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Qader SW, Ozdemir M, Benjamin I, Chima CM, Suvitha A, Rani JC, Gber TE, Kothandan G. Toxicity, Pharmacokinetic Profile, and Compound-Protein Interaction Study of Polygonum minus Huds Extract. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024; 196:2425-2450. [PMID: 37129743 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04499-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Several phytochemicals with potential for bioactivity can be found in Polygonum minus (PM). The goal of this investigation was to establish the minimally toxic dose of PM for pharmaceutical use. To explain the stability and reactivity of the compounds under study, the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO), and the natural bond orbital were all combined. Additionally, the cytotoxicity of the aqueous and ethanolic extract of PM on the (Hs888Lu) cell line was determined using the MTS Assay Kit (cell proliferation) (colorimetric). The hematological, hepatic, and renal functions were examined during the acute toxicity test on Sprague Dawley rats. SwissADME and ADMET were used to investigate the absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) of the chemicals isolated from PM, including gallic acid, quercetin, rutin, and coumaric acid (PMCs). Molecular docking was used to examine the inhibitory effect against human H+/K+ ATPase, cyclooxygenase-2, and acetylcholinesterase. The outcomes indicated that neither the aqueous nor the ethanolic extract of PM is harmful. The development of plant-based medicine was made possible by the phenolic chemicals, primarily quercetin and rutin, which exhibit a considerable binding affinity to human H+/K+ ATPase, cyclooxygenase-2, and acetylcholinesterase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhailah Wasman Qader
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Knowledge University, 44002, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.
| | - Mehmet Ozdemir
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Tishk International University, 44002, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Innocent Benjamin
- Computational and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria.
| | - Chioma M Chima
- Computational and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - A Suvitha
- Department of Physics, CMR Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, 560037, Karnataka, India
| | - Jaquline Chinna Rani
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Loyola College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Terkumbur E Gber
- Computational and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Gugan Kothandan
- Biopolymer Modeling and Protein Chemistry Laboratory, CAS in Crystallography and Biophysics, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Gonzalez-Ruiz C, Ortiz-Flores M, Bernal-Hernández J, Mondragon-Lozano R, Palma-Guzman A, Coyoy-Salgado A, Salgado-Ceballos H. Phytochemical Extract from Carica papaya Leaves and Punica granatum Seeds as Therapy Against Cognitive Impairment in a Murine Model. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:450-464. [PMID: 37626269 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03547-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is defined as inter-stage between normal cognitive aging and major neurocognitive disorder (MND). This state of decay is a crucial factor in treatment to prevent the progression to MND. In this study, our group developed a virtual screening process to evaluate 2568 phytochemical compounds against 5 key proteins associated with MCI and MND. As a result, two potential candidates were identified: carpaine, found in Carica papaya leaves, and punicalagin, present in Punica granatum. A model of cognitive impairment (CI) was developed in 10-month-old male Sprague Dawley rats by administering aluminum chloride (AlCl3) at a dose of 100 mg/kg/day for 30 days. After AlCl3 administration period, one of the groups received carpaine and punicalagin in a phytochemical extract (PE) by oral gavage for 30 days. Novel object recognition test (NOR) was assessed at three different time points (T1 - before CI, T2 - after CI, and T3 - after PE treatment). Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and neurofilament light chain (NfL) were identified in the hippocampus of rats at the end of the study period. After administration of AlCl3, a reduction in discrimination index vs control rats (CI = 0.012 ± 0.08 vs Control = 0.076 ± 0.03), was observed. After phytochemical extract treatment, a significant increase in discrimination index values was observed in the PE group 0.4643 ± 0.13 vs CI group 0.012 ± 0.08. Additionally, the evaluation of immunohistochemistry showed an increase in GFAP positivity in the hippocampus of the CI groups, while a slight decrease was observed in the PE group. This work addressed a comprehensive methodology that utilized in silico tools to identify phytochemical compounds (carpaine and punicalagin) as potential candidates for affecting key proteins in CI. The phytochemical extract containing carpaine and punicalagin resulted in a trend in the decrease of GFAP expression in the hippocampus and improved recognition memory in rats with CI induced by age and AlCl3 administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Gonzalez-Ruiz
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Estado de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Miguel Ortiz-Flores
- Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jorge Bernal-Hernández
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Estado de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Rodrigo Mondragon-Lozano
- Researchers for Mexico CONAHCyT-Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Cuauhtémoc, Mexico city, Mexico
| | - Alam Palma-Guzman
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Laboratorio de Histología, Coordinación de Investigación en Salud, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Angélica Coyoy-Salgado
- Researchers for Mexico CONAHCyT-Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Cuauhtémoc, Mexico city, Mexico
| | - Hermelinda Salgado-Ceballos
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Estado de Mexico, Mexico.
