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Rado M, Fisher D. The Paracrine Effect of Hypoxic and Normoxic Cancer Secretion on the Proliferation of Brain Endothelial Cells (bEnd.3). Cells 2022; 11:cells11071197. [PMID: 35406760 PMCID: PMC8997846 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This study aimed to investigate the disruption of cell cycle phases of bEnd.3 cells exposed to cancer paracrine secretion. Cancer cells have been reported to use the secretion of paracrine factors to compromise the endothelial barrier to prepare for their passage into the parenchyma. As cancer cells are known to act differently under conditions of hypoxia, we investigated how conditional media (CM) derived from breast and glioblastoma cells incubated under conditions of normoxia and hypoxia would affect proliferation of brain endothelial cells (bEnd.3). Methods: Brain endothelial cells (bEnd.3) were cultivated with normoxic and hypoxic CM generated from breast cancer MCF7 cells and glioblastoma U-87 cells. Cell proliferation was evaluated using the trypan blue exclusion assay and phases of the cell cycle were evaluated using flow cytometry. Results: bEnd.3 proliferations was suppressed more aggressively with hypoxic CM after 72 and 96 h; cell cycle analysis showed that paracrine treatment tended to prevent BECs from entering the G2 phase, thus suppressing cell division. Conclusions: MCF7 and U-87 cells induce suppressed proliferation of BECs deferentially under hypoxia by blocking cell cycle progression to the G2 phase.
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VEGF/VEGFR-2 system exerts neuroprotection against Phoneutria nigriventer spider envenomation through PI3K-AKT-dependent pathway. Toxicon 2020; 185:76-90. [PMID: 32649934 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to elucidate why VEGF/VEGFR-2 is elevated in the hippocampus of rats injected with Phoneutria nigriventer spider venom (PNV). PNV delays Na+ channels inactivation; blocks Ca2+ and K+ channels, increases glutamate release, causes blood-brain breakdown (BBBb), brain edema and severe excitotoxicity. Analytical FT-IR spectroscopy showed profound alteration in molecular biochemical state, with evidences for VEGFR-2 (KDR/Flk-1) signaling mediation. By blocking VEGF/VEGFR-2 binding via pre-treatment with itraconazole we demonstrated that animals' condition was deteriorated soon at 1-2 h post-PNV exposure concurrently with decreased expression of VEGF, BBB-associated proteins, ZO-1, β-catenin, laminin, P-gp (P-glycoprotein), Neu-N (neuron's viability marker) and MAPKphosphorylated-p38, while phosphorylated-ERK and Src pathways were increased. At 5 h and coinciding with incipient signs of animals' recuperation, the proteins associated with protection (HIF-1α, VEGF, VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, Neu-N, occludin, β-catenin, laminin, P-gp efflux protein, phosphorylated-p38) increased thus indicating p38 pathway activation together with paracellular route strengthening. However, the BBB transcellular trafficking and caspase-3 increased (pro-apoptotic pathway activation). At 24 h, the transcellular route reestablished physiological state but the pro-survival pathway PI3K/(p-Akt) dropped in animals underwent VEGF/VEGFR-2 binding inhibition, whereas it was significantly activated at matched interval in PNV group without prior itraconazole; these results demonstrate impaired VEGF' survival effects at 24 h. The inhibition of VEGF/VEGFR-2 binding identified 5 h as turning point at which multi-level dynamic interplay was elicited to reverse hippocampal damage. Collectively, the data confirmed VEGFR-2 signaling via serine-threonine kinase Akt as neuroprotective pathway against PNV-induced damage. Further studies are needed to elucidate mechanisms underlying PNV effects.
