|
1
|
Hassan M, Hussain D, Kanwal T, Xiao HM, Ghulam Musharraf S. Methods for detection and quantification of gelatin from different sources. Food Chem 2024; 438:137970. [PMID: 37988934 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Gelatin is a water-soluble protein obtained from the collagen of various animal origins (porcine, bovine, fish, donkey, horse, and deer hide) and has diverse applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics industries. Porcine and bovine gelatins are extensively used in food and non-food products; however, their acceptance is limited due to religious prohibitions, whereas fish gelatin is accepted in all religions. In Southeast Asia, especially in China, gelatin obtained from donkey and deer skins is used in medicines. However, both sources suffer from adulteration (mixing different sources of gelatin) due to their limited availability and high cost. Unclear labeling and limited information about actual gelatin sources in gelatin-containing products cause serious concern among societies for halal and fraud authentication of gelatin sources. Therefore, authenticating gelatin sources in gelatin-based products is challenging due to close similarities between the composition differences and degradation of DNA and protein biomarkers in processed gelatin. Thus, different methods have been proposed to identify and quantify different gelatin sources in pharmaceutical and food products. To the best of our knowledge, this systematic and comprehensive review highlights different authentication techniques and their limitations in gelatin detection and quantification in various commercial products. This review also describes halal authentication and adulteration prevention strategies of various gelatin sources, mainly focussing on research gaps, challenges, and future directions in this research area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahjabeen Hassan
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Dilshad Hussain
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
| | - Tehreem Kanwal
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Hua-Ming Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Syed Ghulam Musharraf
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
| |
Collapse
|
|
2
|
Wu WJ, Li LF, Fung HY, Cheng HY, Kong HY, Wong TL, Zhang QW, Liu M, Bao WR, Huo CY, Guo S, Liu H, Zhou X, Gao DF, Han QB. Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Ejiao-Related Animal Gelatins through Peptide Markers Using LC-QTOF-MS/MS and Scheduled Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) by LC-QQQ-MS/MS. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144643. [PMID: 35889516 PMCID: PMC9318382 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Donkey-hide gelatin, also called Ejiao (colla corii asini), is commonly used as a food health supplement and valuable Chinese medicine. Its growing popular demand and short supply make it a target for fraud, and many other animal gelatins can be found as adulterants. Authentication remains a quality concern. Peptide markers were developed by searching the protein database. However, donkeys and horses share the same database, and there is no specific marker for donkeys. Here, solutions are sought following a database-independent strategy. The peptide profiles of authentic samples of different animal gelatins were compared using LC-QTOF-MS/MS. Fourteen specific markers, including four donkey-specific, one horse-specific, three cattle-specific, and six pig-specific peptides, were successfully found. As these donkey-specific peptides are not included in the current proteomics database, their sequences were determined by de novo sequencing. A quantitative LC-QQQ multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) method was further developed to achieve highly sensitive and selective analysis. The specificity and applicability of these markers were confirmed by testing multiple authentic samples and 110 batches of commercial Ejiao products, 57 of which were found to be unqualified. These results suggest that these markers are specific and accurate for authentication purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jie Wu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (W.-J.W.); (L.-F.L.); (H.-Y.F.); (H.-Y.C.); (H.-Y.K.); (T.-L.W.); (Q.-W.Z.); (M.L.); (W.-R.B.); (C.-Y.H.)
| | - Li-Feng Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (W.-J.W.); (L.-F.L.); (H.-Y.F.); (H.-Y.C.); (H.-Y.K.); (T.-L.W.); (Q.-W.Z.); (M.L.); (W.-R.B.); (C.-Y.H.)
- Hong Kong Authentication Centre of Valuable Chinese Medicines, Hong Kong 999077, China;
| | - Hau-Yee Fung
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (W.-J.W.); (L.-F.L.); (H.-Y.F.); (H.-Y.C.); (H.-Y.K.); (T.-L.W.); (Q.-W.Z.); (M.L.); (W.-R.B.); (C.-Y.H.)
| | - Hui-Yuan Cheng
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (W.-J.W.); (L.-F.L.); (H.-Y.F.); (H.-Y.C.); (H.-Y.K.); (T.-L.W.); (Q.-W.Z.); (M.L.); (W.-R.B.); (C.-Y.H.)