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Ren L, Yan L, Shi W, Zhang T, Geng B, Mao J, Zhang J, Tian Y, Wang H, Gao F, Dai X, Li J, Gu J, Chen Y, Zhang X, Chen J, Zhu J. Evaluation of subchronic toxicity of the compound of diphenhydramine hydrochloride and caffeine after 28 days of repeated oral administration in Sprague-Dawley rats and beagle dogs. Drug Chem Toxicol 2023; 46:1083-1099. [PMID: 36384384 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2022.2129674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate the subchronic toxicity of the compound of diphenhydramine hydrochloride (DH) and caffeine in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and beagle dogs. A total of 180 SD rats (15/sex/group) were randomly divided into the compound low-, medium- and high-dose groups (51, 102, 204 mg/kg), DH group (60 mg/kg), caffeine group (144 mg/kg) and the vehicle control group. Sixty beagle dogs (5/sex/group) were randomly divided into the compound low-, medium- and high-dose groups (male: 14.20, 28.30, 56.60 mg/kg, female: 5.66, 14.20, 28.30 mg/kg), DH group (male: 16.60 mg/kg, female: 8.30 mg/kg), caffeine group (male: 40.00 mg/kg, female: 20.00 mg/kg) and the vehicle control group. Rats and dogs were given continuous oral administration for 28 days following a 28-day recovery period. The adverse effects of the compound on rats and beagle dogs mainly included anorexia and liver function impairment. Most adverse effects induced by administration were reversible. Under the experimental conditions, the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of the compound of DH and caffeine was 51 mg/kg/day for SD rats and 28.30 mg/kg/day (male) and 5.66 mg/kg/day (female) for beagle dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Ren
- Department of Health Toxicology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lang Yan
- Department of Health Toxicology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjing Shi
- Department of Health Toxicology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tiantian Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Bijiang Geng
- Department of Health Toxicology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjing Mao
- Department of Health Toxicology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiqianzhu Zhang
- Department of Health Toxicology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yijun Tian
- Department of Health Toxicology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haoneng Wang
- Department of Marine Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangyuan Gao
- Department of Health Toxicology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyu Dai
- Department of Health Toxicology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinfeng Li
- Department of Health Toxicology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Gu
- Department of Health Toxicology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Health Toxicology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofang Zhang
- Department of Health Toxicology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jikuai Chen
- Department of Health Toxicology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiangbo Zhu
- Department of Health Toxicology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Indradi RB, Muhaimin M, Barliana MI, Khatib A. Potential Plant-Based New Antiplasmodial Agent Used in Papua Island, Indonesia. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12091813. [PMID: 37176870 PMCID: PMC10181418 DOI: 10.3390/plants12091813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to antimalarial medicine remains a threat to the global effort for malaria eradication. The World Health Organization recently reported that artemisinin partial resistance, which was defined as delayed parasite clearance, was detected in Southeast Asia, particularly in the Greater Mekong subregion, and in Africa, particularly in Rwanda and Uganda. Therefore, the discovery of a potential new drug is important to overcome emerging drug resistance. Natural products have played an important role in drug development over the centuries, including the development of antimalarial drugs, with most of it influenced by traditional use. Recent research on traditional medicine used as an antimalarial treatment on Papua Island, Indonesia, reported that 72 plant species have been used as traditional medicine, with Alstonia scholaris, Carica papaya, Andrographis paniculata, and Physalis minima as the most frequently used medicinal plants. This review aimed to highlight the current research status of these plants for potential novel antiplasmodial development. In conclusion, A. paniculata has the highest potential to be developed as an antiplasmodial, and its extract and known bioactive isolate andrographolide posed strong activity both in vitro and in vivo. A. scholaris and C. papaya also have the potential to be further investigated as both have good potential for their antiplasmodial activities in vivo. However, P. minima is a less studied medicinal plant; nevertheless, it opens the opportunity to explore the potential of this plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raden Bayu Indradi
- Department of Biological Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
- Center of Herbal Study, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
| | - Muhaimin Muhaimin
- Department of Biological Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
- Center of Herbal Study, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
| | - Melisa Intan Barliana
- Department of Biological Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
- Center of Excellence in Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
| | - Alfi Khatib
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kuliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan 25200, Malaysia
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Angupale JR, Tusiimire J, Ngwuluka NC. A review of efficacy and safety of Ugandan anti-malarial plants with application of RITAM score. Malar J 2023; 22:97. [PMID: 36932389 PMCID: PMC10021060 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04486-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria, a treatable disease mainly caused by Plasmodium falciparum has remained a health challenge in Africa, a continent that accounted for 96% of total global cases and deaths in 2021. Uganda, a malaria endemic country is experiencing malaria parasite resistance to some of the drugs used in the artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT). In an effort to prioritize herbal medicines for new product development, this review synthesized the available safety and efficacy literature on the Ugandan anti-malarial plants to suggest most effective herbal plants. METHODS Literature was exhaustively searched using engines and databases, such as Google scholar, Pubmed, and Scopus-indexed journals during the period of June 2020-December 2021. In the first phase, information on ethnobotanical uses of anti-malarial plants in Uganda was gathered and synthetized to generate a list of plants, followed by data on anti-malarial efficacy (both in vitro and in vivo) on each listed plant. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (µg/ml), and % parasite suppression for every plant were scored using The Research Initiative on Traditional and Antimalarial Methods (RITAM) scoring system. The best twenty (20) plants were evaluated for acute safety (LD50) data in rat model, plant parts used, ease of cultivation, presence of clinical studies and other relevant factors for suggesting the best three (3) plants for future anti-malarial product development. RESULTS Over one hundred twenty-six (126) plant species are used in Uganda for treatment of malaria in local communities. Out of these, about 33% (41) have been studied for efficacy and safety, with Artemisia annua and Vernonia amygdalina being the most extensively studied and among the best twenty (20) anti-malarial plants in Uganda. Both are limited by parasite recrudescence in clinical studies. Microglossa pyrifolia, a very potent plant (IC50 = 0.03 - 0.05 µg/ml has potential to penetrate the liver and could ameliorate the challenge of recrudescence if combined with A. annua and V. amygdalina in a polyherbal formulation. CONCLUSION There are many plants with promising potential for malaria treatment in Uganda and a herbal combination of A. annua, V. amydalina and M. pyrifolia could offer the next herbal ACT if carefully studied and developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy R Angupale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, P.O Box 1410, Mbarara, Uganda.
