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Liu S, Bos NA, Verschuuren EAM, van Baarle D, Westra J. Biological Characteristics of HLA-G and Its Role in Solid Organ Transplantation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:902093. [PMID: 35769475 PMCID: PMC9234285 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.902093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ transplantation is a lifesaving option for patients with advanced diseases. Rejection is regarded as one of the most severe risk factors post-transplantation. A molecule that contributes to immune tolerance and resisting rejection is human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-G, which belongs to the non-classical major histocompatibility complex class (MHC) I family. HLA-G was originally found to play a role during pregnancy to maintain immune tolerance between mother and child. It is expressed in the placenta and detected in several body fluids as soluble factor as well as different membrane isoforms on cells. Recent findings on HLA-G show that it can also play multifaceted roles during transplantation. This review will explain the general characteristics and biological function of HLA-G and summarize the views supporting the tolerogenic and other roles of HLA-G to better understand its role in solid organ transplantation (SOT) and its complications. Finally, we will discuss potential future research on the role of HLA-G in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment in SOT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Nicolaas A. Bos
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Erik A. M. Verschuuren
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Debbie van Baarle
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Johanna Westra
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Johanna Westra,
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Infusion of Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Treat Graft Versus Host Disease: the Role of HLA-G and the Impact of its Polymorphisms. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 16:459-471. [PMID: 32088839 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-020-09960-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation is widely performed for the treatment of hematologic diseases and is increasingly being used for the experimental treatment of various autoimmune diseases. Despite the rapid evolution of this therapy, the mortality rate of patients undergoing this procedure is still high, mainly due to the development of graft versus host disease (GvHD). Even with the administration of immunosuppressive therapy, some patients manifest the chronic form of the disease. For these cases, infusion of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) was proposed as a therapeutic strategy, considering the immunosuppressive potential of these cells. This review describes the main results obtained in cell therapy with MSCs for the treatment of GvHD. Despite the encouraging results found, some points differed among the studies. Although the factors that influence the different results are uncertain, some investigators have suggested that variations in immunosuppressive molecules are responsible for these divergences. We highlight the key role of the HLA-G gene in modulating the immune response, and the importance of the polymorphisms and alleles of this gene associated with the outcome of the transplants. We suggest that the HLA-G gene and its polymorphisms be analyzed as a factor in selecting the MSCs to be used in treating GvHD, given its strong immunosuppressive role.
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Xu CX, Zhang YL, Huang XY, Han F, Jin ZK, Tian PX, Dou M. Prediction of acute renal allograft rejection by combined HLA-G 14-bp insertion/deletion genotype analysis and detection of kidney injury molecule-1 and osteopontin in the peripheral blood. Transpl Immunol 2021; 65:101371. [PMID: 33545333 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2021.101371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute renal rejection usually fails to be diagnosed before the increase in the serum creatinine levels, and the resultant damage to the renal tissues occur in varying degrees. We hypothesized that the combined detection of human leucocyte antigen-G (HLA-G) 14-bp insertion/deletion genotypes and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) and osteopontin (OPN) levels in serum might facilitate the prediction of acute renal allograft rejections in kidney transplant recipients. METHODS HLA-G 14-bp insertion/deletion genotypes and the serum KIM-1 and OPN levels of 77 kidney transplant recipients were determined and compared before operation and on days 1, 4, and 7 after the operation (32 in acute rejection [AR] group and 45 in stable allograft function [STA] group). These 3 indicators were combined to establish a model for the early prediction of AR. RESULTS The KIM-1 levels in the serum of patients were significantly higher in the AR group than in the STA group. The area under the receiver operator characteristics (ROC) curve (AUC) of KIM-1 for the prediction of rejection was maximized on the1st day after operation, with a sensitivity of 84.4% and a specificity of 86.7%. The OPN levels in the serum of patients were significantly higher in the AR group than in the STA group only before operation and on the 7th day after operation. The AUC of OPN for the prediction of rejection was maximized on 7th day after operation, with a sensitivity of 68.8% and a specificity of 88.9%. The HLA-G + 14-bp allele frequency was also significantly higher in the AR group than in the STA group. The results of these three indicators were converted into a qualitative method. If any two of the three indicators show as positive, it was diagnosed as acute rejection, and it has the highest ability to predict acute rejection with a sensitivity and specificity of 84.38% and 91.11%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The HLA-G 14-bp insertion/deletion genotype and KIM-1 and OPN levels in the patients' serum were significantly different between the AR and STA groups. The power of predicting acute renal allograft rejection could be improved by combined these three biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui-Xiang Xu
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immune Diseases, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital (Third Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University), Xi'an, People's Republic of China; Department of Kidney Transplantation, Hospital of Nephropathy, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Lian Zhang
- Department of Geriatric Diseases, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yan Huang
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immune Diseases, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital (Third Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University), Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Han
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, Hospital of Nephropathy, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China; Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhan-Kui Jin
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immune Diseases, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital (Third Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University), Xi'an, People's Republic of China; Department of Kidney Transplantation, Hospital of Nephropathy, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China; Department of Orthopedics, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, People's Republic of China.