| | - Hau-Yee Kong
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (W.-J.W.); (L.-F.L.); (H.-Y.F.); (H.-Y.C.); (H.-Y.K.); (T.-L.W.); (Q.-W.Z.); (M.L.); (W.-R.B.); (C.-Y.H.)
| | - Tin-Long Wong
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (W.-J.W.); (L.-F.L.); (H.-Y.F.); (H.-Y.C.); (H.-Y.K.); (T.-L.W.); (Q.-W.Z.); (M.L.); (W.-R.B.); (C.-Y.H.)
| | - Quan-Wei Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (W.-J.W.); (L.-F.L.); (H.-Y.F.); (H.-Y.C.); (H.-Y.K.); (T.-L.W.); (Q.-W.Z.); (M.L.); (W.-R.B.); (C.-Y.H.)
| | - Man Liu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (W.-J.W.); (L.-F.L.); (H.-Y.F.); (H.-Y.C.); (H.-Y.K.); (T.-L.W.); (Q.-W.Z.); (M.L.); (W.-R.B.); (C.-Y.H.)
| | - Wan-Rong Bao
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (W.-J.W.); (L.-F.L.); (H.-Y.F.); (H.-Y.C.); (H.-Y.K.); (T.-L.W.); (Q.-W.Z.); (M.L.); (W.-R.B.); (C.-Y.H.)
| | - Chu-Ying Huo
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (W.-J.W.); (L.-F.L.); (H.-Y.F.); (H.-Y.C.); (H.-Y.K.); (T.-L.W.); (Q.-W.Z.); (M.L.); (W.-R.B.); (C.-Y.H.)
| | - Shangwei Guo
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Gelatin-Based Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dong-E-E-Jiao Co., Ltd., No. 78, E-Jiao Street, Done-E Country, Liaocheng 252200, China; (S.G.); (H.L.)
| | - Haibin Liu
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Gelatin-Based Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dong-E-E-Jiao Co., Ltd., No. 78, E-Jiao Street, Done-E Country, Liaocheng 252200, China; (S.G.); (H.L.)
| | - Xiangshan Zhou
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Gelatin-Based Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dong-E-E-Jiao Co., Ltd., No. 78, E-Jiao Street, Done-E Country, Liaocheng 252200, China; (S.G.); (H.L.)
- China Resources Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Beijing 100000, China
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (Q.-B.H.); Tel.: +86-10-5798-5166 (X.Z.); +852-34112906 (Q.-B.H.); Fax: +852-34112461 (Q.-B.H.)
| | - Deng-Feng Gao
- Hong Kong Authentication Centre of Valuable Chinese Medicines, Hong Kong 999077, China;
| | - Quan-Bin Han
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (W.-J.W.); (L.-F.L.); (H.-Y.F.); (H.-Y.C.); (H.-Y.K.); (T.-L.W.); (Q.-W.Z.); (M.L.); (W.-R.B.); (C.-Y.H.)
- Hong Kong Authentication Centre of Valuable Chinese Medicines, Hong Kong 999077, China;
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (Q.-B.H.); Tel.: +86-10-5798-5166 (X.Z.); +852-34112906 (Q.-B.H.); Fax: +852-34112461 (Q.-B.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
|
3
|
Rapid Identification of the Chemical Components of Ilex rotunda Thunb Using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. J CHEM-NY 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/9570776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ilicis Rotundae Cortex (IRC) consists of the bark of Ilex rotunda Thunb, and its chemical constituents mainly include flavonoid glycosides, phenols, and triterpenoid saponins. In this study, a preliminary analysis was performed to identify and obtain the chemical components from IRC to better control the quality of the medicinal materials and provide a chemical basis for the study of the efficacy of the active components. Simple and efficient sample pretreatment and ultrasonic-assisted extraction methods were used to analyze the mass spectrum fragments and fracture modes in the anion mode by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. Using a two-step strategy, the neutral loss, diagnostic ions, and characteristic fragments were studied to screen diverse skeletons and substitutions, and the possible compounds were identified by comparison with databases. The representative compounds were compared with the standard, and the mass spectrogram was found to match perfectly. Thus, our findings reveal that this method is feasible and reliable and can be used to analyze the chemical components of IRC. We identified 105 compounds, including 22 triterpenoid saponins, 15 chlorogenic acids, 33 phenylpropanoids and phenylpropanosides, 3 iridoids, 1 flavonoid, 10 lignans, 12 glycosides, and 9 other compounds. This method lays the foundation for further elucidating the pharmacodynamics of IRC and provides a practical method for the identification of IRC.