- Pharm-Biotechnology and Traditional Medicine Centre, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, P.O Box 1410, Mbarara, Uganda.
| | - Jonans Tusiimire
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, P.O Box 1410, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Ndidi C Ngwuluka
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
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Carica papaya L. Leaves: Deciphering Its Antioxidant Bioactives, Biological Activities, Innovative Products, and Safety Aspects. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:2451733. [PMID: 35720184 PMCID: PMC9203216 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2451733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of viral infections, cancer, and diabetes is increasing at an alarming rate around the world, and these diseases are now considered to be the most serious risks to human well-being in the modern period. There is a widespread practice in Asian countries of using papaya leaves (C. papaya L.) as herbal medicine, either alone or in combination with prescribed medications, to treat a variety of ailments. The importance of conducting the necessary descriptive studies in order to determine the safety of papaya leaf consumption is also emphasized in the context of their application in the healthcare sector. Electronic databases such as Google Scholar, Scopus, and PubMed were used to gather information on papaya leaves, their therapeutic potential, and clinical evidence-based studies. The literature was gathered from publications on papaya leaves, their therapeutic potential, and clinical evidence-based studies. The antidengue, anticancer, antidiabetic, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory effects of papaya leaves discussed in this article are supported by evidence from preclinical, in vivo, in vitro, and clinical trial studies, as well as from other sources. Leaves have been investigated for their mechanism of action as well as their potential to be used in the development of novel herbal products for the health business. According to the reports gathered, only a small number of research demonstrated that leaf extract at high concentrations was hazardous to certain organs. The collective literature reviewed in this review provides insights into the use of papaya leaves as a cure for epidemic diseases, highlighting the phytochemical composition and pharmacological attributes of papaya leaves, as well as the results of various preclinical and clinical studies that have been conducted so far on the subject. The review clearly demonstrates the successful medical evidence for the use of papaya leaf extracts in the healthcare system as a supplemental herbal medication in a variety of clinical settings.
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Safety and Efficacy of Medicinal Plants Used to Manufacture Herbal Products with Regulatory Approval in Uganda: A Cross-Sectional Study. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:1304839. [PMID: 35463071 PMCID: PMC9020950 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1304839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The Uganda National Drug Authority requires phytochemical screening, freedom from microbial contamination, and evidence of safety and efficacy of the constituent plants to register herbal products. Since Uganda has no pharmacopeia, safety, efficacy, and plant processing information are not readily available. We documented the plant materials used to manufacture products in Uganda and established evidence of their safety and efficacy and availability of monographs. Methods The NDA register of herbal products was reviewed, and a product list was extracted. The herbal products were purchased from local pharmacies, and their labels were studied to identify plant ingredients and drug use. Literature was reviewed to document evidence of the safety and efficacy of the plant materials concerning manufacturer's claims. Also, the WHO and available African Pharmacopeia were searched to establish the availability of the plant monographs. Results Of the 84 NDA-registered local products, only 18 were obtained from the market; 82% were indicated for respiratory tract disorders. Thirty-three plant materials were listed with Eucalyptus globulus Labill, being the commonest. Several in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate efficacy, thus supporting the use of the selected plant species for empirical treatment as stated on the product label. While most plants were safe, some species such as Albizia coriaria Oliv. had dose-dependent toxicities that cannot be predicted in combinations. The WHO, African Pharmacopoeia, and West African Herbal Pharmacopoeia had only 16 plant monographs of the 33 plants of interest. Nevertheless, Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f., Azadirachta indica A.Juss., Zingiber officinale Roscoe, and Allium sativum L. monographs were published by all three pharmacopoeias. Conclusions Preclinical evidence of safety and efficacy exists in the literature for most of the plants used to manufacture registered herbal products in Uganda. More specific bioassays and clinical trials are required for the products to provide conclusive evidence of safety and toxicity. Monographs are urgently needed for the Ugandan plants.
