Tong Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji Eye Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Pharmacology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingfa Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji Eye Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Pharmacology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
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Xie H, Zhang C, Liu D, Yang Q, Tang L, Wang T, Tian H, Lu L, Xu JY, Gao F, Wang J, Jin C, Li W, Xu G, Xu GT, Zhang J. Erythropoietin protects the inner blood-retinal barrier by inhibiting microglia phagocytosis via Src/Akt/cofilin signalling in experimental diabetic retinopathy. Diabetologia 2021; 64:211-225. [PMID: 33104828 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-020-05299-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Microglial activation in diabetic retinopathy and the protective effect of erythropoietin (EPO) have been extensively studied. However, the regulation of microglia in the retina and its relationship to inner blood-retinal barrier (iBRB) maintenance have not been fully characterised. In this study, we investigated the role of microglia in iBRB breakdown in diabetic retinopathy and the protective effects of EPO in this context. METHODS Male Sprague Dawley rats were injected intraperitoneally with streptozotocin (STZ) to establish the experimental model of diabetes. At 2 h after STZ injection, the right and left eyes were injected intravitreally with EPO (16 mU/eye, 2 μl) and an equivalent volume of normal saline (NaCl 154 mmol/l), respectively. The rats were killed at 2 or 8 weeks after diabetes onset. Microglia activation was detected by ionised calcium binding adaptor molecule (IBA)-1 immunolabelling. Leakage of the iBRB was evaluated by albumin staining and FITC-dextran permeability assay. BV2 cells and primary rat microglia under hypoxic conditions were used to model microglial activation in diabetic retinopathy. Phagocytosis was examined by confocal microscopy in flat-mounted retina preparations and in microglia and endothelial cell cocultures. Protein levels of IBA-1, CD11b, complement component 1r (C1r), and Src/Akt/cofilin signalling pathway components were assessed by western blotting. RESULTS In diabetic rat retinas, phagocytosis of endothelial cells by activated microglia was observed at 8 weeks, resulting in an increased number of acellular capillaries (increased by 426.5%) and albumin leakage. Under hypoxic conditions, activated microglia transmigrated to the opposite membrane of the transwell, where they disrupted the endothelial cell monolayer by engulfing endothelial cells. The activation and phagocytic activity of microglia was blocked by intravitreal injection of EPO. In vitro, IBA-1, CD11b and C1r protein levels were increased by 50.9%, 170.0% and 135.5%, respectively, by hypoxia, whereas the phosphorylated proteins of Src/Akt/cofilin signalling pathway components were decreased by 74.2%, 47.8% and 39.7%, respectively, compared with the control; EPO treatment abrogated these changes. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION In experimental diabetic retinopathy, activated microglia penetrate the basement membrane of the iBRB and engulf endothelial cells, leading to iBRB breakdown. EPO exerts a protective effect that preserves iBRB integrity via activation of Src/Akt/cofilin signalling in microglia, as demonstrated in vitro. These data support a causal role for activated microglia in iBRB breakdown and highlight the therapeutic potential of EPO for the treatment of diabetic retinopathy. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Xie
- Tongji Eye Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chaoyang Zhang
- Tongji Eye Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dandan Liu
- Tongji Eye Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Tongji Eye Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Tang
- Tongji Eye Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianqin Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haibin Tian
- Tongji Eye Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lixia Lu
- Tongji Eye Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Ying Xu
- Tongji Eye Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Furong Gao
- Tongji Eye Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Tongji Eye Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Caixia Jin
- Tongji Eye Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiye Li
- Tongji Eye Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Guoxu Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Guo-Tong Xu
- Tongji Eye Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jingfa Zhang
- Tongji Eye Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China.