Collapse
|
|
4
|
Min T, Jian-Ye Y, Jie R, Shun-Xiang L. Differentiating Trachemys scripta elegans Shell Glue from Chinemys reevesii Shell Glue by UPLC-QTOF/MS Coupled with Binary Compare Tool of UNIFI. DIGITAL CHINESE MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dcmed.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
|
|
5
|
Naffa R, Holmes G, Ahn M, Harding D, Norris G. Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for the simultaneous quantitation of collagen and elastin crosslinks. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1478:60-67. [PMID: 27916391 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a novel chromatographic analytical method for the simultaneous quantitation of collagen crosslinks. Seven non-derivatised crosslinks could be separated on a Cogent Diamond Hydride HPLC column using either isocratic or gradient conditions then detected by mass spectrometry. The total run time was less than 10min which is significantly shorter than that previously reported. This is the first method in which histidinohydroxylysinonorleucine (HHL) and histidinohydroxymero-desmosine (HHMD) were separated and identified by mass spectrometry without the need for pre- or post-column derivatization. The CVs of the retention times of all seven crosslinks were less than 1% and the limit of detection (LOD) and the limits of quantitation (LOQ) were 0.07-0.13pmol/μL and 0.20-0.38pmol/μL, respectively. This novel method was used for the routine analysis and quantitation of crosslinks in different animal skins in which potential new collagen crosslinks were identified that are as yet undocumented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafea Naffa
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Geoff Holmes
- Leather and Shoe Research Association, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Meekyung Ahn
- Leather and Shoe Research Association, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - David Harding
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Gillian Norris
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
|
6
|
Chen J, Cheng XL, Wei F, Zhang QQ, Li MH, Ma SC. Detection of Gelatin Adulteration in Traditional Chinese Medicine: Analysis of Deer-Horn Glue by Rapid-Resolution Liquid Chromatography-Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2015; 2015:259757. [PMID: 26504613 PMCID: PMC4609468 DOI: 10.1155/2015/259757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous identification of donkey-hide gelatin and bovine-hide gelatin in deer-horn glue was established by rapid-resolution liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Water containing 1% NH4HCO3 was used for sample dissolution and trypsin was used for hydrolysis of the gelatins. After separation by a SB-C18 reversed-phase analytical column, collagen marker peptides were detected by mass spectrometry in positive electrospray ionization mode with multiple reaction monitoring. The method was specific, precise and reliable, and suitable for detection of adulterants derived from donkey-hide gelatin and bovine-hide gelatin in deer-horn glue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Chen
- National Institute for Food and Drug Control, State Food and Drug Administration, 2 Tiantan Xili, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xian-Long Cheng
- National Institute for Food and Drug Control, State Food and Drug Administration, 2 Tiantan Xili, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Feng Wei
- National Institute for Food and Drug Control, State Food and Drug Administration, 2 Tiantan Xili, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Qian-Qian Zhang
- National Institute for Food and Drug Control, State Food and Drug Administration, 2 Tiantan Xili, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ming-Hua Li
- National Institute for Food and Drug Control, State Food and Drug Administration, 2 Tiantan Xili, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shuang-Cheng Ma
- National Institute for Food and Drug Control, State Food and Drug Administration, 2 Tiantan Xili, Beijing 100050, China
| |
Collapse
|
|
7
|
Zhang Y, He Q, Ye J, Li Y, Huang L, Li Q, Huang J, Lu J, Zhang X. Systematic Optimization of C-Terminal Amine-Based Isotope Labeling of Substrates Approach for Deep Screening of C-Terminome. Anal Chem 2015; 87:10354-61. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry,
School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Quanze He
- Center
for Reproduction and Genetics, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215002, China
| | - Juanying Ye
- State
Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry,
School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yanhong Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry,
School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Lin Huang
- State
Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry,
School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Qingqing Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry,
School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jingnan Huang
- State
Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry,
School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jianan Lu
- State
Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry,
School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xumin Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry,
School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| |
Collapse
|