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Carica papaya Leaf Juice for Dengue: A Scoping Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14081584. [PMID: 35458146 PMCID: PMC9030784 DOI: 10.3390/nu14081584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential therapeutic effect of Carica papaya leaf juice has attracted wide interest from the public and scientists in relieving dengue related manifestations. Currently, there is a lack of evaluated evidence on its juice form. Therefore, this scoping review aims to critically appraise the available scientific evidence related to the efficacy of C. papaya leaf juice in dengue. A systematic search was performed using predetermined keywords on two electronic databases (PubMed and Google Scholar). Searched results were identified, screened and appraised to establish the association between C. papaya and alleviating dengue associated conditions. A total of 28 articles (ethnobotanical information: three, in vitro studies: three, ex vivo studies: one, in vivo study: 13, clinical studies: 10) were included for descriptive analysis, which covered study characteristics, juice preparation/formulations, study outcomes, and toxicity findings. Other than larvicidal activity, this review also reveals two medicinal potentials of C. papaya leaf juice on dengue infection, namely anti-thrombocytopenic and immunomodulatory effects. C. papaya leaf juice has the potential to be a new drug candidate against dengue disease safely and effectively.
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Sibeko L, Johns T, Cordeiro LS. Traditional plant use during lactation and postpartum recovery: Infant development and maternal health roles. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 279:114377. [PMID: 34192598 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Evidence of phytochemical roles in infant development and maternal recovery offers insights into beneficial functions of traditional plant use during lactation and the postpartum period. Ethnopharmacological research has relevance to global priorities on maternal and child health, to understanding origins and determinants of human self-medication, and for reconciling traditional postpartum practices and mainstream healthcare. AIM OF THE STUDY Present emerging evidence, within evolutionary and socio-cultural contexts, on the role of maternal consumption on transfer of phytochemicals into breast milk with impacts on maternal and child health, and on infant development. Establish current state of knowledge and an ethnopharmacological research agenda that is attentive to cross-cultural and regional differences in postpartum plant use. MATERIALS AND METHODS An extensive literature review using Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science focused on traditional and contemporary use and socio-cultural context, as well as physiological, pharmacological, toxicological, and behavioral activities of plants used medicinally by women during postpartum recovery and lactation. RESULTS The most widely reported postpartum plants show antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, immunological, and neurophysiological activities, with low toxicity. Phytochemicals transfer from maternal consumption into breast milk in physiological concentrations, while animal studies demonstrate immunomodulation and other actions of medicinal plants during lactation. Reporting on the use and diverse traditional knowledge of women about plants during the postpartum period is obscured by the marginal place of obstetric issues and by gender biases in ethnobotanical research. In many contemporary contexts use is prejudiced by precautionary risk warnings in health literature and practice that confound lactation with pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS Although systematic investigation of postpartum plant use is lacking, known pharmacological activities support potential benefits on infant development and maternal health with immediate and long-term consequences in relation to allergic, inflammatory, autoimmune, and other diseases. An ethnopharmacological agenda focused on the perinatal period requires directed methodologies and a regional approach in relation to culturally-specific knowledge and practices, traditional plant use, and local health needs. Testing the hypothesis that phytochemicals transferred from medicinal plants into breast milk impact the human immune system and other aspects of infant development requires extended analysis of phytochemicals in human milk and infant lumen and plasma, as well as effects on gastrointestinal and milk microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindiwe Sibeko
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
| | - Timothy Johns
- School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada.
| | - Lorraine S Cordeiro
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
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Lim XY, Chan JSW, Japri N, Lee JC, Tan TYC. Carica papaya L. Leaf: A Systematic Scoping Review on Biological Safety and Herb-Drug Interactions. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2021; 2021:5511221. [PMID: 34040647 PMCID: PMC8121580 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5511221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Carica papaya L. leaf is gaining interest as a potential therapeutic agent for alleviating dengue- and non-dengue-associated thrombocytopaenia. In that regard, safety considerations are as important as efficacy potential. The safety evaluation of botanical products for human use is complicated by variable formulations, complex phytochemical composition, and extrinsic toxicants. This review aimed to systematically collate related safety clinical and preclinical data, as well as reports on herb-drug interactions of C. papaya leaf consumption. METHODS A systematic search using predetermined keywords on electronic databases (MEDLINE, Cochrane Library Central, LILACS, and Web of Science) and grey literature was conducted. Relevant clinical and preclinical studies were identified, screened, and analysed to present an overall safety profile of C. papaya leaf consumption. RESULTS A total of 41 articles were included (23 clinical, 5 ongoing trials, and 13 preclinical) for descriptive analysis on study characteristics, adverse reactions, toxicity findings, and herb-drug interactions, from which 13 randomised controlled and quasiexperimental trials were further assessed for risk of bias and reporting quality. Overall, C. papaya leaf consumption (in the form of juice and standardised aqueous extract) was well tolerated by adult humans for short durations ( CONCLUSION C. papaya leaf consumption in adults is generally safe for short-term use though cautioned in pregnancy and people with liver impairment. It has potential herb-drug interactions with oral hypoglycaemic agents, p-glycoprotein substrates, and antibiotics with cation chelating properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- X. Y. Lim
- Herbal Medicine Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Setia Alam 40170, Shah Alam, Malaysia
| | - J. S. W. Chan
- Herbal Medicine Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Setia Alam 40170, Shah Alam, Malaysia
| | - N. Japri
- Herbal Medicine Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Setia Alam 40170, Shah Alam, Malaysia
| | - J. C. Lee
- Herbal Medicine Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Setia Alam 40170, Shah Alam, Malaysia
| | - T. Y. C. Tan
- Herbal Medicine Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Setia Alam 40170, Shah Alam, Malaysia
