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Vega IE, Cabrera LY, Wygant CM, Velez-Ortiz D, Counts SE. Alzheimer's Disease in the Latino Community: Intersection of Genetics and Social Determinants of Health. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 58:979-992. [PMID: 28527211 DOI: 10.3233/jad-161261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia among individuals 65 or older. There are more than 5 million diagnosed cases in the US alone and this number is expected to triple by 2050. Therefore, AD has reached epidemic proportions with significant socioeconomic implications. While aging in general is the greatest risk factor for AD, several additional demographic factors that have contributed to the rise in AD in the US are under study. One such factor is associated with the relatively fast growth of the Latino population. Several reports indicate that AD is more prevalent among blacks and Latinos. However, the reason for AD disparity among different ethnic groups is still poorly understood and highly controversial. The Latino population is composed of different groups based on nationality, namely South and Central America, Mexico, and Caribbean Hispanics. This diversity among the Latino population represents an additional challenge since there are distinct characteristics associated with AD and comorbidities. In this review, we aim to bring attention to the intersection between social determinants of health and genetic factors associated with AD within the Latino community. We argue that understanding the interplay between identified social determinants of health, co-morbidities, and genetic factors could lead to community empowerment and inclusiveness in research and healthcare services, contributing to improved diagnosis and treatment of AD patients. Lastly, we propose that inserting a neuroethics perspective could help understand key challenges that influence healthcare disparities and contribute to increased risk of AD among Latinos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irving E Vega
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Laura Y Cabrera
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.,Center for Ethics and Humanities in the Life Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Cassandra M Wygant
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | | | - Scott E Counts
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.,Department of Family Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.,Hauenstein Neurosciences Center, Mercy Health Saint Mary's Hospital, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
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Ayyadevara S, Balasubramaniam M, Parcon PA, Barger SW, Griffin WST, Alla R, Tackett AJ, Mackintosh SG, Petricoin E, Zhou W, Shmookler Reis RJ. Proteins that mediate protein aggregation and cytotoxicity distinguish Alzheimer's hippocampus from normal controls. Aging Cell 2016; 15:924-39. [PMID: 27448508 PMCID: PMC5013017 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are distinguished by characteristic protein aggregates initiated by disease‐specific ‘seed’ proteins; however, roles of other co‐aggregated proteins remain largely unexplored. Compact hippocampal aggregates were purified from Alzheimer's and control‐subject pools using magnetic‐bead immunoaffinity pulldowns. Their components were fractionated by electrophoretic mobility and analyzed by high‐resolution proteomics. Although total detergent‐insoluble aggregates from Alzheimer's and controls had similar protein content, within the fractions isolated by tau or Aβ1–42 pulldown, the protein constituents of Alzheimer‐derived aggregates were more abundant, diverse, and post‐translationally modified than those from controls. Tau‐ and Aβ‐containing aggregates were distinguished by multiple components, and yet shared >90% of their protein constituents, implying similar accretion mechanisms. Alzheimer‐specific protein enrichment in tau‐containing aggregates was corroborated for individuals by three analyses. Five proteins inferred to co‐aggregate with tau were confirmed by precise in situ methods, including proximity ligation amplification that requires co‐localization within 40 nm. Nematode orthologs of 21 proteins, which showed Alzheimer‐specific enrichment in tau‐containing aggregates, were assessed for aggregation‐promoting roles in C. elegans by RNA‐interference ‘knockdown’. Fifteen knockdowns (71%) rescued paralysis of worms expressing muscle Aβ, and 12 (57%) rescued chemotaxis disrupted by neuronal Aβ expression. Proteins identified in compact human aggregates, bound by antibody to total tau, were thus shown to play causal roles in aggregation based on nematode models triggered by Aβ1–42. These observations imply shared mechanisms driving both types of aggregation, and/or aggregate‐mediated cross‐talk between tau and Aβ. Knowledge of protein components that promote protein accrual in diverse aggregate types implicates common mechanisms and identifies novel targets for drug intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Ayyadevara
- McClellan Veterans Medical Center Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare Service Little Rock AR 72205 USA
- Department of Geriatrics University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock AR 72205 USA
| | - Meenakshisundaram Balasubramaniam
- Department of Geriatrics University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock AR 72205 USA
- BioInformatics Program University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and University of Arkansas at Little Rock Little Rock AR 72205 USA
| | - Paul A. Parcon
- Department of Geriatrics University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock AR 72205 USA
| | - Steven W. Barger
- McClellan Veterans Medical Center Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare Service Little Rock AR 72205 USA
- Department of Geriatrics University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock AR 72205 USA
| | - W. Sue T. Griffin
- McClellan Veterans Medical Center Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare Service Little Rock AR 72205 USA
- Department of Geriatrics University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock AR 72205 USA
| | - Ramani Alla
- McClellan Veterans Medical Center Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare Service Little Rock AR 72205 USA
- Department of Geriatrics University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock AR 72205 USA
| | - Alan J. Tackett
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock AR 72205 USA
| | - Samuel G. Mackintosh
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock AR 72205 USA
| | - Emanuel Petricoin
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine George Mason University Manassas VA 20110 USA
| | - Weidong Zhou
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine George Mason University Manassas VA 20110 USA
| | - Robert J. Shmookler Reis
- McClellan Veterans Medical Center Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare Service Little Rock AR 72205 USA
- Department of Geriatrics University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock AR 72205 USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock AR 72205 USA
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