| | - Pu-Xun Tian
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, Hospital of Nephropathy, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China.
| | - Meng Dou
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, Hospital of Nephropathy, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
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Adamson MB, Di Giovanni B, Ribeiro RVP, Yu F, Lazarte J, Rao V, Delgado DH. HLA-G +3196 polymorphism as a risk factor for cell mediated rejection following heart transplant. Hum Immunol 2020; 81:134-140. [PMID: 31928922 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rejection is a leading cause of mortality following heart transplantation. Human leukocyte antigen-G (HLA-G) is an immune checkpoint which dampens the immune response. Reports suggest elevated HLA-G expression is associated with reduced allograft rejection. Our objective was to evaluate HLA-G polymorphisms and cell mediated rejection (CMR) development. METHODS Recipients (n = 123) were genotyped to identify relevant HLA-G polymorphisms in the 5'regulatory (-725, -201), 3'untranslated (+3197, +3187, +3142, 14-bp indel) and coding regions (haplotypes 1-6). CMR was evaluated via endomyocardial biopsy (grade ≥ 2R). Univariate/adjusted analyses were conducted via Kaplan Meier and proportional hazard models. RESULTS Mean recipient age was 48 (±12) years, with a median time to CMR of 4.6 years. 55 (45%) recipients had a biopsy grade ≥ 2R. Adjusted analysis revealed the +3196 G allele as a risk factor for CMR (p = 0.03). Compared to the minor GG genotype, CG had a 47.2% reduction in CMR risk (HR[95% CI] = 0.528 [0.235, 1.184]), while CC had a 66.9% reduction (0.331 [0.144, 0.761]). The recessive effect significantly increased CMR likelihood (2.388 [1.128, 5.059], p = 0.02). CONCLUSION The HLA-G +3196 G allele was identified as a risk factor for CMR diagnosis. HLA-G may have a role in therapeutic/diagnostic strategies against transplant rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell B Adamson
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of Cardiology, Heart Failure and Transplant Program, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Bennett Di Giovanni
- Division of Cardiology, Heart Failure and Transplant Program, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Roberto V P Ribeiro
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Frank Yu
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Julieta Lazarte
- Division of Cardiology, Heart Failure and Transplant Program, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vivek Rao
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Diego H Delgado
- Division of Cardiology, Heart Failure and Transplant Program, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Rezaei F, Zareei N, Razmi N, Nikeghbalian S, Azarpira N. Genetic Polymorphism of HLA-G 14-bp Insertion/Deletion in Pancreas Transplant Recipients and Its Association With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. EXP CLIN TRANSPLANT 2019; 19:154-159. [PMID: 30702046 DOI: 10.6002/ect.2018.0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Human leukocyte antigen-G is an immuno-modulatory factor that affects acute allograft rejection and autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes mellitus. In this study, possible associations between human leukocyte antigen-G 14-bp insertion/deletion polymorphism and acute pancreas rejection were investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human leukocyte antigen-G genotyping was assessed in 102 Iranian pancreas transplant recipients (including 41 with acute rejection and 61 with nonacute rejection). Results were compared with 100 individuals in a normal control group. RESULTS No significant differences in genotype frequencies of human leukocyte antigen-G 14-bp insertion / deletion were observed in recipients who had acute rejection episodes. On the other hand, the insertion / insertion genotype was a risk factor for susceptibility to type 1 diabetes mellitus (odds ratio = 3.82, 95% confidence interval, 1.37- 11.22; P = .005). CONCLUSIONS Our results provided evidence revealing that the human leukocyte antigen-G insertion / insertion genotype might be involved in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firoozeh Rezaei
- From the Shiraz Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; and the Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