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Sarker MMR, Khan F, Mohamed IN. Dengue Fever: Therapeutic Potential of Carica papaya L. Leaves. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:610912. [PMID: 33981215 PMCID: PMC8109180 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.610912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue, a very widespread mosquito-borne infectious disease caused by Aedes aegypti virus, has been occurring during the monsoons every year. The prevalence and incidence of dengue fever and death due to its complications have been increased drastically in these recent years in Bangladesh, Philippines, Thailand, Brazil, and India. Recently, dengue had spread in an epidemic form in Bangladesh, Thailand, and Philippines. Although the infection affected a large number of people around the world, there is no established specific and effective treatment by synthetic medicines. In this subcontinent, Malaysia could effectively control its incidences and death of patients using alternative medication treatment mainly prepared from Carica papaya L. leaves along with proper care and hospitalization. Papaya leaves, their juice or extract, as well as their different forms of preparation have long been used traditionally for treating dengue fever and its complications to save patients’ lives. Although it is recommended by traditional healers, and the general public use Papaya leaves juice or their other preparations in dengue fever, this treatment option is strictly denied by the physicians offering treatment in hospitals in Bangladesh as they do not believe in the effectiveness of papaya leaves, thus suggesting to patients that they should not use them. In Bangladesh, 1,01,354 dengue patients have been hospitalized, with 179 deaths in the year 2019 according to information from the Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control, and Research as well as the Directorate General of Health Services of Bangladesh. Most of the patients died because of the falling down of platelets to dangerous levels and hemorrhage or serious bleeding. Therefore, this paper aims to critically review the scientific basis and effectiveness of Carica papaya L. leaves in treating dengue fever based on preclinical and clinical reports. Thrombocytopenia is one of the major conditions that is typical in cases of dengue infection. Besides, the infection and impairment of immunity are concerned with dengue patients. This review summarizes all the scientific reports on Carica papaya L. for its ability on three aspects of dengue: antiviral activities, prevention of thrombocytopenia and improvement of immunity during dengue fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Moklesur Rahman Sarker
- Department of Pharmacy, State University of Bangladesh, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Division, Health Med Science Research Limited, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Farzana Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, State University of Bangladesh, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Division, Health Med Science Research Limited, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Isa Naina Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (The National University of Malaysia), Cheras, Malaysia
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Singh SP, Kumar S, Mathan SV, Tomar MS, Singh RK, Verma PK, Kumar A, Kumar S, Singh RP, Acharya A. Therapeutic application of Carica papaya leaf extract in the management of human diseases. Daru 2020; 28:735-744. [PMID: 32367410 PMCID: PMC7704890 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-020-00348-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Papaya (Carica papaya Linn.) belongs to the family Caricaceae and is well known for its therapeutic and nutritional properties all over the world. The different parts of the papaya plant have been used since ancient times for its therapeutic applications. Herein, we aimed to review the anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic and antiviral activities of papaya leaf. METHODS All information presented in this review article regarding the therapeutic application of Carica papaya leaf extract has been acquired by approaching various electronic databases, including Scopus, Google scholar, Web of science, and PubMed. The keywords Carica papaya, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and phytochemicals were explored until December 2019. RESULTS The papaya plant, including fruit, leaf, seed, bark, latex, and their ingredients play a major role in the management of disease progression. Carica papaya leaf contains active components such as alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, saponins, and flavonoids, which are responsible for its medicinal activity. Additionally, the leaf juice of papaya increases the platelet counts in people suffering from dengue fever. CONCLUSION The major findings revealed that papaya leaf extract has strong medicinal properties such as antibacterial, antiviral, antitumor, hypoglycaemic and anti-inflammatory activity. Furthermore, clinical trials are needed to explore the medicative potential of papaya leaf. Graphical abstract Graphical abstract showing the medicinal properties of Carica papaya leaf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surya P Singh
- Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, UP, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Cancer and Radiation Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Sivapar V Mathan
- Cancer and Radiation Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Rishi Kant Singh
- Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, UP, India
| | | | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, UP, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, UP, India
| | - Rana P Singh
- Cancer and Radiation Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
| | - Arbind Acharya
- Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, UP, India.
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Antioxidant potential of Carica papaya Linn (Caricaceae) leaf extract in mice with cyclophosphamide induced oxidative stress. SCIENTIA MEDICA 2020. [DOI: 10.15448/1980-6108.2020.1.34702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS: This study aimed to investigate the effects of crude extract of Carica papaya leaves on oxidative stress in mice induced by cyclophosphamide, as well as phytochemical profile characterization of this extract.METHODS: The male Swiss mice received 15 days of treatment with the extract (500 mg kg-1, via gavage) and intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide (75 mg kg-1) or saline (0.9%) on the 15th day. After 24 h the last treatment, the animals were anesthetized for blood withdrawal, sacrificed and removal of the organs for analyses (liver, kidney and heart). In the biochemical tests were determined: hematological parameters in blood, aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase, glucose and total cholesterol dosages in plasma, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and lipid damage marker were evaluated in different tissues, besides genotoxic and histopathological analyzes.RESULTS: In the extract of Carica papaya leaves, the flavonoids quercetin-3β-D-glucoside and rutin were identified, besides present positive results for alkaloids, saponins and tannins. This extract increased the activity of glutathione-S-transferase and catalase enzymes in the liver and reduced the levels of reduced glutathione in the kidneys and hematocrit levels, red cell count, and hemoglobin. It promoted the decrease of the reactive species of thiobarbituric acid (TBARS) in the kidneys and the activity of enzyme aspartate aminotransferase in the plasma and was antimutagenic in the micronucleus test.CONCLUSIONS: The study showed that extract of Carica papaya was beneficial against oxidative events and prevented DNA damage. The extract also showed hepatotoxicity, therefore prolonged infusion of papaya leaves is not advisable.