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Mesquita-Britto MHR, Mendonça MCP, Soares ES, Sakane KK, da Cruz-Höfling MA. Inhibition of VEGF-Flk-1 binding induced profound biochemical alteration in the hippocampus of a rat model of BBB breakdown by spider venom. A preliminary assessment using FT-IR spectroscopy. Neurochem Int 2018; 120:64-74. [PMID: 30075232 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Phoneutria nigriventer spider venom (PNV) contains ion channels-acting neuropeptides that in rat induces transitory blood-brain barrier breakdown (BBBb) in hippocampus in parallel with VEGF upregulation. We investigated whether VEGF has a neuroprotective role by inhibiting its binding to receptor Flk-1 by itraconazole (ITZ). FT-IR spectroscopy examined the biochemical status of hippocampus and evaluated BBBb in rats administered PNV or ITZ/PNV at periods with greatest toxicity (1-2h), recovery (5h) and visual absence of symptoms (24h), and compared to saline and ITZ controls. The antifungal treatment before venom intoxication aggravated the venom effects and increased BBB damage. FT-IR spectra of venom, hippocampi of controls, PNV and ITZ-PNV showed a 1400 cm-1 band linked to symmetric stretch of carboxylate and 1467 cm-1 band (CH2 bending: mainly lipids) that were considered biomarker and reference bands, respectively. Inhibition of VEGF/Flk-1 binding produced marked changes in lipid/protein stability at 1-2h. The largest differences were observed in spectra regions assigned to lipids, both symmetric (2852 cm-1) and asymmetric (2924 and 2968 cm-1). Quantitative analyses showed greatest increases in the 1400 cm-1/1467 cm-1 ratio also at 1h. Such changes at period of rats' severe intoxication referred to wavenumber region from 3106 cm-1 to 687 cm-1 assigning for C-H and N-H stretching of protein, Amide I, C=N cytosine, N-H adenine, Amide II, CH2 bending: mainly lipids, C-O stretch: glycogen, polysaccharides, glycolipids, z-type DNA, C-C, C-O and CH out-of-plane bending vibrations. We conclude that VEGF has a neuroprotective role and can be a therapeutic target in PNV envenomation. FT-IR spectroscopy showed to be instrumental for monitoring biochemical changes in this model of P. nigriventer venom-induced BBB disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Helena Rodrigues Mesquita-Britto
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Monique Culturato Padilha Mendonça
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edilene Siqueira Soares
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kumiko Koibuchi Sakane
- Institute for Research and Development, University of Vale do Paraíba, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Alice da Cruz-Höfling
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Morrone FB, Gehring MP, Nicoletti NF. Calcium Channels and Associated Receptors in Malignant Brain Tumor Therapy. Mol Pharmacol 2016; 90:403-9. [PMID: 27418672 DOI: 10.1124/mol.116.103770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant brain tumors are highly lethal and aggressive. Despite recent advances in the current therapies, which include the combination of surgery and radio/chemotherapy, the average survival rate remains poor. Altered regulation of ion channels is part of the neoplastic transformation, which suggests that ion channels are involved in cancer. Distinct classes of calcium-permeable channels are abnormally expressed in cancer and are likely involved in the alterations underlying malignant growth. Specifically, cytosolic Ca(2+) activity plays an important role in the regulation of cell proliferation, and Ca(2+) signaling is altered in proliferating tumor cells. A series of previous studies emphasized the importance of the T-type low-voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC) in different cancer types, including gliomas, and remarkably, pharmacologic inhibition of T-type VGCC caused antiproliferative effects and triggered apoptosis of human glioma cells. Other calcium permeable channels, such as transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, contribute to changes in Ca(2+) by modulating the driving force for Ca(2+) entry, and some TRP channels are required for proliferation and migration in gliomas. Furthermore, recent evidence shows that TRP channels contribute to the progression and survival of the glioblastoma patients. Likewise, the purinergic P2X7 receptor acts as a direct conduit for Ca(2+)-influx and an indirect activator of voltage-gated Ca(2+)-channel. Evidence also shows that P2X7 receptor activation is linked to elevated expression of inflammation promoting factors, tumor cell migration, an increase in intracellular mobilization of Ca(2+), and membrane depolarization in gliomas. Therefore, this review summarizes the recent findings on calcium channels and associated receptors as potential targets to treat malignant gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda B Morrone