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Janssen M, Thaiss F, Nashan B, Koch M, Thude H. Donor derived HLA-G polymorphisms have a significant impact on acute rejection in kidney transplantation. Hum Immunol 2019; 80:176-183. [PMID: 30610894 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human leucocyte antigen G (HLA-G) is a non-classical HLA-class I antigen that exerts immunoregulatory functions. The polymorphisms 14-base pair (bp) insertion/deletion (ins/del) (rs1704) and +3142C > G (rs1063320) could modify the expression level of HLA-G. We genotyped 175 kidney recipients (41 with acute rejection and 134 without rejection) and additionally the corresponding donors for both polymorphisms in order to assess their impact on acute rejections one year after transplantation. In addition, we analyzed soluble HLA-G (sHLA-G) levels in sera of 32 living kidney donors and compared the sHLA-G levels in terms of the present genotype. In kidney transplant recipients we did not observe an impact of the 14-bp ins/ins and the +3142GG genotypes on acute rejection. In contrast, we found a higher frequency of these genotypes in the donors of the no-rejection collective compared to the rejection collective (4.9% vs. 24.6%; p = 0.010; 9.8% vs. 31.3%; p = 0.006). Soluble HLA-G levels were highest in healthy kidney donors homozygous for the 14-bp insertion. We conclude that the HLA-G polymorphisms of the donor are of importance for susceptibility of acute rejection in kidney transplantation. We suggest that the 14-bp ins/ins and the +3142GG genotypes are protective against kidney transplant rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Janssen
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Hepatobiliary and Transplant Surgery, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; University Hospital Heidelberg, Department for Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Friedrich Thaiss
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Center for Internal Medicine, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Björn Nashan
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Hepatobiliary and Transplant Surgery, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; University of Science and Technology, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Martina Koch
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Hepatobiliary and Transplant Surgery, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Department of General, Visceral, and Abdominal Surgery, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hansjörg Thude
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Hepatobiliary and Transplant Surgery, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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de Almeida BS, Muniz YCN, Prompt AH, Castelli EC, Mendes-Junior CT, Donadi EA. Genetic association between HLA-G 14-bp polymorphism and diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Immunol 2018; 79:724-735. [PMID: 30102938 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HLA-G is an immune checkpoint molecule. Since a differential molecule expression has been reported even for healthy individuals, many studies have focused on polymorphisms at HLA-G regulatory regions, particularly the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR). The presence/absence of a 14-bp sequence was the first polymorphism described and it is the most studied in association between HLA-G and disorders. METHODS In this study, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of all association studies published regarding the HLA-G 14-bp. RESULTS We verified association between 14-bp alleles and diseases in the following situations: (1) presence of 14-bp (insertion) conferred susceptibility to preeclampsia (child alleles evaluated) and systemic lupus erythematosus (OR = 1.42; 95%CI = 1.04-1.93; p = 0.026 and OR = 1.13; 95%CI = 1.01-1.27, p = 0.028); (2) 14-bp absence (deletion) was associated with increased risk to breast cancer (OR = 1.23; 95%CI = 1.06-1.43; p = 0.006) and human Cytomegalovirus infection (OR = 2.06; 95%CI = 1.60-2.64; p < 0.0001); and (3) a risk association was observed between the group of reproductive disorders and the 14-bp insertion (OR = 1.12; 95%CI = 1.01-1.24; p = 0.034). CONCLUSIONS Considering that others 14-bp associations were inconclusive and that other variation sites observed at HLA-G 3'UTR exhibit a proven role on post-transcriptional regulation of HLA-G expression, the complete 3'UTR segment should be analyzed in terms of disease susceptibility, instead of a single polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibiana Sgorla de Almeida
- Divisão de Imunologia Clínica, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto (FMRP), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Laboratório Multiusuário de Estudos em Biologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil.
| | - Yara Costa Netto Muniz
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Genética, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil.
| | - Alice Heidrich Prompt
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Genética, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil.