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Jeon WY, Seo CS, Ha H, Shin HK, Cho JW, Kim DH, Lee MY. Subchronic toxicological evaluation of Bojungikki-tang water extract: 13-Week oral repeated-dose toxicity study in Crl:CD (SD) rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 252:112551. [PMID: 31923540 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Bojungikki-tang is a traditional herbal medicine used to boost immunity and reduce fatigue. However, there is not enough scientific evidence about its toxicological safety profile to support its continued clinical application. AIM OF THE STUDY The objective of this study was to investigate the subchronic toxicity profile of Bojungikki-tang water extract (BITW) in Sprague Dawley rats who were exposed to it in multiple doses and various concentrations. MATERIALS AND METHODS BITW was administered to rats orally, once daily at doses of 0, 500, 1000, or 2000 mg/kg/day for 13 weeks. We checked toxicological parameters including general observations, organ/body weights, food consumption, ophthalmological signs, hematological and serum biochemical values, urinalysis values and histopathological findings. RESULTS The 13 week repeated oral administration of BITW to rats at doses at doses levels of less than or equal to 2000 mg/kg/day caused no significant toxicological changes and only minor nonsignificant changes. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that administration of BITW for up to 13 weeks may be safe and nontoxic, with a no-observed-adverse-effect-level of >2000 mg/kg/day for both male and female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Young Jeon
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chang-Seob Seo
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyekyung Ha
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyeun-Kyoo Shin
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae-Woo Cho
- Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30 Baekhak 1-Gil, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea.
| | - Da Hee Kim
- Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30 Baekhak 1-Gil, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea.
| | - Mee-Young Lee
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea.
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Medicinal plants used by traditional medicine practitioners to boost the immune system in people living with HIV/AIDS in Uganda. Eur J Integr Med 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eujim.2019.101011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Medicinal plants used in management of cancer and other related diseases in Woleu-Ntem province, Gabon. Eur J Integr Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eujim.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Kaur M, Talniya NC, Sahrawat S, Kumar A, Stashenko EE. Ethnomedicinal Uses, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Carica papaya Plant: A Compendious Review. MINI-REV ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1570193x15666180816110733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Medicinal properties of papaya (Carica papaya Linn.) fruit and other parts are wellknown
in the traditional system of medicine. Papaya plant originated in Central America and now
grown in tropical areas of worldwide, most particularly in Africa and Asia. Studies validate that, papaya
has several pharmacological activities, such as antioxidant, antiulcer, antibacterial, woundhealing,
anti-inflammatory and anti-sickling, just to name a few. The present review article provides
the explicit and updated information on botanical aspects, ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry and
pharmacological activities of C. papaya plant in order to explore their therapeutic potential. This
review conducted a systematic search on C. papaya through electronic database search (Google
Scholar, PubMed, SciFinder, Scopus, Science Direct, and Web of Science) and a library search for
articles published in peer-reviewed journals, until January of 2018. Constituents of papaya plant belongs
to different chemical classes that include alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, steroids,
tannin, vitamins, quinones, minerals and others. Experimental evidence confirmed that these classes
of compounds cure the microbial infections, diabetes, inflammatory, cytotoxic and liver disorders.
Conclusively, the present review aimed to summarize the information of ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry
and pharmacological activities to prevent and treat the wide range of diseases and disorders.