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Ma C, Wang X, Xu T, Yu X, Zhang S, Liu S, Gao Y, Fan S, Li C, Zhai C, Cheng F, Wang Q. Qingkailing injection ameliorates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and modulates the AMPK/NLRP3 Inflammasome Signalling pathway. Altern Ther Health Med 2019; 19:320. [PMID: 31747940 PMCID: PMC6868863 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2703-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Cerebral ischemia is the second-leading cause of death and the main cause of permanent adult disabilities worldwide. Qingkailing (QKL) injection, a patented Chinese medicine approved by the China Food and Drug Administration, has been widely used in clinical practice to treat cerebral ischemia in China. The NOD-like receptor pyrin 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is activated in cerebral ischemia and thus, is an effective therapeutic target. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an important regulator inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Methods We investigated the potential of QKL injection to provide neuroprotection after cerebral ischemia in a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (210–230 g) were randomly divided into three groups which consist of sham, MCAO and 3 ml/kg QKL. Rats in the QKL group received intraperitoneal injections of 3 ml/kg QKL, while rats in other groups were given saline in the same volumes. After 90 min ischemia and 24 h reperfusion, neurological function, laser speckle imaging, brain infarction, brain water content and brain blood barrier permeability were examined and cell apoptosis at prefrontal cortex were evaluated 24 h after MCAO, and western blot and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was also researched, respectively. Results Intraperitoneal administration of QKL alleviated neurological deficiencies, cerebral infarction, blood-brain barrier permeability, brain oedema and brain cell apoptosis after MCAO induction. QKL decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β, and increased anti-inflammatory cytokines, IL-4 and IL-10. Furthermore, QKL activated phosphorylated AMPK, decreased oxidative stress and decreased NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Conclusions QKL relieved cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury and suppressed the inflammatory response by inhibiting AMPK-mediated activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. These results suggest that QKL might have potential in treating brain inflammatory response and attenuating the cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Carvedilol abrogates hypoxia-induced oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in microglial BV2 cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 814:144-150. [PMID: 28821450 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Microglia initially undergo rapid activation in response to injury and stressful stimuli, such as hypoxia. Oxidative stress and the inflammatory response play critical roles in hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Carvedilol is a β-blocker used to treat high blood pressure and heart failure. In this study, we investigated whether carvedilol had a protective effect against hypoxia-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in microglial BV2 cells. Our results indicate that hypoxic exposure significantly reduced mean cell viability of BV2 microglia, which was significantly restored by carvedilol (10 and 50μM). In addition, carvedilol treatment significantly inhibited the hypoxia-induced increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE). Administration of carvedilol significantly inhibited expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 at both the mRNA and protein levels. Mechanistically, we found that hypoxia significantly increased phosphorylation of IKK, IκBα, and NF-κB p65. However, treatment with carvedilol inhibited phosphorylation of these molecules. Notably, hypoxia resulted in a significant nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65, which was inhibited by administration of carvedilol. Luciferase reporter assay results demonstrate that treatment with carvedilol inhibited the hypoxia-induced increase in NF-κB binding activity. These data suggest that carvedilol may be of potential use as a novel therapy against hypoxia or ischemia.
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Shi Q, Liu X, Wang N, Zheng X, Ran J, Liu Z, Fu J, Zheng J. 1400W ameliorates acute hypobaric hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced cognitive deficits by suppressing the induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase in rat cerebral cortex microglia. Behav Brain Res 2016; 319:188-199. [PMID: 27888018 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is involved in neuronal modifications, and overproduction of NO contributes to memory deficits after acute hypobaric hypoxia-reoxygenation. This study investigated the ability of the iNOS inhibitor 1400W to counteract spatial memory deficits following acute hypobaric hypoxia-reoxygenation, and to affect expression of NOS, NO, 3-NT and MDA production, and apoptosis in rat cerebral cortex. We also used primary rat microglia to investigate the effect of 1400W on expression of NOS, NO, 3-NT and MDA production, and apoptosis. Acute hypobaric hypoxia-reoxygenation impaired spatial memory, and was accompanied by activated microglia, increased iNOS expression, NO, 3-NT and MDA production, and neuronal cell apoptosis in rat cerebral cortex one day post-reoxygenation. 1400W treatment inhibited iNOS expression without affecting nNOS or eNOS. 1400W also reduced NO, 3-NT and MDA production, and prevented neuronal cell apoptosis in cerebral cortex, in addition to reversing spatial memory impairment after acute hypobaric hypoxia-reoxygenation. Hypoxia-reoxygenation activated primary microglia, and increased iNOS and nNOS expression, NO, 3-NT, and MDA production, and apoptosis. Treatment with 1400W inhibited iNOS expression without affecting nNOS, reduced NO, 3-NT and MDA production, and prevented apoptosis in primary microglia. Based on the above findings, we concluded that the highly selective iNOS inhibitor 1400W inhibited iNOS induction in microglial cells, and reduced generation of NO, thereby mitigating oxidative stress and neuronal cell apoptosis in the rat cerebral cortex, and improving the spatial memory dysfunction caused by acute hypobaric hypoxia-reoxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghai Shi