| | - Erick C Castelli
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Unesp - Univ. Estadual Paulista, 18618-970 Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
| | - Celso Teixeira Mendes-Junior
- Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto (FFCLRP), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo Antonio Donadi
- Divisão de Imunologia Clínica, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto (FMRP), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Fereidooni H, Azarpira N, Yaghobi R, Vahdati A, Malek-Hoseini SA. Interleukin-28B rs12979860 C/T Polymorphism and Acute Cellular Rejection after Liver Transplantation. Int J Organ Transplant Med 2017; 8:28-33. [PMID: 28299025 PMCID: PMC5347403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-28 (IL-28B) rs12979860 C/T polymorphism is a known predictor of sustained virological response after antiviral treatment in hepatitis C. IL-28B affects the innate immune system as well as intrahepatic expression level of interferon-stimulated genes. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of recipient IL-28B polymorphism on occurrence of acute rejection after liver transplantation. METHODS 140 liver allograft recipients were selected. Acute rejection episodes were recorded in 39 patients (AR group); the remaining had normal graft function (non-AR group). 70 normal subjects were also studied as the control group. The IL-28B rs12979860 was genotyped through PCR-RFLP method. RESULTS No significant difference was found between AR and non-AR groups in terms of genotype and allele frequency. However, the CC genotype was significantly (p<0.001) more frequent in patients than in the control group; the C allele variants increased the risk of end-stage liver disease (OR: 2.60). CONCLUSION Liver damage in association with the carriage of IL-28B C allele is associated with a higher likelihood of developing cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Fereidooni
- Department of Physiology, Fars Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - N. Azarpira
- Transplant Research Center, Stem Cell Research Institute, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran ,Correspondence: Negar Azarpira, MD, Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Tel: +98-713-647-3954, Fax: +98-713-647-3954, E-mail:
| | - R. Yaghobi
- Transplant Research Center, Stem Cell Research Institute, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - A. Vahdati
- Department of Physiology, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - S. A. Malek-Hoseini
- Transplant Research Center, Stem Cell Research Institute, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran ,Transplant Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Thude H, Janssen M, Sterneck M, Nashan B, Koch M. 14-bp ins/del polymorphism and +3142C>G SNP of the HLA-G gene have a significant impact on acute rejection after liver transplantation. Hum Immunol 2016; 77:1159-1165. [PMID: 27664842 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Expression of human leukocyte antigen G (HLA-G) has been associated with increased graft survival and decreased rejection episodes. It has been described that the HLA-G 14-base pair (bp) insertion/deletion (ins/del) (rs66554220) and +3142C>G (rs1063320) gene polymorphisms modify the expression level of HLA-G. The aim of the study was to investigate whether these HLA-G polymorphisms have an impact on acute rejection after liver transplantation. In total, 146 liver transplant recipients (57 with acute rejection and 89 without acute rejection) and 99 corresponding liver donors were genotyped for both polymorphisms. In liver transplantation the 14-bp ins/ins and the +3142GG genotypes are more frequent in recipients without rejection compared to recipients with rejection (3.5% vs. 31.5%, p=<0.001; 12.3% vs. 41.6%, p=<0.001) demonstrating an association with protection from acute rejection. In contrast, in liver donors we could not reveal an association. We conclude that 14-bp ins/ins and +3142GG genotypes of HLA-G in liver transplant recipients are of importance for prediction of acute rejection after liver transplantation. Thus genotyping of liver recipients for both polymorphisms might be useful to stratify liver transplant recipients according to the risk of acute liver transplant rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansjörg Thude
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Hepatobiliary and Transplant Surgery, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Maike Janssen
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Hepatobiliary and Transplant Surgery, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martina Sterneck
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Hepatobiliary and Transplant Surgery, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Björn Nashan
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Hepatobiliary and Transplant Surgery, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martina Koch
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Hepatobiliary and Transplant Surgery, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells on Transplantation: Immunotherapy Based on Second Signal Blockage. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:856707. [PMID: 26543876 PMCID: PMC4620289 DOI: 10.1155/2015/856707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs), the most important professional antigen-presenting cells (APC), play crucial role in both immunity and tolerance. It is well known that DCs are able to mount immune responses against foreign antigens and simultaneously tolerate self-antigens. Since DCs can be modulated depending on the surrounding microenvironment, they can act as a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity. However, the mechanisms that support this dual role are not entirely clear. Recent studies have shown that DCs can be manipulated ex vivo in order to trigger their tolerogenic profile, what can be a tool to be used in clinical trials aiming the treatment of various diseases and the prevention of transplant rejection. In this sense, the blockage of costimulatory molecules on DC, in the attempt of inhibiting the second signal in the immunological synapse, can be considered as one of the main strategies under development. This review brings an update on current therapies using tolerogenic dendritic cells modulated with costimulatory blockers with the aim of reducing transplant rejection. However, although there are current clinical trials using tolerogenic DC to treat allograft rejection, the actual challenge is to modulate these cells in order to maintain a permanent tolerogenic profile.
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