The future research draws the attention of the researcher for intensive investigations relating to
phytochemicals, pharmacological activities and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manpreet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Physical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara-144411, Punjab, India
| | - Naveen Chandra Talniya
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Physical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara-144411, Punjab, India
| | - Seema Sahrawat
- Department of Biology, R.M.P.P.V.I. College, PO Gurukul Narsan-247 670, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Arvind Kumar
- Center for Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry, CROM-MASS, CIBIMOL-CENIVAM, Industrial University of Santander, Carrera 27, Calle 9, Edificio 45, Bucaramanga-680002, Colombia
| | - Elena E. Stashenko
- Center for Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry, CROM-MASS, CIBIMOL-CENIVAM, Industrial University of Santander, Carrera 27, Calle 9, Edificio 45, Bucaramanga-680002, Colombia
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Mohd Abd Razak MR, Norahmad NA, Md Jelas NH, Jusoh B, Muhammad A, Mohmad Misnan N, Zainol M, Thayan R, Syed Mohamed AF. Preliminary study on the expression of endothelial cell biology related genes in the liver of dengue virus infected mice treated with Carica papaya leaf juice. BMC Res Notes 2019; 12:206. [PMID: 30944031 PMCID: PMC6448258 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4242-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The purpose of this study was to profile and identify the endothelial cell biology related genes that are affected by dengue virus infection in the liver tissue of AG129 mice, with and without Carica papaya leaf juice treatment. Results The dengue fever mouse model was established by intraperitoneal inoculation of dengue virus, New Guinea C strain at 2 × 106 PFU. Daily oral administration of 1000 mg/kg freeze-dried C. papaya leaf juice (FCPLJ) was done starting from day 1 to day 3 post infection. The RNA was extracted from liver tissues harvested on day 4 post infection. The expression levels of 84 genes related to mouse endothelial cell biology were determined by qRT-PCR technique. Dengue virus infection upregulated 15 genes and downregulated two genes in the liver of AG129 mice. The FCPLJ treatment upregulated monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 and downregulated intercellular adhesion molecule 1, integrin beta 3 and fibronectin 1 genes during dengue virus infection. The data showed the potential effect of FCPLJ treatment on the expression profile of endothelial cell biology related genes in the liver of dengue virus infected-AG129 mice. Further proteomic studies are needed to determine the functional roles of the genes affected by FCPLJ treatment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13104-019-4242-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nor Azrina Norahmad
- Herbal Medicine Research Center, Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nur Hana Md Jelas
- Herbal Medicine Research Center, Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Bazilah Jusoh
- Herbal Medicine Research Center, Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Amirrudin Muhammad
- Herbal Medicine Research Center, Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Murizal Zainol
- Herbal Medicine Research Center, Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ravindran Thayan
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Norahmad NA, Mohd Abd Razak MR, Mohmad Misnan N, Md Jelas NH, Sastu UR, Muhammad A, Ho TCD, Jusoh B, Zolkifli NA, Thayan R, Mat Ripen A, Zainol M, Syed Mohamed AF. Effect of freeze-dried Carica papaya leaf juice on inflammatory cytokines production during dengue virus infection in AG129 mice. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 19:44. [PMID: 30744623 PMCID: PMC6371484 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2438-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Carica papaya leaves have been used for traditional treatment of dengue fever and have been reported to exhibit an immunomodulatory activity by affecting the level of cytokine production in vitro and in vivo. Due to the lack of adequate in vivo evidence in dengue disease model, the present study was initiated to screen and identify the cytokines affected by freeze-dried C. papaya leaf juice (FCPLJ) treatment in AG129 mice infected with DEN-2 dengue virus. Methods The AG129 mice were fed orally with FCPLJ for 3 consecutive days after 24 h of dengue virus inoculation. Plasma cytokines were screened by using ProcartaPlex immunoassay. The gene expression in the liver was analyzed by using RT2 Profiler PCR Array. Results The results showed that FCPLJ treatment has increased the plasma CCL2/MCP-1 level during peak of viremia. Gene expression study has identified 8 inflammatory cytokine genes which were downregulated in the liver of infected AG129 mice treated with FCPLJ. The downregulated inflammatory cytokine genes were CCL6/MRP-1, CCL8/MCP-2, CCL12/MCP-5, CCL17/TARC, IL1R1, IL1RN/IL1Ra, NAMPT/PBEF1 and PF4/CXCL4. Conclusion The findings indicated the possible immunomodulatory role of FCPLJ during dengue virus infection in AG129 mice. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12906-019-2438-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Mohd Abd Razak MR, Mohmad Misnan N, Md Jelas NH, Norahmad NA, Muhammad A, Ho TCD, Jusoh B, Sastu UR, Zainol M, Wasiman MI, Muhammad H, Thayan R, Syed Mohamed AF. The effect of freeze-dried Carica papaya leaf juice treatment on NS1 and viremia levels in dengue fever mice model. Altern Ther Health Med 2018; 18:320. [PMID: 30518360 PMCID: PMC6282281 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-018-2390-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Carica papaya leaf juice (CPLJ) was well known for its thrombocytosis activity in rodents and dengue patients. However, the effect of CPLJ treatment on other parameters that could contribute to dengue pathogenesis such as nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) production and viremia level have never been highlighted in any clinical and in vivo studies. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of freeze-dried CPLJ treatment on NS1 and viremia levels of dengue fever mouse model. Methods The dengue infection in mouse model was established by inoculation of non-mouse adapted New Guinea C strain dengue virus (DEN-2) in AG129 mice. The freeze-dried CPLJ compounds were identified by Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography High Resolution Accurate Mass Spectrometry analysis. The infected AG129 mice were orally treated with 500 mg/kg/day and 1000 mg/kg/day of freeze-dried CPLJ, starting on day 1 post infection for 3 consecutive days. The blood samples were collected from submandibular vein for plasma NS1 assay and quantitation of viral RNA level by quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Results The AG129 mice infected with dengue virus showed marked increase in the production of plasma NS1, which was detectable on day 1 post infection, peaked on day 3 post-infection and started to decline from day 5 post infection. The infection also caused splenomegaly. Twenty-four compounds were identified in the freeze-dried CPLJ. Oral treatment with 500 mg/kg/day and 1000 mg/kg/day of freeze-dried CPLJ did not affect the plasma NS1 and dengue viral RNA levels. However, the morbidity level of infected AG129 mice were slightly decreased when treated with freeze-dried CPLJ. Conclusion Oral treatment of 500 mg/kg/day and 1000 mg/kg/day of freeze-dried CPLJ at the onset of viremia did not affect the plasma NS1 and viral RNA levels in AG129 mice infected with non-mouse adapted New Guinea C strain dengue virus. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12906-018-2390-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Zunjar V, Dash RP, Jivrajani M, Trivedi B, Nivsarkar M. Antithrombocytopenic activity of carpaine and alkaloidal extract of Carica papaya Linn. leaves in busulfan induced thrombocytopenic Wistar rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 181:20-25. [PMID: 26812680 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELAVANCE The decoction of Carica papaya Linn. leaves is used in folklore medicine in certain parts of Malaysia and Indonesia for the treatment of different types of thrombocytopenia associated with diseases and drugs. There are several scientific studies carried out on humans and animal models to confirm the efficacy of decoction of papaya leave for the treatment of disease induced and drug induced thrombocytopenia, however very little is known about the bio-active compounds responsible for the observed activity. The aim of present study was to identify the active phytochemical component of Carica papaya Linn. leaves decoction responsible for anti-thrombocytopenic activity in busulfan-induced thrombocytopenic rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Antithrombocytopenic activity was assessed on busulfan induced thrombocytopenic Wistar rats. The antithrombocytopenic activity of different bio-guided fractions was evaluated by monitoring blood platelet count. Bioactive compound carpaine was isolated and purified by chromatographic methods and confirmed by spectroscopic methods (LC-MS and 1D/2D-1H/13C NMR) and the structure was confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Quantification of carpaine was carried out by LC-MS/MS equipped with XTerra(®) MS C18 column and ESI-MS detector using 90:10 CH3CN:CH3COONH4 (6mM) under isocratic conditions and detected with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) in positive ion mode. RESULTS Two different phytochemical groups were isolated from decoction of Carica papaya leaves: phenolics, and alkaloids. Out of these, only alkaloid fraction showed good biological activity. Carpaine was isolated from the alkaloid fraction and exhibited potent activity in sustaining platelet counts upto 555.50±85.17×10(9)/L with no acute toxicity. CONCLUSIONS This study scientifically validates the popular usage of decoction of Carica papaya leaves and it also proves that alkaloids particularly carpaine present in the leaves to be responsible for the antithrombocytopenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishwanath Zunjar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat 390002, India
| | - Ranjeet Prasad Dash
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, S. G. Highway, Thaltej, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380054, India
| | - Mehul Jivrajani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, S. G. Highway, Thaltej, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380054, India
| | - Bhavna Trivedi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat 390002, India.
| | - Manish Nivsarkar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, S. G. Highway, Thaltej, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380054, India.
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Nguyen TT, Parat MO, Shaw PN, Hewavitharana AK, Hodson MP. Traditional Aboriginal Preparation Alters the Chemical Profile of Carica papaya Leaves and Impacts on Cytotoxicity towards Human Squamous Cell Carcinoma. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147956. [PMID: 26829042 PMCID: PMC4734615 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Carica papaya leaf decoction, an Australian Aboriginal remedy, has been used widely for its healing capabilities against cancer, with numerous anecdotal reports. In this study we investigated its in vitro cytotoxicity on human squamous cell carcinoma cells followed by metabolomic profiling of Carica papaya leaf decoction and leaf juice/brewed leaf juice to determine the effects imparted by the long heating process typical of the Aboriginal remedy preparation. MTT assay results showed that in comparison with the decoction, the leaf juice not only exhibited a stronger cytotoxic effect on SCC25 cancer cells, but also produced a significant cancer-selective effect as shown by tests on non-cancerous human keratinocyte HaCaT cells. Furthermore, evidence from testing brewed leaf juice on these two cell lines suggested that the brewing process markedly reduced the selective effect of Carica papaya leaf on SCC25 cancer cells. To tentatively identify the compounds that contribute to the distinct selective anticancer activity of leaf juice, an untargeted metabolomic approach employing Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Quadrupole Time of Flight-Mass Spectrometry followed by multivariate data analysis was applied. Some 90 and 104 peaks in positive and negative mode respectively were selected as discriminatory features from the chemical profile of leaf juice and >1500 putative compound IDs were obtained via database searching. Direct comparison of chromatographic and tandem mass spectral data to available reference compounds confirmed one feature as a match with its proposed authentic standard, namely pheophorbide A. However, despite pheophorbide A exhibiting cytotoxic activity on SCC25 cancer cells, it did not prove to be the compound contributing principally to the selective activity of leaf juice. With promising results suggesting stronger and more selective anticancer effects when compared to the Aboriginal remedy, Carica papaya leaf juice warrants further study to explore its activity on other cancer cell lines, as well as investigation to confirm the identity of compounds contributing to its selective effect, particularly those compounds altered by the long heating process applied during the traditional Aboriginal remedy preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao T. Nguyen
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Marie-Odile Parat
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul N. Shaw
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Mark P. Hodson
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Metabolomics Australia, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
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