- Medical Research Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; Clinical Laboratory Diagnostic Center, General Hospital of Xinjiang Military Region, Urumqi 830000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Medical Research Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Medical Research Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xinchuan Zheng
- Medical Research Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jihua Ran
- Clinical Laboratory Diagnostic Center, General Hospital of Xinjiang Military Region, Urumqi 830000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zhengxiang Liu
- Clinical Laboratory Diagnostic Center, General Hospital of Xinjiang Military Region, Urumqi 830000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jianfeng Fu
- Clinical Laboratory Diagnostic Center, General Hospital of Xinjiang Military Region, Urumqi 830000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jiang Zheng
- Medical Research Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
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Chen CM, Wu CT, Yang TH, Chang YA, Sheu ML, Liu SH. Green Tea Catechin Prevents Hypoxia/Reperfusion-Evoked Oxidative Stress-Regulated Autophagy-Activated Apoptosis and Cell Death in Microglial Cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:4078-4085. [PMID: 27144449 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b01513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Defective activation and proliferation in microglial cells has been suggested to be associated with the increase of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. We investigated the protection and molecular mechanism of green tea catechin on hypoxia/reperfusion-induced microglial cell injury in vitro. Microglial cells were cultured in hypoxia condition (O2 < 1%) and then re-incubated to the complete normal culture medium (reperfusion). Hypoxia/reperfusion obviously decreased cell viability and induced apoptosis in microglial cells, but not in neuronal cells. Catechin significantly inhibited the hypoxia/reperfusion-induced decreased cell viability and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis in microglia. The administration of both PI3K/Akt inhibitor LY294002 and mTOR inhibitor rapamycin demonstrated that Akt/mTOR-regulated autophagy was involved in the hypoxia/reperfusion-induced microglia apoptosis/death. Catechin up-regulated the Akt and mTOR phosphorylation and inhibited the hypoxia/reperfusion-induced autophagy in microglia. These results suggest that hypoxia/reperfusion can evoke autophagy-activated microglia apoptosis/death via an ROS-regulated Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, which can be reversed by catechin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Mu Chen
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University, College of Medicine , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Tien Wu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Hua Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Taiwan University Hospital , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-An Chang
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meei-Ling Sheu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University , Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shing Hwa Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University , Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University , Taichung, Taiwan
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Detecting drug-herbal interaction using a spontaneous reporting system database: an example with benzylpenicillin and qingkailing injection. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 71:1139-45. [PMID: 26159784 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-015-1898-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The study aims to quantify anaphylaxis signal for combined exposure of benzylpenicilin and qingkailing injection (QI) compared with individual exposure of the two drugs and the background risk based on all other exposures in SRS database. METHODS Data used in this study were collected during 2003-2014 from China Guangdong Provincial Center of ADR Monitoring. We studied the suspected ADR reports using a case/non-case design. The cases were defined as the reactions coded by WHO-preferred terms of anaphylactic shock or anaphylactoid reaction. Reporting odds ratios (RORs) were used as a measure of disproportionality and were adjusted for age and gender to reduce confounding effects. An observed-to-expected ratio Ω was also used for interaction detection. RESULTS The crude RORs (95 % CIs) for anaphylaxis in patients who used only benzylpenicillin or QI and those who used the two drugs concomitantly compared with patients who used neither of the two drugs were 2.50 (2.34-2.68), 1.59 (1.46-1.73), and 6.22 (3.34-11.58), respectively. The adjusted RORs (95 % CIs) were 2.48 (2.31-2.65), 1.54 (1.41-1.67), and 6.01 (3.22-11.20), respectively, after being adjusted for age and gender. The measured Ω, Ω0, Ω025, and Ω975 was 1.03, 1.09, 0.14, and 1.71, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Case reports in the database are suggestive of a safety signal which indicates that an interaction between benzylpenicillin and QI resulting in excess risk of anaphylaxis may occur. SRS databases have a potential for signaling unknown drug-herbal interactions. More effort is needed to expand this potential.
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