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular (F.B.M., M.P.G., N.F.N), Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Farmácia, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do RS, Porto Alegre (F.B.M.); Laboratório de Terapia Celular, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul (N.F.N.), Brasil
| | - Marina P Gehring
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular (F.B.M., M.P.G., N.F.N), Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Farmácia, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do RS, Porto Alegre (F.B.M.); Laboratório de Terapia Celular, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul (N.F.N.), Brasil
| | - Natália F Nicoletti
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular (F.B.M., M.P.G., N.F.N), Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Farmácia, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do RS, Porto Alegre (F.B.M.); Laboratório de Terapia Celular, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul (N.F.N.), Brasil
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Soares ES, Mendonça MCP, da Cruz-Höfling MA. Caveolae as a target for Phoneutria nigriventer spider venom. Neurotoxicology 2016; 54:111-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Liu J, Dan Q, Zhao N, Li J, Li J, Chang Q, Su P, Cen J. Functional implication of synaptophysin upregulation with traumatic brain injury adult rats. IBRAIN 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2769-2795.2016.tb00005.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Department of NeurosurgeryKunming First People’s Hospital KunmingYunnanChina
| | - Qi‐Qin Dan
- Institute of Neurological Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Nan Zhao
- Department of NeurosurgeryKunming First People’s Hospital KunmingYunnanChina
| | - Jun‐Yan Li
- Department of NeurosurgeryKunming First People’s Hospital KunmingYunnanChina
| | - Jin Li
- Department of NeurosurgeryKunming First People’s Hospital KunmingYunnanChina
| | - Qian Chang
- Department of NeurosurgeryKunming First People’s Hospital KunmingYunnanChina
| | - Ping Su
- Department of NeurosurgeryKunming First People’s Hospital KunmingYunnanChina
| | - Jiang‐Chang Cen
- Department of NeurosurgeryKunming First People’s Hospital KunmingYunnanChina
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Soares ES, Mendonça MCP, da Cruz-Höfling MA. eNOS uncoupling in the cerebellum after BBB disruption by exposure to Phoneutria nigriventer spider venom. Toxicon 2015. [PMID: 26206339 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown that the venom of Phoneutria nigriventer (PNV) armed-spider causes excitotoxic signals and blood-brain barrier breakdown (BBBb) in rats. Nitric oxide (NO) is a signaling molecule which has a role in endothelium homeostasis and vascular health. The present study investigated the relevance of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) uncoupling to clinical neurotoxic evolution induced by PNV. eNOS immunoblotting of cerebellum lysates processed through low-temperature SDS-PAGE revealed significant increased monomerization of the enzyme at critical periods of severe envenoming (1-2 h), whereas eNOS dimerization reversal paralleled to amelioration of animals condition (5-72 h). Moreover, eNOS uncoupling was accompanied by increased expression in calcium-sensing calmodulin protein and calcium-binding calbindin-D28 protein in cerebellar neurons. It is known that greater eNOS monomers than dimers implies the inability of eNOS to produce NO leading to superoxide production and endothelial/vascular barrier dysfunction. We suggest that transient eNOS deactivation and disturbances in calcium handling reduce NO production and enhance production of free radicals thus contributing to endothelial dysfunction in the cerebellum of envenomed rats. In addition, eNOS uncoupling compromises the enzyme capacity to respond to shear stress contributing to perivascular edema and it is one of the mechanisms involved in the BBBb promoted by PNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edilene Siqueira Soares
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Zip Code 13 083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Monique Culturato Padilha Mendonça
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Zip Code 13 083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Zip Code 13 083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Alice da Cruz-Höfling
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Zip Code 13 083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Zip Code 13 083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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